(RESERVOIR DESCREPTION TOOL)

[RESVOIR DESCREPTION TOOL] HESP/INSFP

Page2 promotion 2009

I- Summary

II- Acknowledgments

III- Dedications

IV- Introduction

V- Problematic

VI- Chapter 1: Presentation of the INSFP and HESP

1.1 Presentation of the INSFP

1.2 Presentation of HESP

VII- Chapter 2: Theoretical part

2.1 Basic notions (Electronic)

2.2 Basic Fluid Power (Hydraulics)

2.2.1 Measuring Pressure in Fluid Power Systems

2.2.2 Controlling System Pressure and Direction

VIII- Chapter 3: study of the tool

3.1 General description of the RDT

3.2 Specification of the tool HPS/DPS

3.3 Description of the mechanical part

3.3.1 Description of the HPS mechanical part

3.3.2 Description of the DPS mechanical part

IX- Chapter 4: Electronic part

4.1 Description of the HPS electronic part

4.2 Description of the DPS electronic part

4.3 Principle of Working

X- Chapter 5: Maintenance of the tool

5.1 Definition of the Maintenance

5.2 Composition of maintenance Program

5.3 Program of maintenance in HESP

5.4 Maintenance of the RDT

XI- Chapter 6: HSE

6.1 Definition of the HSE

6.2 Hygiene, the Security and The environment (HSE)

6.3 Objectives

6.4 Means of Prevention

XII- Conclusion

XIII- Bibliography



Acknowledgments:

This memo has been written to the term of a practicum of two years in the HESP enterprise

(HALLIBUTRON ENTREPRISE DE SERVICE AUX PUITS).

First of all, I thank the good god who gave me the strength and the patience to finish this

memo.

I thank in a first time, the set of the professors that Participated in this formation, to have

taught and framed me during the two years and half of our practicum.

I thank MR WAYNE GROTE more especially to have taught and framed me during the two

years in HESP and for all his advices and his encouragements.

Mrs. KADOURI our professor of general electronics in the INSFP.

A special thank for Mr. WALID RAMDANE, Mr. BELFERKOUS CHAABANE,

Mr. BENNA DJAMEL, Mr. AUDJIT SLIMANE, for all their efforts that provided with us.

and all the engineers in the electronic laboratory without exception, and also HADJOU

MOHAMED, NABIL TAZROUTI, CHIAB ABD ELFATEH, and all the field engineers.

I thank Mr. HAMID FATOUS the director of the INSFP, and Mrs. SALIHA BACHA the

PDG of HESP.

We also thank all people who participated in the good progress of this formation (KAHLOUL

AMEL,



Dedications:

I dedicate this memory to:

The one that made my joy and my happiness, to the one that taught me the good path and

the harmony of life my dear mother

The one that has taken care of me my father.

All my brothers and sisters simply all my family.

All my friends and my friends in the institute without exception.

CHELLALI HOCINE



Introduction:

Electronics doesn't stop enriching all our daily life, it offers in all domains, a field of

application whose limits constantly enlarge. And one of the domains or electronics is

advancing with step of giants is the acquirement of data.

In what concerns us that is the domain of oil, we are called on to acquire the data that are

necessary to the good progress of the operations, and in the acquirement of data the Logging

occupies an all individual place.

Indeed:

- It gives a vision, it is particular but always continuous and objective, of the sets

crossed in the drilling.

- It is the only link between the geophysics measures of surface and the Subsurface.

- It permits a quantification of the data, therefore the introduction of a certain rigor in

the description and the representation of the phenomenon sedimentary.

And to be able to make a log the engineers or the geologists need deferential tools of logging,

among these tools we chose for our studies a formation taster and a fluid sampling tool, the

RDT.

The Reservoir Description Tool (RDT) is a modular, DITS-compatible formation tester and

fluid-sampling tool.

Advanced features of the RDT include a flushing pump, dual pads, and flowline assemblies

used for vertical permeability determinations.

-To accomplish our work in the best conditions, we propose the plan of survey that follows:

- After having accomplished the presentation of the HESP and the INSFP in the 1st

chapter.

- The 2nd

chapter that represents the theoretical part it is dedicated to the Basic notions

(Electronic), Basic Fluid Power (Hydraulics).

- With regard to the practical part our practicum the 3rd

chapter is dedicated to the study

of the tool.

- The 4th

, 5th

and chapters are dedicated to the Electronic part. Maintenance of the tool.

- At the end the 6th

chapter is dedicated to the HSE.



Problematic:

How much time is necessary to bring back the tools from different places until the main

base in HMD to accomplish its tasks (maintenance, Preparation of the tools,

calibration)?

Indeed, in case of breakdown or after a job it is necessary to bring back the tools until the

HMD laboratory to make PM (Preventive Maintenance) and this takes a lot of time (Lost

time) and sometimes also the job is going to be canceled.

And also the goes and comes of the tools cause a lot of damage in levels of the electronic and

mechanical because of the bad manipulation or simply of the transportation.

The HESP Satellite base:

The main Base, Hassi Messaoud (The maintenance of equipment)

Basis Satellite, Hassi R'mel

Basis Satellite, TFT (Halliburton)

Basis Satellite, Ohanet

Basis Satellite, Ourhoud (ENSP)

Basis Satellite, Ain Amenas (ENSP)



The creation:

The National institute Specialized of the professional formation

is created by Decree N°98/400 of the 12/12/1998.

OBJECTIVES:

To assure the initial and continuous formation of Technicians and high Technicians

To assure the continuing education as practicum of reconversion or perfection to the

profit of people in activity in the same foreseen above levels.

To lead the studies and research in relation with its domain of activity.

To assure the collection and the diffusion of documents and relative information to its

object.

To encourage the promotion of the exchanges and relative meetings to its object.

To participate, if the case arises, to the formation, to the perfection or to the

reconversion of the professional formation.

ENTRY IN FORCE:

Erected in institute from the former structure of the ex CFPA, the INSFP began its activities

of the formation in October 1999.

The first promotion of superior technicians has been thrown November 27, 1999 (Specialty

inn)

EDUCATIONAL LOCAL:

- 07 room of course

- 01 library

- 01 calculation center

- 01 room specialized « formation réseautique CISCO »

- 01 lab of languages

- 01 lab of measures

- 01 shop of électro-bobinage

- 01 lab machine test

- 01 versatile shop



FORMATION IN PROGRESS:

High Technicians:

In the INSFP HMD:

- (Formation in Alternation. Training)

- Industrial Maintenance.

- Maintenance of the Rolling instruments.

- Maintenance of the Facilities in Cold weather & Air-conditioning.

- Industrial electronics.

- Data processing of Management.

- Inn

- Management of Stock.

- Marketing.

- Maintenance of the systems Data processing.

FORMATION TO THE CARD:

- English course.

- Data processing.

- All other formation solicited by enterprises (perfection, retraining of People and

probate of the professional acquirements. (Formation has the card).



PARTNERS:

The catering companies:

- EUREST Algérie

- A.C.S

- EURL Multicatering Algérie

- CIEPTAL

- BASP (gestion base de vie)

- Bayat Catering.

Other partners:

E.N.A.G.E.O./ E.N.A.F.O.R./ E.N.T.P. / E.N.S.P. / BACKER/ H.E.S.P- HALLIBURTON-

WATHERFORD- SHELUMBERGER- DOWEL- SARPI- SAIPEM GTP- BJSP- SONTRACH : DP,

DOP, EXPLO

Creed of the INSFP:

The educational renovation and the dialogue with the set of the participating actors to the

effort of formation - notably our partners are the key of our performance.



Presentation of HESP:

ENSP and Halliburton

Joint Venture

Halliburton Enterprise de Services aux Puits

Historic of HESP:

HESP is a joint venture of ENSP (51%) and HALLIBURTON (51%)

This subsidiary was created in 1999 between Halliburton Energy Service (HES) and

Entreprise Nationale de Services aux Puits (ENSP), this fusion between these two societies to

give HESP Halliburton Entreprise de Service aux Puits.

This enterprise of services that has for main activity the realization of operation of Logging.

In the vertical and horizontal wells.

The presence of this enterprise is in the four districts, Hassi Messaoud, Hassi R'Mel, Ourhoud

and In Aminas.



The organization chart of HESP:

The definition of logging:

The logging is a process of recording and gathering geological data (porosity, density,

permeability …) from deep within the earth.



Incentive/Goal:

The logging permits to answer better at the two fundamental questions that one asks in oil

research: do some reservoirs exist? If yes, do they contain some hydrocarbons?

It also permits the determination of the composition of the rock, and the measure of pressure,

temperature, resistance, Tests pressure... ext.

The Implementation facilities:

Trucks &Systems:

Truck of Excel:

The trucks of Excell (figure 01) are composed of four main mechanical sections: the truck

and the motor of Kenworth T800, the hydraulic circuit, the set of spool and armature, and the

cabin of notation. It is equipped with a motor of Cumin C10 and a PTO to drive the hydraulic

circuit. The hydraulic circuit is composed of two pumps of Rexroth who drive the winch and

the generator 30KW. The spool is manipulated by a hydraulic motor of Rexroth with a

simple global transmission or to two speeds of direct practice. The whole standard of spool

and armature is composed of a drum of the number 30 of direct practice that can support to

27.000 psi of the cable of "Slammer."

Figure 01: Truck of Excel



The cut of the truck-laboratory (figure 02) shows the different facilities that it contains and

their places:

Figure 02: a cut of laboratory truck

- The main winch (E) on which can roll up itself several kilometers of cable (about

8000), with a capacity of traction of several tons.

- An auxiliary winch (G).

- The desk of order of the winch (C)

- The electronic devices or panels of surface (A) permitting to control the probes and

cartridges, and to calculate the physical parameters of the rocks crossed from the

signals of basis transmitted along the cable, and to transmit these information to the

devices of registration; the devices of registration are:

- The photographic recorder (B).

- The recorder on magnetic tape (J).

- A device of measure of the depths (F).

- A generator of current (H).

- A black room for the development of the diagram recorded on film (D).

- A gunman on paper.



Facilities of the system EXCELL:

Figure 03: the Excell system inside the Lab

Excell 2000 Logging System:

The multitask treatment polyvalency

the powerful possibilities of treatment of the system 2000 of Excell allow multiple

applications to function simultaneously. For example, the engineer can execute routines of

post-treatment, as SHIVA (program of analysis of dipmeter), on acquired data while the tool

always notes. The communication of the features 217kb of system of notation of Excell 2K

with the order of tools of subsurface, of the statute of tool notation, of monitor of tools

acquires the information of quality of the measured data while noting the drawing tables of

stations of fast exam notation analysis work, the disk and the systems of magnetic tape duels

practice.



2.1 Basic notions (Electronic)

The diode:

THE TERM DIODE MEANS “TWO ELEMENTS.”

The P.N junction, in germanium or in silicon can be used to achieve a device named diode

whose graphic symbol is represented in (figure 04). The conduction of the diode is

materialized by the sense of the arrow.

The anode (A) corresponds to the P zone of the junction and the cathode (K) in the N zone;

the extremity < A > requires a positive tension in relation to the other extremity < K >.

Figure 04: diode symbol

The junction is gotten by the pose, on a tablet of N semiconductor, of a certain quantity of

aluminum (face 05-a) or indium; one heats the whole in order to get the fusion of aluminum

or the indium and the partial fusion of the semiconductor (face 05-b). After cooling, these

bodies solidify forming a P (face 05-c) zone for aluminum and the P.N junction, in the N

tablet.

Figure 05: manufacture of a diode



Everything is introduced then in a tube of glass and the driver is welded to aluminum or the

indium. We contain the tube of glass to form the case of the diode. Other processes of

manufacture of the diodes also exist. For example, to get the junction (P, N), we can refer to

the method of the diffusion that consists of making evaporate of the impurities so that they

penetrate in the P tablet in order to form an N zone.

The diffusion is used in the manufacture of the diodes to silicon capable to support big

tension and high currents. The face 13 shows some types of semiconductors. The cathode of

the diodes (of the faces 06-a, and 06-e) is implied by a ring or a point of color on the case of

the component.

Figure 06: some types of diode / semiconductors

On the figure 06-c and 06-d we have two other types of diode to silicon playing rectifier's

role. These diodes of correction are on these faces in metallic case or in plastic case.

In spite of their reduced measurements, some diodes provide elevated currents (more than 10

amperes) and arrive even to operate correctly a very elevated ambient temperature (150°C).

The diode of (figure 06-c) is very used in the powers supply of receptors radio and T, V.

Les caractéristiques électriques du composant, données par le constructeur, sont valables

uniquement pour une température ambiante déterminée car si cette dernière varie, les valeurs

de la diode changent sensiblement.



To get the curve characteristic tension current of a diode, we use two electronic installations:

The first permits to get the direct characteristic curves of the diode. For it, with the help of a

potentiometer that one makes vary, one applies a tension direct Vd, to measure by the

voltmeter (V) and one raises the corresponding values of the current direct Id on the

milliamperemetre (mA).

Figure 07: installation to determine the direct and inverse characteristic of a Diode

The second (face 07-b) permits to get the characteristic reversed of the diode. For it, the

installation remained the same, but the only difference that the battery and the two devices of

measures are plugged to the other way it is to note that the use of a micro-ammeter (µA)

facilitates the measures of weak inverse currents (Li).

Some uses of diodes:

1/ Rectification:

The hallmark of a rectifier diode is that it passes current in only one direction. This

makes it useful for changing ac to dc. Generally speaking, when the cathode is negative

with respect to the anode, current flows; when the cathode is positive relative to the anode,

there is no current. The constraints on this behavior are the forward breakover and

avalanche voltages.

Suppose a 60-Hz ac sine wave is applied to the input of the circuit in Fig: 08-A. During half

the cycle, the diode conducts, and during the other half, it doesn’t. This cuts off half of every

cycle. Depending on which way the diode is hooked up, either the positive half or the

negative half of the ac cycle will be removed. Figure: 08-B shows the output of the circuit at

A. Remember that electrons flow from negative to positive, against the arrow in the diode

symbol.



Figure 08: At A, half-wave rectifier. At B, output of the circuit of A with sine-wave ac input.

The circuit and wave diagram of Figure: show a half-wave rectifier circuit. This is the

simplest possible rectifier. That’s its chief advantage over other, more complicated

rectifier circuits.

2/ Detection:

One of the earliest diodes, existing even before vacuum tubes, was a semiconductor.

Known as a cat whisker, this semiconductor consisted of a fine piece of wire in contact

with a small piece of the mineral galena. This bizarre-looking thing had the ability to act

as a rectifier for small radio-frequency (RF) currents. When the cat whisker was connected

in a circuit like that of Figure: 09, the result was a receiver capable of picking up

amplitude-modulated (AM) radio signals.

Figure 09: Schematic diagram of a crystal set radio receiver.

A cat whisker was a finicky thing. Engineers had to adjust the position of the fine

wire to find the best point of contact with the galena. A tweezers and magnifying glass

were invaluable in this process. A steady hand was essential.

The galena, sometimes called a “crystal,” gave rise to the nickname crystal set for

this low-sensitivity radio. You can still build a crystal set today, using a simple RF diode,

a coil, a tuning capacitor, a headset, and a long-wire antenna. Notice that there’s no battery!

The audio is provided by the received signal alone.



The diode in Fig. 09 acts to recover the audio from the radio signal. This is called

detection; the circuit is a detector. If the detector is to be effective, the diode must be

of the right type. It should have low capacitance, so that it works as a rectifier at radio

frequencies, passing current in one direction but not in the other. Some modern RF

diodes are actually microscopic versions of the old cat whisker, enclosed in a glass case

with axial leads.

Switching:

The ability of diodes to conduct with forward bias, and to insulate with reverse bias,

makes them useful for switching in some electronic applications. Diodes can switch at

extremely high rates, much faster than any mechanical device.

One type of diode, made for use as an RF switch, has a special semiconductor layer

sandwiched in between the P-type and N-type material. This layer, called an intrinsic

semiconductor, reduces the capacitance of the diode, so that it can work at higher frequencies

than an ordinary diode. The intrinsic material is sometimes called I type. A

diode with I-type semiconductor is called a PIN diode (Fig. 10).

Direct-current bias, applied to one or more PIN diodes, allows RF currents to be effectively

channeled without using complicated relays and cables. A PIN diode also makes a good RF

detector, especially at frequencies above 30 MHz

And there is many other uses of the diode like: Frequency multiplication, Mixing, Voltage

regulation, Amplitude limiting, Frequency control….

Figure 10: The PIN diode

has a layer of intrinsic

(I type) semiconductor

at the P-N junction.



THE RESISTANCE unit of measure the ohm:

All materials are not good drivers of electricity. Those that contain a lot of free electrons, as

for example gold, money, the copper, aluminum, iron, the tin, is excellent drivers of

electricity. The materials that contain very few free electrons, as for example the ceramics,

the glass, wood, the plastic matters, the cork, don't succeed in no way in making flow out the

electrons and it is for it that they are called insulating. Neither the intermediate materials that

are not drivers nor insulating, as for example the nickel-chromium, the constantan or

graphite.

All materials that offer a Resistance to the passage of the electrons are used in electronics to

construct resistances, potentiometers and trimmers, that to be-to-say the components that

slow down the flux of the electrons. The unit of measure of the electric resistance is the ohm.

its symbol is the letter Greek omega (Ω), An ohm corresponds to the resistance that the

electrons meet while passing through a column of high mercury of 1 063 millimeters (1 meter

and 63 millimeters), of a weight of 14.4521 grams and to a temperature of 0° degree. Besides

its value, the resistance has another very important parameter: the maximal power in watts,

that it’s capable to dissipate without being destroyed. It is why you will find in the trade of

the small size resistances composed of powder of graphite of a power of 1/8 of watt or 1/4 of

watt, of others - of slightly more important dimension - of ½ watt and others again, a lot

bigger, of 1 or 2 watts (figure 11). To get some resistances capable to dissipate powers of the

order Of 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 watts, one uses the thread of nickel chromium-plates (figure 11).

Figure 11



The carbon-composition resistor:

Probably the cheapest method of making a resistor is to mix up finely powdered carbon

(a fair electrical conductor) with some nonconductive substance, press the resulting

clay-like stuff into a cylindrical shape, and insert wire leads in the ends (Figure 12). The

resistance of the final product will depend on the ratio of carbon to the nonconducting

material, and also on the physical distance between the wire leads. The nonconductive

material is usually phenolic, similar to plastic. This results in a carbon-composition

resistor.

Carbon-composition resistors can be made to have quite low resistances, all the

way up to extremely high resistances. This kind of resistor has the advantage of being

pretty much nonreactive. That means that it introduces almost pure resistance into

the circuit, and not much capacitance or inductance. This makes the carbon-composition

resistor useful in radio receivers and transmitters.

Figure 12: Construction of a carbon-composition resistor.

The wirewound resistor:

A more obvious way to get resistance is to use a length of wire that isn’t a good conductor.

Nichrome is most often used for this. The wire can be wound around a cylindrical form, like

a coil (Figure 13). The resistance is determined by how well the wire metal conducts, by its

diameter or gauge, and by its length. This component is called a wirewound resistor.

Figure 13: Construction of a wirewound resistor.



One of the advantages of wirewound resistors is that they can be made to have values

within a very close range; that is, they are precision components. Another advantage

is that wirewound resistors can be made to handle large amounts of power. Some

wirewounds might actually do well as electric heaters, dissipating hundreds, or even

thousands of watts.

A disadvantage of wirewound resistors, in some applications, is that they act like inductors.

This makes them unsuitable for use in most radio-frequency circuits. Wirewound resistors

usually have low to moderate values of resistance.

Film type resistors:

Carbon, nichrome, or some mixture of ceramic and metal (cermet) can be applied to a

cylindrical form as a film, or thin layer, in order to obtain a desired value of resistance.

This type of resistor is called a carbon-film resistor or metal-film resistor. It looks like

a carbon-composition type, but the construction technique is different (Figure 14).

Figure 14: Construction of a film type resistor.

A major advantage of film type resistors is that they, like carbon-composition units,

do not have much inductance or capacitance. A disadvantage, in some applications, is

that they can’t handle as much power as the more massive carbon-composition units or

as wirewound types.

The color code:

Figure 15: the resistance color code.



Figure :

Some resistors have color bands that indicate their values and tolerances. You’ll see

three, four, or five bands around carbon-composition resistors and film resistors. Other

units are large enough so that the values can be printed on them in ordinary numerals.

On resistors with radial leads, the bands are arranged as shown in Figure 15. The first two

bands represent numbers 0 through 9; the third band represents a multiplier of 10 to some

power.

Suppose you find a resistor whose first three bands are yellow, violet, and red, in that order.

Then the resistance is 4,700 Ω or 4.7 KΩ. Read yellow =4, violet =7, red =× 100.

Ohm’s Law: The interdependence between current, voltage, and resistance is one of the most fundamental

rules, or laws, in electrical circuits. It is called Ohm’s Law, named after the scientist

who supposedly first expressed it. Three formulas denote this law:

E = IR E: voltage volts

I = E/R I : current amperes

R = E/I R: Resistance ohm Sometimes the three symbols are written in a triangle, as in Figure 16. To find the value of

one, you cover it up and read the positions of the others.

Figure 16:



Resistances in series:

Figure 17: Resistance in series

Resistances in parallels:

Figure 18: Resistances in parallels

The Law: R=R1+R2



2.2 Basic Fluid Power (Hydraulics):

Mechanical, electrical, and fluid power (hydraulics is one type of fluid power) are the

major methods commercially used to transmit power. The method of power transmission

used is dependent upon the type of work to be performed.

For example, fluid power is best used to transmit power over moderate distances or to

relatively inaccessible places, and works well in applications where a fine degree of control,

reversibility, and infinite speed variation are important requirements.

A fluid power system generates, transmits, and controls the application of power through

the moving pressurized fluids within an enclosed circuit. Fluid power is transmitted through

pipes like electricity is transmitted through wires. There are many other similarities between

the actions of an electrical circuit and a fluid circuit.

An important physical property of a fluid is that it has no shape of its own so it conforms

to the shape of its container. Even though fluids are infinitely flexible, they are as unyielding

as steel. Since fluids are practically incompressible, mechanical forces can be transmitted,

multiplied and controlled by fluid under pressure. A graphical example of this is shown in

Figure 19.

Figure 19: An example of how fluid power (hydraulics) works

Hydraulic fluid power systems originally used water as the fluid because it was cheap

and readily available. In fact, water was the only fluid available in sufficient quantity in

early hydraulic systems. It was circulated once and discarded. Most hydraulic systems

today use refined petroleum oil because it prolongs the life of the components in the

system. The use of hydraulic oil reduces the size of the system and increases efficiency

by permitting operation at higher pressures. Hydraulic oil is recirculated, with a

reserve supply maintained in the reservoir.



2.2.1 Measuring Pressure in Fluid Power Systems

Since hydraulics deal with fluids under pressure, there must be an understanding of terms

concerning the measurement of pressure. Gauge pressure (psig) and absolute pressure (psia)

are two methods of measuring pressure. Pressure gauges show pressure levels above that of

the surrounding atmosphere. Unconnected gauges read zero regardless of atmospheric

pressure, elevation, or barometric readings. Most gauges in the English system are calibrated

in pounds per square inch (psi).

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi. Atmospheric pressure does not register on a

pressure gauge but can be measured with other instruments. If pressure is to be measured in

absolute terms, atmospheric pressure must be added to the gauge reading.

All hydraulic pressure readings in the RDT system are gauge pressure hydraulic cylinders.

The majority of hydraulic applications use a cylinder to convert fluid pressure into a push-

pull motion. The pad piston and backup pistons in the RDT are essentially hydraulic

cylinders. As seen in Figure 20, the operating principle of a cylinder is very simple:

Figure 20

Fluid pressure is applied to one side of the piston.

The opposite side of the piston is vented to atmospheric pressure (through the

reservoir in a closed system).

Thrust force developed on the piston rod equals the fluid pressure multiplied by the

area of the piston.

Piston area is calculated from the formula:

Where, π = 3.1416 D = diameter of the piston



For example, if the diameter of the piston in Figure 2-2 is 4" and the fluid pressure on the

piston equals 90 psi (pounds per square inch), what would the thrust on the rod be?

1. First, one has to find the area of the piston.

2. Next the piston area must be multiplied by the applied pressure.

P = 90 psi

A = 12.566 square inches

12.566 x 90 = 1131 lbs. of thrust

As shown on Figure 21, a cylinder with a piston diameter of 4" and 90 PSI of fluid pressure

exerts a lifting, pressing, or moving force of 1131 pounds.

Figure 21: Hydraulic Cylinder



2.2.2 Controlling System Pressure and Direction:

The pad piston and backup pistons in the mechanical section of the RDT can also be

retracted. A cylinder can be forced in or out by transferring the fluid pressure from one side

of the piston to the other. Such a cylinder is called a double-acting cylinder. The piston

direction of a double-acting hydraulic cylinder is usually controlled by a four-way valve.

In Figure 22, the piston is shown extended. The control valve is in a position which allows

pump pressure to be applied to the left side of the piston. Fluid on the right side of the piston

is vented to the fluid reservoir, which is at static (low) pressure.

Figure 22: Hydraulic Cylinder Action, Thrust

In Figure 22, the control valve is in the opposite position. Fluid pressure leaves the pump,

goes through the control valve, and applies pressure to the right side of the piston. Fluid

pressure on the right side forces the fluid on the left side through the control valve to the oil

reservoir surrounding the pump.

Pressure is not exerted on the area occupied by the piston rod; therefore, the rod area must

be subtracted from the total piston area when calculating force. The speed at which the piston

extends or retracts depends on several factors:

The force on the piston rod.

Fluide pressure.

Piston area.

Vent restrictions.



Figure 23: Hydraulic Cylinder Action, Pull

The oil reservoir is at static pressure, that is, the pressure surrounding the pump. In

Figure 23, and Figure 23, the static pressure would be atmospheric pressure. Static

pressure in the RDT oil system is determined by borehole hydrostatic pressure (mud

weight and tool depth).



3.1 General description of the RDT:

The reservoir description tool (RDT) is actually a testing system composed of seven or more

tool sections that can be deployed in a number of configurations to fit a testing or sampling

requirement. Figure 24 illustrates the tool sections.

PTS: Power Telemetry Section

HPS: Hydraulic Power Section

DPS: Dual Probe Section

QGS: Quartz Gauge Section

FPS: Flow-control Pump-out Section

MCS: Multi Chamber Section

CVS: Chamber Valve Section

Figure 24: RDT tool sections

The power telemetry section (PTS) conditions power for the RDT tool sections. Each

section has its own process-control system and can function independently. While the PTS

provides a common RDT intra-tool power bus, the entire tool string shares a common

communication bus that is compatible with other logging tools. This arrangement enables the

RDT to be combined with other logging systems. The other RDT tool sections have a

common intra-tool flow line to transport fluids to any RDT tool section.

The hydraulic power section (HPS) converts electrical power to hydraulic power for

the DPS. Up to two DPSs can be powered by the HPS if needed. Major components of

the DPS include two closely spaced probes (7 ¼-in. spacing), setting rams, and a 100-cm3

pretest piston pump. Each probe has a high-resolution temperature compensated strain-

gauge pressure transducer that can be isolated with a shut-in valve to monitor the probe

pressures independently. The pretest piston pump also has a high-resolution, strain-gauge

pressure transducer that can be isolated from the intra-tool flow line and probes. A

resistance cell is located near the probes to monitor fluid properties immediately after

entering either probe.



The quartz gauge section (QGS) is normally positioned directly below the DPS so that it has

direct access to the DPS isolated flow line. The QGS houses the Halliburton Memory

Recorder (HMR†) quartz gauge carrier used extensively in well test applications. This quartz

gauge was the first to have the pressure resonator, temperature compensation and reference

crystals packaged as a single unit with each adjacent crystal in direct contact.

More than one QGS can be run for redundancy or for additional fluid measurement

applications. If two QGS are run in tandem, the pressure differential between them can be

used to determine fluid viscosity during pumping or density when flow is stopped.

The flow-control pump-out section (FPS) contains the same type of electrohydraulic

motor as the HPS but it is housed in a section with the double acting piston pump. Two high-

resolution, strain-gauge pressure transducers measure the inlet and outlet pump pressures.

The FPS can pump over 1.0-gpm at 500-psi with a maximum 4,000-psi pressure differential.

Flow line fluids can be pumped either up or down (surface selectable) with all of the flow

line fluid being directed through the pump. The pump can also be configured to pump fluid

directly into or from the well bore if needed. For sampling, the FPS is normally configured in

the up-down mode to maintain maximum control of the sampling process.

Both the multi chamber section (MCS) and the chamber valve section (CVS) contain

expulsion ports. The expulsion ports are positioned so the sampled fluid must pass the

chamber valves before exiting into the wellbore. This passage eliminates stagnant flowline

fluid from contaminating samples. The chamber valves are motor driven and can be operated

while the FPS is pumping. The MCS has three 1,000-cm3 chambers in each section and

multiple MCS sections can be configured in the RDT string. The 1,000-cm3 chambers can be

detached immediately after they pass the rotary table. The CVS is used in conjunction with

two standard 1 to 5 gallon sample chambers currently in service for existing testers.

NOTE: in our, study we focus just on the HPS DPS.



The RDT tool sections can be deployed to suit particular sampling requirements. Figure 25,

shows five different tool configurations designed to meet hypothetical applications. The tool-

string is not limited to those shown in Figure 25, however.

Zero Shock PVT Formation Fluid Dual Probe Pressure Extended Range

Bottom Hole Sampling Properties Monitoring Anisotropy Monitoring Gradient Testing Pressure Sampling

Figure 25: Configurations and applications of RDTs



3.2 Specification of the tool:

3.2.1 Specification of HPS:



3.2.2 Specification of DPS:



3.3/ Description of the mechanical part

3.3.1/ Hydraulic power section (HPS):

The Hydraulic Power Section (HPS) provides pressurized hydraulic fluid to operate all of the

dual probe hydraulic functions. It consists of a pressure-balance assembly, motor, pump,

filters, circulate solenoid and piloted check valve, check valves, a hydraulic oil pressure

gauge, a motor tachometer, an RTD device for measuring oil temperature at the motor, a

system pressure relief valve, and electronics.

The overall tool diagram is shown in Figure 26, and a hydraulic schematic is shown in

Figure27.

Figure 26: HPS Overall Tool Diagram



Figure 27: HPS Hydraulic Schematic



Pressure Balance:

The pressure balance assembly (Figure 28) contains a hydraulic-oil reservoir, pressure-

balance piston, and a low oil-level switch. The hydraulic oil reservoir has a volume of

approximately one-gallon. Down hole, the pressure-balance piston has borehole mud pressure

on one side and reservoir pump fluid on the other. Hydrostatic pressure, downhole, and 100-

psi air pressure (on the surface) keeps the hydraulic pump primed and ready for operation in

the pilot series of tools.

Figure 28: HPS Pressure Balance

Low Oil Switch:

If the oil level in the hydraulic reservoir falls below a certain point, the piston presses against

and activates the fluid-level switch (Figure 29), alerting the engineer to take action.

Figure 29: HPS Low Oil Level Switch



System Filter:

The system filter is an integral component of the pump. The filter removes dirt and debris from the

hydraulic fluid reservoir and prevents any foreign matter (larger than 40 microns) from passing

through the pump

Motor:

The inductive motor operates at 600 Vac, it drives the pump to generate system hydraulic

fluid flow. Its maximum speed is 3,460 RPM. The motor tachometer monitors motor speed.

This information is used in the motor start sequence. Motor power is supplied by the PTMS,

controlled manually or by software. The Check valve (CV1) permits hydraulic oil from the

reservoir to enter the motor–pump coupling area, preventing any differential pressure

between motor and reservoir. The motor shaft/rotor is designed to draw fluid through the

motor frame to cool the motor and could create a differential pressure above that of the

reservoir.

Pump:

The HPS incorporates a variable-displacement pump (Figure 30) with a maximum output of

1.2 GPM. The motor and pump work together to pump hydraulic fluid from the reservoir.

This fluid operates the tool through an array of solenoid and servo-control valves.

Figure 30: HPS Hydraulic Pump/Motor



HPS Solenoid Valve A (SVA):

The solenoid valves (figure 31) used in the RDT sections are three-way, normally deactivated

valves, it is designated the “circulate solenoid valve”.

Activated

When the SVA is activated, it directs the hydraulic fluid through the piloted check valve back to the

reservoir. This function takes the load off of the motor when starting against a pressurized system and

helps cool the motor with circulated oil.

Deactivated

When the SVA is deactivated and the motor is running, it directs the hydraulic fluid to the DPS below

the HPS through the system check valve (CV2). When the DPS operation is complete and the system

pressure is reestablished, the hydraulic fluid is directed back to the reservoir through the 3,300psi

relief valve (RV1).

Figure 31: HPS Solenoid Valve A (SVA)



Piloted Check Valve (PCV):

The piloted check valve (Figure 32) directs the hydraulic fluid from the pump to the high

pressure line when the HPS solenoid valve A is de-energized. When solenoid valve A is

energized, the check valve is unseated and fluid may circulate, unpressurized, through the

check valve back to the reservoir.

Figure 32: HPS Piloted Check Valve

Figure 33: Piloted Check Valve example



System Relief Valve (RV1):

The system relief valve (RV1) (Figure 34) provides a path for hydraulic fluid to return to

reservoir while maintaining system pressure at approximately 3,300 psi.

Figure 34: HPS System Relief Valve (RV1) and System Check Valve (CV2)

System Check Valve (CV2):

This check valve keeps (checks in) system pressure without having to run the motor and

pump constantly. (See Figure 34)

Relief valve

Relief valve housing

O-Ring

¼-in plug

Filter disc

Inverted check-valve spacer

Filter disc

O-Ring

Check-valve cartridge insert

O-Ring

Inverted Check-valve cover



Hydraulic Pressure Gauge:

The hydraulic fluid pressure gauge (Figure 35) is a differential gauge. It measures pump

output pressure relative to hydrostatic pressure with a maximum reading of 5,000 psi.

Figure 35: HPS Hydraulic Pressure Gage

Pressure Bleed-off Valve:

The pressure bleed-off valve (figure 35) is a manually controlled valve that is normally

closed. Opening this valve with a hex head wrench will equalize any pressure in the hydraulic

line with reservoir pressure. The bleed-off valve seat is made of peek material reducing the

chance of cutting during pressure equalization.



Motor Tachometer:

The hydraulic-system pump motor is equipped with a tachometer (Figure 36) that monitors

motor speed. A Samarium Cobalt magnet is mounted in a holder located on the pump/motor

coupling. As the coupling rotates, the magnetic field is sensed by a pickup coil located in the

HPS motor mount. The rpms are counted by the transitional electronics. RPM is displayed

real-time in the RDT logging system software.

Figure 36: HPS Hydraulic Motor Tachometer



3.3.2/ Dual Probe Section (DPS): The DPS is the center of all the RDT operations. The major components of the DPS are:

Transitional electronics

Two probes with backup arms that contact and communicate with the reservoir

A 100 cc pretest piston

Temperature compensated strain gauge pressure transducer at each probe and at the

pretest piston

A fluid resistivity cell to monitor fluid properties immediately after entering the probes.

Shut in valves at each probe can isolate its transducer from the flowline.

A flowline valve connects/disconnects the inter-tool and intra-tool flowline buses.

The overall tool diagram for the DPS is shown in Figure 37. A hydraulic schematic is shown

in Figure 38.

Figure 37: DPS Overall Tool Diagram



Figure 38: DPS Hydraulic Schematic



Solenoid Valve (A):

Each solenoid valve (Figure 39) has the following ports:

an inlet port connected to the high pressure line

a cylinder port connected to the system components that it controls

a return port connected to the hydraulic fluid reservoir

The valve contains an electrically-operated solenoid that moves the internal valve parts.

When the system energizes a solenoid, the internal components move to connect the inlet to

the cylinder port, supplying pressurized oil to the controlled system components. This action

closes the reservoir-to-cylinder connection. When the system de-energizes the valve, the

solenoid returns to its rest position which connects the cylinder port to the return port so that

oil can return from the system components to the reservoir. All solenoids in the RDT function

in the same manner.

When energized, SVA controls the pressurized oil flow from the pump to close shut in valve

1. When de-energized, return fluid from shut in valve 1 is routed to the hydraulic fluid

reservoir.

Figure 39: DPS Solenoid Valve A



Check Valve 1/ Relief Valve 1:

Check Valves CV2/RV2, and CV4/RV4 (Figure 40) function identically.

The check valves permit flow from the high pressure line through the solenoid valve but

prevent pressurized oil from flowing back through the solenoid valve into the high pressure

line.

RV1 is a thermal relief valve which limits the maximum system pressure to 5,600psi above

the hydraulic reservoir pressure. This prevents tool damage caused by thermal expansion of

the hydraulic fluid when descending or ascending in the well. The return path for the relieved

fluid is directly backed to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.

Figure 40: DPS Check Valve 1/ Relief Valve

Shut in Valve No. 1:

Shut in valve No. 1 (Figure 41) hydraulically isolates the upper pad and Paine gauge from the

flowline. It consists of a piston operating inside of a chamber. Pressurized fluid from solenoid

valve A pushes against the top of the piston, forcing it down, causing the flowline path from

the pad to close.

To open the Shut in Valve(s), pressurized fluid from solenoid valve C, with spring assistance,

pushes against the bottom of the piston forcing it up opening the path from the pad to the

flowline.



Figure 41: DPS Shut in Valve No. 1

Solenoid Valve B:

Solenoid Valve B (See Figure 39) controls fluid flow to the equalizer valve, the pads, and

backup pistons setting side. Fluid flow from valve B also shifts the diverter valve and charges

the set intensifier.

When de-energized, return fluid from the pads, backup arms, set intensifier, and equalizer

valves are directed to hydraulic fluid reservoir.

Equalizer Valve:

The equalizer valve (See Figure 41), located below the lower back up arm, equalizes pressure on

both sides of the sample pads during retraction. During tool descent, the valve is open and the

pressure in the flowline is the same as the pressure in the borehole. When setting the pads, the

equalizer valve is closed, isolating the flowline from the borehole.

The equalizer valve functions in the same way as the shut in valves, with the exception that fluid

from solenoid valve B closes the equalizer valve.

Equalizer valve cover

Spring

Spring

Spring retainer

Spring retainer

Cylinder seal

Hydraulic plug

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

T-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

T-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring Backup rings

O-Ring Backup rings

Cap seal

Plug

Sleeve tip

Valve stem

Valve cap



Dual Probe/Sample Pads: The closely spaced dual probes (Figure 42) are simultaneously extended for pressure testing

and sampling with hydraulic fluid provided by solenoid valve B. either one or both of the

probes can be utilized to flush or flow a sample. The pads, when extended, form a seal

against the formation. The 1 1/8-in. O.D. snorkel is hydrostatically deployed and contains a

moveable self-wiping filter element. Fluid entering the snorkel and flow tube is filtered with

.018-in. slotted screens.

Figure 42: DPS Dual Probe/Sample Pad

Flow tube tip

Snorkel filter

Snorkel tube

4-bolt pad

Inner pad piston

Screw

Pad stabilizer rod

Not labeled

Outer cylinder

O-Ring Backup ring

O-Ring

Piston sleeve

O-Ring

O-Ring Backup ring

Retaining ring

Outer piston

Inner cylinder

Retaining ring

Snorkel ring

Retaining ring

Isolation tube

Flow tube retainer

External flowline plate

Screw

Snorkel flow tube

O-Ring Backup ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring Backup ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring Backup ring

O-Ring Backup ring

O-Ring



Backup Pistons:

The two back-up pistons (Figure 43) extend to the formation to support the tool during

pressure testing and sampling. They are located opposite the pads in the DPS body. The

pistons are hydraulically coupled to the sample pads, therefore they extend and retract only

when the sample pads extend and retract. Probes and backup arms are retracted with oil from

solenoid valve C or from hydraulic energy stored in the accumulator.

Figure 43: DPS Backup Piston

Backup

piston cover

Retaining ring

Inner piston

sleeve

Backup piston

stop sleeve

Outer piston

sleeve

Backup piston

Screw

Backup piston

button

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring Backup Ring

O-Ring Backup Ring



Set Intensifier:

Any time that fluid is flowing into the RDT through the sample pads; there is a chance that

seal integrity may be lost in unconsolidated formations that give way during sampling. If the

HPS motor is not running (when FPS motor is running), pressure decreases in the set line as

the pads attempt to extend during formation washout. If this pressure is not restored or

maintained, the seal is lost and drilling mud flows into the flowline. When the set line

pressure decreases below 2,600psi, the set intensifier (Figure 44) provides one cubic inch of

hydraulic fluid to the pads and back-up arms. This volume (charged by 500psi accumulator

pressure across the intensifier piston) yields up to ½ inch additional pad/back-up arm

extension. This additional extension helps maintain the pad seal with the formation until the

HPS motor and pump can be restarted.

Solenoid valve B shifts the intensifier to the charged position when Solenoid valve C is

turned off, or when set line pressure exceeds 3,200psi

Figure 44: DPS Set Intensifier

Intensifier cover

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

Intensifier piston

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

Cylinder intensifier



Diverter Valve:

A diverter valve (Figure 45) shifts hydraulic fluid flow from one input port to either one of

two output ports. A moving spool (inside the diverter valve) is shifted up or down by a

control line to shift the input flowline to one of two output ports.

The control line from solenoid valve B diverts the flow of solenoid valve C from the retract

line to force the shut-in valves open.

Figure 45: DPS Diverter Valve

Diverter valve cover

Diverter valve piston

O-Ring

Plug

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

O-Ring

Plug

O-Ring

Upper diverter valve sleeve

O-Ring

T-Ring

Diverter valve piston stem

Lower diverter

valve sleeve



Solenoid Valve C:

Solenoid Valve C (See Figure 39) controls the fluid flow to the accumulator, retract side of

the pads, equalizer valve, back-up arms, and shut-in valves. When solenoid valve B is

energized, (controlling the diverter valve), solenoid valve C only controls fluid flow to the

open position of the shut-in valves.

Retract Accumulator:

The accumulator (Figure 46) stores potential energy by compressing a spring. If instrument

power fails for any reason, this stored energy retracts the sample pads and back-up pistons

and opens the equalizer valve so that the tool can be removed from the borehole. In the pad

set sequence, solenoid valve C is initially energized charging the accumulator until system

pressure is established. Check valve t 3 blocks the path of the fluid from returning through

the diverter valve. Relief valve 3 maintains 500psi of pressure on the accumulator. Any time

the pads and backup arms are set, the accumulator is charged to 500psi.

If power is lost while logging, solenoid valve B allows the fluid on the set side of the setting

pistons to return back to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.

Figure 46: DPS Retract Accumulator

Solenoid Valve D:

When energized, solenoid valve D (See Figure 39) controls the pressurized hydraulic fluid

flow from the pump to close shut in valve No. 2. When solenoid valve D is de-energized,

return fluid from shut in valve No. 2 is routed to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.

Shut in Valve #2:

Shut in valve No. 2 (See Figure 41) hydraulically isolates the lower pad and Paine gauge

from the flowline. Pressurized hydraulic fluid from solenoid valve D pushes against the top

of the piston forcing it down closing the flowline path from the pad to the flowline.

To open the shut in valve(s), pressurized fluid from solenoid valve C pushes against the

bottom of the piston forcing it up opening the path from the pad to the flowline.



Paine Pressure Transducers-Probes (1,2):

The upper and lower probes each have a strain gauge pressure transducer (Figure 47) located

between the probe and the shut in valve to monitor pad pressures independently. The 20,000

psi high resolution Paine gauges are calibrated and temperature compensated with

calibrations stored in the EPROM on the DPS Sharc board. The primary advantage of having

pressure gauges at the probes is that anisotropy (ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability) is

measured as well as spherical and horizontal mobility (ratio of permeability to viscosity).

Figure 47: DPS Paine Pressure Transducers-Probes 1,2



Fluid ID Cell:

The pretest flowline contains a resistivity cell (Figure 48), located near the pads used to

monitor fluid properties immediately after entering either probe. This cell provides the

engineer with an “Estimated Resistivity” curve to determine when a sample chamber should

be opened to allow entry of true formation fluids after pumping with the FPS.

Figure 48: DPS Fluid ID Cell

Solenoid Valve E:

Solenoid valve E (See Figure 39) is located in the upper pretest section and simply controls

the fluid flow to the servo valve, which in turn controls the pretest piston.

When solenoid valve E is energized, hydraulic fluid flows constantly through the servo valve

to reservoir at a pressure of between 1,000 and 2,000psi. Full system pressure is never

established as long as solenoid valve E is energized. This is a characteristic of the servo

valve.

Fluid ID sensor connector

Fluid ID sensor retainer

Fluid ID sensor

O-Ring Backup rings

Peak jet

O-Ring

Filter retainer



Servo Valve:

The Moog servo valve (Figure 49) is an electrically operated, hydraulically assisted four-way

directional valve. A positive or negative DC current applied across the valve’s coils determines the

outlet and return ports for the hydraulic fluid. The polarity and magnitude of the voltage applied is

digitally controlled in the DPS transitional electronics.

Figure 49: Servo Valve and Servo Valve Mounted

When a surface command is sent to open the pretest piston, C2 is selected as the cylinder path and

C1 is the port for fluid coming from the return side of the pretest piston to the hydraulic fluid

reservoir. The piloted check valve PCV2 in the return path is opened by a pressure feed from the

servo valve to allow fluid to bypass the check valve as it is returning to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.

When the desired amount of piston movement has taken place, oil from solenoid valve E to the servo

goes directly to the hydraulic fluid reservoir. Pressure to the piloted check valves is removed and the

check valves hold pressure on each side of the pretest piston to prevent movement in either direction.

When a command to close the pretest piston is sent from the surface, C1 becomes the cylinder port,

C2 becomes the return port as PCV1is opened by the pressure feed, and the piston closes to the

desired position at the desired rate. The volume of oil passing through the servo controls the rate of

pretest movement. This rate is digitally controlled at the servo by the DPS firmware.

Figure 50: DPS Servo Valve Hydraulic Schematic



Pretest Piston/ Chamber:

Operation of the pretest piston (Figure 51) gives the operator a value for formation pressure and

an indication of the formation permeability. If the invasion depth is shallow, estimated resistivity

can also be determined.

The pretest piston is normally closed during tool movement in the well. When the pad is set at

the zone of interest, a command is sent from the surface to open the pretest piston at a specific

rate for a specific volume. Solenoid valve E is energized and the DPS firmware then controls the

voltage sent to the servo valve to open the pretest piston. As the piston retracts, the volume of the

internal flowline is increased which creates a pressure void at the face of the pads. The natural

pressure in the formation causes fluid to flow into the tool to fill this void and establish pressure

equilibrium (formation pressure). The rate at which the pressure void is filled gives an indication

of formation permeability.

The standard pretest piston and chamber for the RDT has a volume of 100cc with a maximum

differential drawdown pressure of 10,000psi. A linear potentiometer provides a method to

calibrate the pretest piston movement and to provide feedback to the firmware to assist in servo

valve control of volumes and rates. An optional 20,000psi chamber and piston are available with

a 50cc piston displacement. The RDT can perform pretests using rate or pressure control. The

rates and volumes, or pressure and volume are determined by the operator at the beginning of

each drawdown. Pretest rates can be selected from 0.1cc/sec to approximately 15cc/sec.

Figure 51: DPS Pretest Piston/ Chamber



Paine Pressure Transducer – Pretest:

A third Paine gauge (See Figure 47) measures pressure at the pretest piston. This is also a 20,000

psi high resolution gauge that is calibrated and temperature compensated with calibrations stored

in the EPROM on the DPS Sharc board. This pressure gauge can be used as the primary pressure

gauge if a QGS is not available. A bubble point test requires that the shut in valves be closed

which leaves only the pretest Paine gauge if the QGS is not configured to use the intra-tool

flowline bus.

Solenoid Valve F:

Solenoid valve F (See Figure 39) is located in the lower pretest body of the DPS and opens the

flowline valve which isolates the inter-tool flowline bus from the intra-tool flowline bus.

Solenoid valve F is deactivated when solenoid valve G is activated and becomes the return path

to reservoir for hydraulic fluid when the flowline valve is closed.

Solenoid Valve G:

Solenoid valve G (See Figure 39) is located in the lower pretest body of the DPS and closes the

flowline valve which isolates the inter-tool flowline bus from the intra-tool flowline bus.

Solenoid valve G is deactivated when solenoid valve F is activated and becomes the return path

to reservoir for hydraulic fluid when the flowline valve is open.

Flowline Valve:

The RDT has two “dirty fluid” or mud/sample flowlines. The inter-tool flowline bus is a

common flowline which exists in all 4 ¾-in. RDT tool sections. The inter-tool flowline gives

the RDT its modular capabilities so that different sections can be placed in the desired

location of the string.

The intra-tool flowline bus is the flowline mentioned in this section up to this point. It begins at

the pads and ends at the flowline valve (or QGS if so configured). The flowline valve

(See Figure 41) isolates the inter-tool bus from the intra–tool bus and functions in the same

method as the shut in valves and equalizer valve. The flowline valve opens to take formation

fluid samples and to perform flushing operations.



4.1. Description of the electronic part (HPS):

The HPS contains transitional electronics in the uppermost section of the tool. The

transitional electronics has surface mount boards on a four-sided L-beam chassis (Figure 52).

Figure 52: Transitional Electronics Chassis

FPS Transitional Electronics Components and Functions:



Figure 53: HPS Electronic Block Diagram



Section Power Supply (± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc):

The section power supply board provides low voltage DC power to the HPS. This board is a

switching type DC to DC converter power supply operating at 100 kHz. It converts the 200Vdc

instrument power to ± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc.

Voltage Divider Board:

This circuit divides the power supply rails so that they may be easily monitored. It Scales the

power supply voltages for the analog II board.

All the outputs are designed to be 2.1Vdc full scale. If the input voltage changes, the output will

change proportionally. These outputs are sent to the DSP board for processing.

Power Distribution Board:

The power distribution board is used as a convenient way to branch power conductors to the

various boards in a module. Simply it is a junction board for power supplies.

Signal Conditioner Board:

The signal conditioner board conditions the tach signal from the pickup coil on the motor in the

HPS.

The signal conditioner board shifts the level and amplifies the output from the motor pickup coil,

and then sends it to the DSP board for processing.

Quad Valve Driver Board:

This board Controls the solenoid valves and the motor start relay.

Analog Interface I:

Analog to Digital Converter to process the input, output, and hydraulic pressure signals.

The analog interface I board has four channels. These channels receive, process, and convert

analog signals to their digital equivalent (A/D converter). These digital signals are routed to the

DSP board for processing.

Analog Interface II:

This board Monitors power supplies, Contains signal excitation circuitry for the pressure

gauges, Signal source originator for linear pot, and Process RDT sensors

The analog interface II board has both A/D and D/A circuits on it along with associated

filtering, amplifying, and driver circuits. Inputs to the A/Ds are routed through multiplexers

so that many signals may be monitored.



There are three digital to analog converter (DAC) circuits. The output from the first DAC is used

as the 1k Hz excitation signal for the pressure gauges.

The output from the second DAC is a 2 kHz signal used the fluid ID circuit in the DPS.

The output from the third DAC is the servo control signal for the hydraulic servo valve.

Section DSP (Sharc) Controller and RTU:

This board has a Sharc Digital Signal Processor, EPROM program storage for the DSP, and a

Digital Control of Servo via Analog II board, Digital filters for the analog I and analog II

boards.

The section DSP controller and RTU board contains the intelligence for the module. Each

EPROM contains calibration data unique to the module where it is mounted.



4.1Description of the electronic part (DPS):

The DPS contains transitional electronics in the uppermost section of the tool. The

transitional electronics has surface mount boards on a four-sided L-beam chassis (Figure 54).

Figure 54: Transitional Electronics Chassis

DPS Transitional Electronics Components and Functions:



Figure 55: DPS Electronic Block Diagram



NOTE: Electronics of the HPS and DPS are similar to a great extent. There are however some

changes in some boards.

Section Power Supply (± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc):

The section power supply board provides low voltage DC power to the HPS. This board is a

switching type DC to DC converter power supply operating at 100 kHz. It converts the 200Vdc

instrument power to ± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc.

Power Distribution Board:

The power distribution board is used as a convenient way to branch power conductors to the

various boards in a module. Simply it is a junction board for power supplies.

2 Quad Valve Driver Board: (Different)

Controlling solenoid valves A through G.

Fluid ID Board:

The fluid ID board provides 2 kHz excitation to the fluid ID button sensor and conditions the

outputs from the sensor. The outputs are voltage and a voltage representative of the current

across the button. The sensor and associated electronics on this board will indicate a change of

fluid type but not necessarily give an indication regarding the type of fluid encountered.

Analog Interface I:

Analog to Digital Converter to process Paine gauges and monitor excitation signal to gauges.

The analog interface I board has four channels. These channels receive, process, and convert

analog signals to their digital equivalent (A/D converter). These digital signals are routed to

the DSP board for processing.

Analog Interface II:

This board Processes pretest piston position and Servo measurements, Monitors power

supplies, Process RDT sensors, Controls voltage on Servo, and it has Signal source originator

for Fluid ID (2kHz) and Paine gauges (1kHz).

There are three digital to analog converter (DAC) circuits:

The first DAC is the 1 kHz excitation signal for the pressure gauges.

The output from the second DAC is used on the fluid ID board.

The output from the third DAC is used as the servo control voltage.



Section DSP Controller and RTU:

This board has a Sharc Digital Signal Processor, EPROM program storage for the DSP, and a

Digital Control of Servo via Analog II board.

The section DSP controller and RTU board contains the intelligence for the module. Each

EPROM contains calibration data unique to the module where it is mounted.



4.3 Principle of Working:

4.3.1 The principle of working in the HPS:

The Hydraulic Power Section (HPS) provides pressurized hydraulic fluid to operate all of the

dual probe hydraulic functions.

Figure 56: HPS Hydraulic Schematic

When the commends are sent from the surface to:

1- Open the solenoid valve A (SVA).

2- Run the motor.

The piloted check valve (PCV) will be unseated, and the hydraulic fluid will circulate

unpressurized back to the reservoir.

3- Close the SVA.

The hydraulic fluid will be directed to the DPS below the HPS through the system check valve

(CV2).



4.3.2 The principle of working in the DPS:

Figure 57: DPS Hydraulic Schematic



- When the engineer sends a command from the surface to open the pads and the backup

arms, the SVB will be activated and the pressurized hydraulic fluid forces the pads and the

backup arms to the open position. And in the same time the equalizer valve will be opened.

- To take a sample from the probe1 the engineer sends a command to open the shut in valve1,

the SVA will be activated.

- To take a sample from the probe2 the engineer sends a command to open the shut in valve2,

the SVD will be activated.

- To get a value of formation pressure and an indication of the formation permeability, the

engineer sends a command to open the pretest piston. The SVE will be activated, and the

servo valve selects the C2 as the cylinder port, and C1 as the return port.

When a surface command is sent to close the pretest piston, the SVE still activated, and the

servo valve selects the C1 as the cylinder port, and C2 as the return port.

- To take formation fluid samples, a surface command is sent to open the flowline valve. The

SVG will be activated (SVF is deactivated). To close the flowline valve, the SVF will be

activated, and the SVG will be deactivated.

- When a surface command is sent to close the shut in valves, the SVC will be activated

(SVB is still activated), the diverter valve directs hydraulic fluid to close the shut in valves.

- When the engineer sends a command to retract the pads and the backup arms, the SVB will

be deactivated (SVC is activated) and shift the diverter valve which directs the hydraulic fluid

to retract the pads and the backup arms.



5.1 Definition of the Maintenance:

(Inspired of the norm AFNOR NFX 60-010).

AFNOR (French Association of the normalization) is a French industrial standards authority.

The Maintenance is the set of the intended activities to maintain or to re-establish a good in a

state or in conditions given of safety of working, to accomplish a requisite function.

These activities are a combination of technical, administrative activities and management.

5.2 Composition of maintenance Program:

The preventive maintenance:

It is a Maintenance done according to criteria predetermined having for object to reduce the

probability of failing or deterioration of a good or a service returned.

Systematic maintenance:

It is a preventive Maintenance done according to a billbook established from a number

Predetermined of units of use of criteria predetermined meaningful of the state of

deterioration of the good or the service.

Conditional maintenance:

It is a subordinated preventive Maintenance has a type of event predetermined revealing of

the state of deterioration of the machine.

Predicative maintenance:

To plan some modifications for the performances of the facilities

5.3 Program of maintenance in HESP:

HESP uses different type of maintenance programs that contributes to the good working of

the tools:

- Tool Status

- Tool run

- SAP



Figure 58: table of preventive maintenance



General:

The maintenance principal is defined as the complete disassembly of the tool, the

replacement of all o-rings, backup rings, and any mechanical component that show one

unreliability that it also includes a complete control of electronics calibration.

The frequency to which this maintenance principal should get used depends on the number of

jobs of the tool in given one period and also considers the environment of it or the tool has

been submitted to take this decision.

Ideally the tool should be rebuilt mechanically after every job, in order to maintain the

maximum of reliability. However, it is not often possible because of the number of jobs, in

the consideration of this; the following maintenance programs should be followed:

if the tool makes a job per week, it must make disassemble immediately after the job, every

O-ring and backup ring would be visually inspected at least, if non replaced all flutings

O-ring must be cleaned completely and all mechanical components must be lubricated well

before the tool is assembled and placed on the rack for the next job. The calibration of

electronics should be verified under the temperature every 30 days.

Equipment Status and Color Tags:

The yellow tag (PM1):

Indicates the equipment has successfully passed the basic PM1 and inspection

and is waiting for operational checks.

The green tag (READY):

Indicates that the tool has been checked by a Technical Professional and is

READY for a JOB. Equipment placed on Ready Equipment Areas, Tool

Baskets, and Trucks.

The red tag (BED):

Indicates that the tool is NOT operational, needs to be repaired or go through a

PM. Equipment placed on Red Racks.

The blue tag (NOT USED):

Equipment returned from the field that was not used. Waiting for PM1 &

operational Check. Equipment placed on PM1 Area



5.4 The maintenance of the RDT:

Preventive maintenance 1 (PM1):

The PM1 procedures include quick inspection, maintenance, and resistance checks that are

done after each job.We use different equipments (figure 59) in the PM1 procedure (figure 60)

for example: the SIMPSON meter, the digital multi-meter, and the MEGGER.

Figure 59: meters used in the PM1

Figure 60: Example of PM1 Sheet



The Mud Side Service:

It is an other operation that it should be done after each job. Ti consists of:

Removing and cleaning of specific components.

Visual inspection of the o-rings and backup rings of the components removed, and

changing them if necessary.

A good cleaning of the intra-tool and inter-tool flowline.

Checking the tool with vista system (figure 61).

The preventive maintenance 2 (PM2):

The PM2 consists of:

The PM1 procedure.

Changing the damaged components, if there is.

Changing the hydraulic oil.

Checking the tool with vista system.

The preventive maintenance 3 (PM3):

The PM3 is a complete and periodic Preventive maintenance. It includes the PM1 and the

PM2 and changing all O-rings and Backup rings, changing all filters, and a few components

if necessary. The PM3 depends on the number of the jobs.



6.1 Definition of the HSE:

HYGIENE: a set of arrangements taken to assure the cleanliness of the set of the elements in

direct or indirect contact with the products under manufacture. Apply to the material, to the

local, to the environment, to people, to matters, to the methods of work.

ORGANISATION DE LA SECURITE:



HALLIBURTON ENTREPRISE DE SERVICES AUX PUITS Certified ISO 9001-2000

HSE in HESP:

HESP SLOGAN

PREPARE JOBS SAFELY

EXECUTE JOBS SAFELY AND COMPETENTLY

RETURN SAFELY

6.2 HYGIENE, THE SECURITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (HSE):

Of part the dangers that present the activity of HESP to know the use of the explosives and

the radioactive sources, in addition to the other professional risks, hygiene, the security and

the protection of the environment is a priority for the enterprise.

These preoccupations are clearly displayed in its general politics.

6.3 OBJECTIVES:

To preserve our person's health and to satisfy our customers who are more and more

demanding concerning hygiene, security and environment at the same time.



6.4 MEANS OF PREVENTION:

THE FORMATION:

Some courses obligatory of security are dispensed for people of HESP. One can mention the

next one of it:

The use of the explosives and the radioactive sources.

The security fires, the first help, the defensive conduct.

The use of the cranes and forklift etc...

THE SYSTEM OF THE HAZARD OBSERVATION CARD (HOC):

The employees are encouraged to signal any danger that they notice while filling some cards.

These cards are deposited in limp conceived especially to this effect and disposed to the level

of the three bases of HESP. They are collected then by the responsible HSE to study them

and to take them in charge.

CHECK LISTE OF CARS:

Before every exit of the basis, the drivers inspect their vehicles while filling a card conceived

to this effect, on which is carried the elements to control.

Some safety meeting is programmed monthly.

Some badges dosimetric are distributed to the person who works with or next to the

radioactive sources. These badges are carried the whole time during three months. They are

sent then to USA to be analyzed.

The results are displayed to the level of the HESP bases to be consulted by the people.

Some copies are sent in the center of medicine of work (SONA TRACH) and in the CRNA

for follow-up.



Conclusion:

The practical practicum that I followed in HESP was the relation between a student's life and

the one of the professional surroundings, and we don’t enriched only our knowledge in the

domain electronic but also the one of the mechanical, hydraulic and logging, as the show this

memo.

The theses are the documents that can have a Long life span and hope for some that this

modest memory will be an utility to all those that are to specialize in the electronic domain to

Complete their knowledge.

Bibliography:

- RDT service manual (HESP)

- RDT field operation manual (HESP)

- Four independent arm caliper -memo- (Walid Ramdane)

- Teach your self electronic and electricity (Stan Gibilisco)



Appendix:

Solenoid valve (SV)

Motor

Piloted check valve (PCV)

Relief valve (RV)

Check valve (CV)

Diverter valve (DV)

Backup piston

Paine Pressure Transducers

Go back to the reservoir

Filter

Probe / Pad

(RESERVOIR DESCREPTION TOOL)

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Transcript of (RESERVOIR DESCREPTION TOOL)