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RESHMA RAJANBISHT

ROLL NO. 07

FYBMS

BUSINESSCOMMUNICATION

TOPIC: MODELS ANDTHEORIES OF

COMMUNICATION


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Theories and models of communication

Communication

Introduction

Communication is the process of conveying information from asender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the

communicated information is understood the same way by both

sender and receiver. It is a process that allows organisms to

exchange information by several methods. Communication

requires that all parties understand a common language that is

exchanged, There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing

and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such

asbody language, sign language,paralanguage, touch, eye contact,or the use ofwriting. Communication is defined as a process by

which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create

shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of

skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening,

observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating. Use

of these processes is developmental and transfers to all areas of

life: home, school, community, work, and beyond. It is through

communication that collaboration and cooperation occur.[1]

Communication is the articulation of sending a message, throughdifferent media [2] whether it be verbal or nonverbal, so long as a

being transmits a thought provoking idea, gesture, action, etc.

Definition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrapersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrapersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture


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Currently, many definitions of communication are used in order to

conceptualize the processes by which people navigate and assign

meaning. Communication is also understood as the exchanging of

understanding.We might say that communication consists of

transmitting information from one person to another.

Communication theory

Communication is deeply rooted in human behaviors and

societies. It is difficult to think of social or behavioral events from

which communication is absent. Indeed, communication applies to

shared behaviors and properties of any collection of things,whether they are human or not.

The field ofcommunication theory can benefit from a

conceptualization of communication that is widely shared.

Communication Theory attempts to document types of

communication, and to optimize communications for the benefit of

all.

We might say that communication consists oftransmitting

information from one person to another. In fact, many scholars of

communication take this as a working definition, and use

Lasswell's maxim, "who says what to whom in what channel with

what effect," as a means of circumscribing the field of

communication theory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:communication_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:communication_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Working_definition&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lasswellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:communication_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:communication_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Working_definition&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lasswell


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History of Communication Theory

Communication as a named and unified discipline has a history ofcontestation that goes back to the Socratic dialogues, in many ways

making it the first and most contestatory of all early sciences and

philosophies. Aristotle first addressed the problem of

communication and attempted to work out a theory of it in The

Rhetoric. He was primarily focused on the art of persuasion. A

monologue (speak to self) is also a method of communication even

if the person involved does not have any audition but himself.

Humanistic and rhetorical viewpoints and theories dominated the

discipline prior to the twentieth century, when more scientific

methodologies and insights frompsychology, sociology, linguistics

and advertising began to influence communication thought and

practice.

Seeking to define "communication" as a static word or unified

discipline may not be as important as understanding

communication as a family of resemblances with a plurality of

definitions as Ludwig Wittgenstein had put forth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_dialogueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_dialogueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein


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Models of communication

1) Simple model

2) A Transactional Model
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Communication_sender-message-reciever.png


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3) ecological model

4) interactive model


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5) Shanons model

Shannon's model, as shown in Figure 1, breaks the process ofcommunication down into eight discrete components:

1. An information source. Presumably a person who creates a

message.

2. The message, which is both sent by the information source

and received by the destination.

3. A transmitter. For Shannon's immediate purpose a

telephone instrument that captures an audio signal, converts it

into an electronic signal, and amplifies it for transmissionthrough the telephone network. Transmission is readily

generalized within Shannon's information theory to

encompass a wide range of transmitters. The simplest

transmission system, that associated with face-to-face

communication, has at least two layers of transmission. The


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first, the mouth (sound) and body (gesture), create and

modulate a signal. The second layer, which might also be

described as a channel, is built of the air (sound) and light

(gesture) that enable the transmission of those signals from

one person to another. A television broadcast wouldobviously include many more layers, with the addition of

cameras and microphones, editing and filtering systems, a

national signal distribution network (often satellite), and a

local radio wave broadcast antenna.

4. The signal, which flows through a channel. There may be

multiple parallel signals, as is the case in face-to-face

interaction where sound and gesture involve different signal

systems that depend on different channels and modes oftransmission. There may be multiple serial signals, with

sound and/or gesture turned into electronic signals, radio

waves, or words and pictures in a book.

5. A carrier orchannel, which is represented by the small

unlabeled box in the middle of the model. The most

commonly used channels include air, light, electricity, radio

waves, paper, and postal systems. Note that there may be

multiple channels associated with the multiple layers oftransmission, as described above.

6. Noise, in the form of secondary signals that obscure or

confuse the signal carried. Given Shannon's focus on

telephone transmission, carriers, and reception, it should not

be surprising that noise is restricted to noise that obscures or

obliterates some portion of the signal within the channel.

This is a fairly restrictive notion of noise, by current

standards, and a somewhat misleading one. Today we have at

least some media which are so noise free that compressedsignals are constructed with an absolutely minimal amount

information and little likelihood of signal loss. In the process,

Shannon's solution to noise, redundancy, has been largely

replaced by a minimally redundant solution: error detection


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and correction. Today we use noise more as a metaphor for

problems associated with effective listening.

7. A receiver. In Shannon's conception, the receiving telephone

instrument. In face to face communication a set of ears

(sound) and eyes (gesture). In television, several layers ofreceiver, including an antenna and a television set.

8. A destination. Presumably a person who consumes and

processes the message.

Shannon-weaver model If you have looked through the examples

of typical everyday forms of communication, you will have noticed

that some of the examples refer to less immediate methods of

communication than face-to-face interaction, e.g. using the radio,

newspapers or the telephone. In these cases, technology is

introduced.

When, for instance, the telephone is used, you speak, the phone

turns the sound waves into electrical impulses and those electrical

impulses are turned back into sound waves by the phone at the

other end of the line.
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Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver produced a general model

of communication:

This is now known after them as the Shannon-Weaver Model.

Although they were principally concerned with communication

technology, their model has become one which is frequentlyintroduced to students of human communication early in their

study.

The Shannon-Weaver Model (1947) proposes that all

communication must include six elements:

a source

an encoder

a message a channel

a decoder

a receiver
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Shannon-Weaver: The Source

All human communication has some source (information source inShannon's terminology), some person or group of persons with a

given purpose, a reason for engaging in communication.

Shannon-Weaver: The Encoder

When you communicate, you have a particular purpose in mind:

you want to show that you're a friendly person

you want to give them some information

you want to get them to do something

you want to persuade them of your point of view

and so on. You, as the source, have to express your purpose in the

form of a message. That message has to be formulated in some

kind ofcode. How do the source's purposes get translated into a

code? This requires an encoder. The communication encoder isresponsible for taking the ideas of the source and putting them in

code, expressing the source's purpose in the form of a message.

It's fairly easy to think in terms of source and encoder when you

are talking on the phone (transmitterin Shannon's terminology).

You are the source of the message and the 'phone is the encoder

which does the job of turning your sounds into electrical impulses.

In person-to-person communication, the encoding process isperformed by the motor skills of the source - vocal mechanisms

(lip and tongue movements, the vocal cords, the lungs, face

muscles etc.), muscles in the hand and so on. Some people's

encoding systems are not as efficient as others'. So, for example, a

disabled person might not be able to control movement of their
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limbs and so find it difficult to encode the intended non-verbal

messages or they may communicate unintended messages. A

person who has suffered throat cancer may have had their vocal

cords removed. They can encode their messages verbally using an

artificial aid, but much of the non-verbal messages most of us sendvia pitch, intonation, volume and so on cannot be encoded.

Shannon-Weaver: The Message

The message of course is what communication is all about.

Whatever is communicated is the message. Denis McQuail (1975)

in his bookCommunication writes that the simplest way of

regarding human communication is 'to consider it as the sending

from one person to another of meaningful messages'.

Shannon-Weaver: The Channel

A carrier orchannel, which is represented by the small

unlabeled box in the middle of the model. The most commonly

used channels include air, light, electricity, radio waves, paper,

and postal systems. Note that there may be multiple channels

associated with the multiple layers of transmission, as described

above.
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Shannon-Weaver: Physical noise

Shannon is generally considered to have been primarily concerned

with physical (or 'mechanical' or 'engineering') noise in the

channel, i.e. unexplained variation in a communication channel orrandom error in the transmission of information. Everyday

examples of physical noise are:

a loud motorbike roaring down the road while you're trying

to hold a conversation

your little brother standing in front of the TV set

mist on the inside of the car windscreen

smudges on a printed page

'snow' on a TV set

Shannon-Weaver: The Decoder

Just as a source needs an encoder to translate her purposes into a

message, so the receiver needs a decoder to retranslate.


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Shannon-Weaver: The Receiver

For communication to occur, there must be somebody at the other

end of the channel. This person or persons can be called the

receiver

Shannon-Weaver: Feedback

Feedback is a vital part of communication. When we are talking to

someone over the phone, if they don't give us the occasional

'mmmm', 'aaah', 'yes, I see' and so on, it can be very

disconcerting. .This lack of feedback explains why most of

us don't like ansaphones. In face-to-face communication, we

get feedback in the visual channel as well - head nods,smiles, frowns, changes in posture and orientation, gaze and

so on. Advertisers need feedback which they get in the form

of market research from institutions like Gallup.
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