Reservation in India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India

File:Caste and Community of

Profile People below poverty

line in India.PNG

Caste and community profileof people below the poverty

line in India, as outlined in the

Sachar Report

Reeai i IdiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Reeai i Idia is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the

well being of perceived backward and under represented communities in India.

These are laws wherein a certain percentage of total available slots in

educational institutes and government jobs are set aside for people from

backward communities. Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) andOther Backward Classes (OBC) are the primary beneficiaries of the reservation

policies, while there are also reservation policies for women.

The reservation system has been a matter of contention ever since the British

occupied India and remains a point of conflict. Many citizens who come from the upper classes find this policy of

the government biased and oppose it, since they feel it takes away their rights to equality. But not everyone who

comes from the underprivileged communities support the system because they say it makes them feel

disadvantaged. Thus the reservation system is controversial.

Ce

1 Background of caste based reservation

2 Beneficiary Groups of the Reservation System

2.1 Caste

2.2 Gender

2.3 Religion

2.4 State of Domiciles

2.5 Other3 Government funding allowing reservations in colleges/universities

4 Excluded from the reservation system

5 History of the Reservations System

6 Advances under the Reservations System

7 Critiques of the Reservations System

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

Bacgd f cae baed eeai

A common form of discrimination in India is the practice of untouchability. Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled

Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) are the primary targets of this medieval practice, a practice,

which is outlawed by the Constitution of India.[1][2] An untouchable person is considered, "impure, less than

human."[3] STs are generally those who have been living in tribal areas, away from modern civilization and

development.[4] While the definition of SCs and STs are primarily based on the history of oppression of the

community, the definition of OBCs is more flexible and dynamic, and they are defined based upon the prevailing


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social status of their communities.[1]

The main objective of the Indian reservation system is to increase the social and educational status of the

underprivileged communities, enabling them to take their rightful place in Indian society.[5] The reservation system

exists to provide opportunities for the members of the SCs and STs so as to increase their representation in the

legislature, the executive of the nation and states, the labor force, schools, colleges, and other social institutions. [4]

The Constitution of India states in article 15(4): "All citizens shall have equal opportunities of receiving education.

othing herein contained shall preclude the State from providing special facilities for educationally backward

sections of the population. It also states that The State shall promote with special care the educational and

economic interests of the weaker sections of society (in particular, of the scheduled castes and aboriginal tribes),

and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation." The article further states that nothing in th

Article 15(4) will prevent the nation from helping SCs and STs for their betterment.[6]

In 1982, the Constitution specified 15% and 7.5% of vacancies in public sector and government-aided educationa

institutes, are a quota reserved for the SC and ST candidates respectively for a period of five years, after which the

quota system would be reviewed.[7] This period was routinely extended by the succeeding governments. The

Supreme Court of India ruled that reservations cannot exceed 50% (which it judged would violate equal access

guaranteed by the Constitution) and put a cap on reservations.[8] However, there are state laws that exceed this

50% limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, the caste-based reservation fraction

stands at 69% and is applicable to about 87% of the population in the state of Tamil Nadu. In 1990, Prime Minist

V.P. Singh announced that 27% of government positions would be set aside for OBC's in addition to the 22%

already set aside for the SCs and STs.[9]

Beeficia G f he Reeai Se

Enrolment in educational institutions and job placements are reserved based on a variety of criteria. The quota

system sets aside a proportion of all possible positions for members of a specific group. Those not belonging to thedesignated communities can compete only for the remaining positions, while members of the designated

communities can compete for all positions (reserved and open). For example, when 1 out of 10 clerical positions in

railways are reserved for ex-servicemen, those who have served in the Army can compete both in the General

Category as well as in the specific quota.

Seats are reserved for people under the following criteria:-

Cae

In central government funded higher education institutions, 22.5%[10] of available seats are reserved for ScheduledCaste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (15% for SCs, 7.5% for STs). [10] This reservation percentage has

been raised to 49.5%,[10] by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in

Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which

keeps rotating as per the Delimitation Commission).

The exact percentages differ from state to state:

In Tamil Nadu, the percentage of reservation is 18%[10] for SCs and 1% for STs, being based on

local demographics.


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In Andhra Pradesh, 25% of educational institutes and government jobs for OBCs, 15% for SCs, 6%

for STs and 4% for Muslims.[11]

In West Bengal, 35% of educational institutes and 45% of government jobs for SC,ST, and OBC.

(25% SC, 12% ST, and 10% Muslim).

Gede

Women get 50%[12]

reservation ingam panchaa(village assembly - a form of local village government) andmunicipal elections. There is a long-term plan to extend this reservation to parliament and legislative assemblies. Fo

instance, some law schools in India have a 30% reservation for females. Progressive political opinion in India is

strongly in favor of providing preferential treatment to women in order to create a level playing field for all of its

citizens.

The Women's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186

members in favor and 1 against. It will now be forwarded to the Lok Sabha, and if passed there, would be

implemented.

Reigi

The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC

reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either

Muslims or Christians).[13]

Andhra Pradesh's administration has introduced a law enabling 4% reservations for Muslims. (contested in court)

Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12% for Muslims. Religious minority status educational institutes

also have 50% reservation for their particular religions. The Central government has listed a number of Muslim

communities as backward Muslims, making them eligible for reservation.

Sae f Dicie

With few exceptions, all jobs under state government are reserved to those who are domiciles under that

government. In Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, earlier 85% of seats were reserved for Chandigarh

domiciles and now it is 50%. There are also some seat reserved for Jammu and Kashmir migrants in every

Government aided educational institute.

Ohe

Some reservations are also made for:

Sons/daughters/grandsons/granddaughters of Freedom Fighters

Physically handicapped

Sports personalities

Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) have a small fraction of reserved seats in educational institutions. (Note : NR

reservations were removed from IIT in 2003)

Candidates sponsored by various organizations

Those who have served in the armed forces (ex-serviceman quota)

Dependents of armed forces personnel killed in action


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Repatriates

Reservation in special schools of Government Undertakings /PSUs meant for the children of their employee

(e.g. Army schools, PSU schools, etc.)

Paid pathway reservations in places of worship (e.g., Tirupathi Balaji]Temple, Tiruthani Murugan (Balaji)

temple)

Seat reservation for Senior citizens/ PH in public bus transport

Gee fdig aig eeai i cege/ieiie

There is a University Grants Commission (UGC) set up that provides financial assistance to universities for the

establishment of Special Cells for SC/STs. Their purpose is to help universities implement the reservation policy in

the student admissions and staff recruitment processes at teaching and non teaching levels. They also help the

SC/ST categories integrate with the university community and remove the difficulties which they may have

experienced. SC/ST cells like these have been set up in 109 universities. The UCG provides financial assistance to

universities and affiliated colleges for implementation of the Special Cells. It provides the universities with assistanc

worth "Rs.1, 00,000/- per annum for:

1. Travelling Allowances & Dearness Allowances for field work2. Data Collection

3. Analysis and evaluation of statistical data

4. New Computer and Printer (once in a plan period)"

The UGC provides financial assistance only up to the end of the Xth Plan period ending on March 31st, 2007. The

work undertaken by the SC/ST Cells is reviewed at the end of Xth plan. The Xth plan is proposed to ensure that

there is an effective implementation of the reservation policy in admissions, recruitment, allotment of staff quarters,

hostels, etc. Essentially, its goal is to to ensure that the SC/ST Cells are established in the universities. [4]

Ecded f he eeai e

The following people are not entitled to reserved seats. Meaning that people cannot take advantage of the

reservation system if they fall under the following categories:

Caegie f Re f

EciRe f Eci Aie he fig:

Constitutional Pos ts

The sons and daughters of the President of India, the Vice-President of India, Judges of the

Supreme Court, the High Courts Chairman, the members of Union Public Service Commission,

members of the State Public Service Commission, Chief Election Commiss ioner Comptroller,Auditor-General of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature.[14]

Service Category: Thos e who

are cons idered Group

A/Class I officers of the All

India Central and State

Services (Direct Recruits) or

those who are considered

Group 'B'/ Class II officers of

The Central and State

Services (Direct Recruitment)

Those who have parent(s) that are Class I or Class II officers, or both parents are Class I or

Class II officers but one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation. For more visit Pgs

7-8 of [1] (http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/OfficeMemorandum.pdf) . The criteria's used for sons and

daughters of Group A and B are the same for the employees of the Public sector.[14]


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or those who are employees

in the Public Sector.

Armed forces including

Paramilitary Forces (Persons

holding civil posts are notincluded).

The sons and daughters of parents either or both of whom is or are in the rank of colonel and

above in the army or in equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force, and the Paramilitary

Force. But that will hold true provided that-

1. "the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the armed forces (i.e., the category

under consideration) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has

reached the rank of Colonel."

2. "the service ranks below Colonel of hus band and wife shall not be clubbed together"

3. "if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment , this will not be

taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service

category under item No.II in which case the criteria and conditions"[14]

Professional class and those

engaged in Trade and

Industry

If a person has a high paying job s uch as phys ician, lawyer, chartered accountant, income tax

consultant, financial or management consultant, dental surgeon, engineer, architect, computer

specialist, film artist or other film profess ional, author, playwright, sports person, sports

professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status. If the husband holds

one of the above jobs and the wife doesn't then the hus band's income will be taken into

cons ideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife's income will be takeninto consideration.The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the

whole point of the reservation sys tem is to raise the social status of the people that belong to

the SC's, ST's and OBC's and if a family's income is high already it is cons idered that it raises

their social status as well.[14]

Property owners-

Agricultural, Plantations

(Coffee,tea,rubber,etc.),

Vacant land and/or buildings

in urban areas

Sons and daughters of those who have irrigated land area which is equal to or more than 85%

of the s tatutory ceiling area will be excluded from reservat ion. They would only be under

reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated. Those with vacant buildings can use them

for residential, industrial or commercial purposes , hence they are not covered under

reservations.[14]

Creamy layer Son(s)/daughter(s) of thos e who earn 4.5 lakh Rs. or more annually for three consecu tive

years are excluded from reservation.[14]

The creamy layer is only applicable in the case of Other Backward Castes and not applicable on other group like

SC or ST. Though the efforts are also being made to do so. In some state the reservation within reservation has

been made but creamy layer as such is applicable in OBCs only.

Hi f he Reeai Se

The Reservation system has a long history and has been debated before and after Indian Independence from theBritish in 1947.

Reservations in favor of Backward Classes (BCs) were introduced long before independence in a large area,

comprising the Presidency areas and the Princely states south of the Vindhyas. In 1882, Hunter Commission was

appointed. Mahatma Jyotirao Phule made a demand of free and compulsory education for everyone along with

proportionate reservation in government jobs.[6] In 1891, there was a demand for reservation of government jobs

with an agitation (in the princely State of Travancore) against the recruitment ofnon-naie into public service

overlooking qualified naie people.[6] In 1901,reservations were introduced in Maharashtra (in the Princely State

of Kolhapur) by Shahu Maharaj.[6] Chatrapati Sahuji Maharaj, Maharaja of Kolhapur in Maharashtra introduced


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reservation in favour of non-Brahmin and backward classes as early as 1902. He provided free education to

everyone and opened several hostels in Kolhapur to make it easier for everyone to receive the education. He also

made sure everyone got suitable employment no matter what social class they belonged. He also appealed for a

class-free India and the abolition of untouchability. The notification of 1902 created 50% reservation in services fo

backward classes/communities in the State of Kolhapur. This is the first official instance (Government Order)

providing for reservation for depressed classes in India.[15]

In 1908, reservations were introduced in favour of a number of castes and communities that had little share in the

administration by the British.[6] There were many other reforms in favor of and against reservations before the

Indian Independence itself.

Even after the Indian Independence there were some major changes in favor of the STs, SCs and OBCs. One of

the most important occurred in 1979 when the Mandal Commission was established to assess the situation of the

socially and educationally backward classes.[16] The commission did not have exact figures for a sub-caste, know

as the Other Backward Class(OBC), and used the 1930[17] census data, further classifying 1,257 communities as

backward, to estimate the OBC population at 52%.[17] In 1980 the commission submitted a report, and

recommended changes to the existing quotas, increasing them from 22% to 49.5%.[16]As of 2006 number of cast

in Backward class list went up to 2297 which is the increase of 60% from community list prepared by Mandalcommission. But it wasn't until the 1990s that the recommendations of the Mandala Commission were implemented

in Government Jobs by Vishwanath Pratap Singh.[18] Many states wanted to change their reservation policies, and

in 2010 the Supreme Court held that if the state wants to frame rules regarding reservation in promotions and

consequential seniority, it has to provide quantifiable data that is there is backwardness, inadequacy of

representation in public employment and overall administrative inefficiency. Unless such an exercise is undertaken

by the state government, the rules in promotions and consequential seniority cannot be introduced.

The concept of untouchability was not practiced uniformly throughout the country; therefore the identification of

oppressed classes was difficult to carry out. Allegedly, the practice of segregation and untouchability prevailed

more in the southern parts of India as opposed to in Northern India. Furthermore, certain castes/ communities,

considered "untouchable" in one province were not in other provinces.[19] The continuous efforts of some of the

social reformers of the country like Rettamalai Srinivasa Paraiyar, Ayothidas Pandithar, Jyotiba Phule, Babasaheb

Ambedkar, Chhatrapati Sahu ji Maharaj and others, worked to eradicate "casteism".

Adace de he Reeai Se

The public sector jobs are divided into 4 categories:Class I (or Group A), Class II (or Group B), Class III (or

Group C) and Class IV (or Group D). The Class I employees take up 2.2% of the public sector workforce, the

Class II employees take up 3.3% of the public sector workforce,the Class III employees take up 66.8% of the

public sector workforce, and the Class IV employees take up 27.2% of the public sector workforce.[20] Below arthe percentages of the SC employees in the Central government[20] :

Ca 1959 1965 1974 1984 1995

I 1.18 1.64 3.2 6.92 10.12

II 2.38 2.82 4.6 10.36 12.67

III 6.95 8.88 10.3 13.98 16.15


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IV 17.24 (excludes sweepers) 17.75 18.6 20.2 21.26 (excludes sweepers)

The above table shows that over time as the new laws for the reservation systems were passed employment of

SC's in Class I,II,III, and IV public sectors increased substantially.

Ciie f he Reeai Se

A larger part of the Indian population does not fall under the categories of SCs, STs or OBCs. According to the2001 census, the SCs and STs represent 24.90% of the population, out of which 16.20% are SCs and 8.10% are

STs.[21] Since these castes are a minority and yet hold more jobs than the rest of the Indian population, there is a

debate over the system. The following arguments have been put forth by Anti-Reservationists and Pro-

Reservationists.

Ai-Reeaii P-Reeaii

Lower castes no longer accept that their lower economic status, lower position

in the social hierarchy and lack of respect from members o f higher castes are a

given in their social existence.[9]

Men should remain in the same occupation

and s tation of their life as their forefathers

was a part of religious precepts and socialcustoms in India.[9]

Opponents are unhappy because they believe that a moral injustice is being

committed and equality o f opportunity is eroded becaus e of the reservation

sys tem. They are against the reservations because appointments are made on

the basis of membership in a caste not considering that the individual is

socially or economically handicapped. They also believe that reservations are

used for political benefits rather than social benefits.[9]

The OBCs should get a greater share in

administrative positions because political

power resides in Indias administrative

pos itions . They view political power as a

way to get economic benefits , of which

they have been deprived.[9]

They believe that reservations do not take into account merits andachievements and those who do not deserve hold certain pos itions get those

positions because of reservations and th is could lead to deterioration of public

services.[9]

They believe they should get reservations

because they have been victims of theBrahmin-dominated caste system and

reservations as a part of the s truggle

against the oppression and for changing

Indias social structure away from

hierarchy.[9]

"India will remain trapped in the caste paradigm." The Reservation Policy is not

helping out as much as it is harming.[22]

Supporters of quotas have argued that

they have been successful in Southern

state, where they have been us ed

extensively.[22]

See a

Court Cases Relating to India's Reservation System

Women's Reservation Bill India

Dhangar Scheduled tribe issue

Nationalization

Socialism

Caste politics in India


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Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu

Refeece

1. ^ Basu, Durga Das (2008). Inodcion o he Coniion of India. Nagpur: LexisNexis Butterworths

Wadhwa. pp. 98. ISBN 9788180385599.

2. ^ "Untouchability in the Far East" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2382914) . http://www.jstor.org/stable/2382914.

Retrieved 4 November 2011.3. ^ "India's "Untouchables" Face Violence, Discrimination"

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0602_030602_untouchables.html) . National Geographic.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0602_030602_untouchables.html. Retrieved 4 November 2011

4. ^ "Financial Support" (http://www.ugc.ac. in/financialsupport/special_cell.html) . University Grants

Commission, India. http://www.ugc.ac. in/financialsupport/special_cell.html. Retrieved 20 October 2011.

5. ^ November 2011 "Reservations Policy Revisited" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/4377730=04) .

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4377730=04 November 2011.

6. ^ Laskar, Mehbubul Hassan. "Rethinking Reservation in Higher Education in India"

(http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf) . ILI Law Review. http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf.

7. ^ "Education Safeguards" (http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm) .Depamen of

Edcaion. Government of India. http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm. Retrieved 27November 2011.

8. ^Inda Sahne And O. Union Of India (UOI) And O. on 8 Ag 1991. New Delhi: Supreme Court of

India. 1991.

9. ^ Kohli, Atul (2001). The Scce of India' Democac. Cambridge University Press . pp. 193

225(Myron Weiner).

10. ^ [people.virginia.edu/~ss5mj/Peereffects_April12_2011.pdf "Affirmative Action and Peer Effects: Evidenc

from Caste Based Reservation in General Education Colleges in India"]. Virginia University,Virginia.

people.virginia.edu/~ss5mj/Peereffects_April12_2011.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2011.

11. ^ Arora, N.D (2010).Poliical Science fo Ciil Seice Main Eaminaion (http://books.google.com/books?

id=z8Flb0gZ3ZkC&pg=SA5-PA19&lpg=SA5-

PA19&dq=In+%5B%5BAndhra+Pradesh%5D%5D,+25%25+of+educational+institutes+and+government+jobs+for+OBCs,+15%25+for+SCs,+6%25+for+STs+and+4%25+for+%5B%5BMuslims%5D%5D.&source=bl&ots=NLg

rFL0be&sig=LxstpjYI-v6a_FOlN9iy_I0ffYk&hl=en&ei=T8zSTr3sNKieiALP-

qSADA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=In%20%5B%5BAn

dhra%20Pradesh%5D%5D%2C%2025%25%20of%20educational%20institutes%20and%20government%20jobs%

20for%20OBCs%2C%2015%25%20for%20SCs%2C%206%25%20for%20STs%20and%204%25%20for%20%

B%5BMuslims%5D%5D.&f=false) . Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 19. http://books.google.com/books?

id=z8Flb0gZ3ZkC&pg=SA5-PA19&lpg=SA5-

PA19&dq=In+%5B%5BAndhra+Pradesh%5D%5D,+25%25+of+educational+institutes+and+government+jobs+for

+OBCs,+15%25+for+SCs,+6%25+for+STs+and+4%25+for+%5B%5BMuslims%5D%5D.&source=bl&ots=NLg

rFL0be&sig=LxstpjYI-v6a_FOlN9iy_I0ffYk&hl=en&ei=T8zSTr3sNKieiALP-

qSADA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=In%20%5B%5BAndhra%20Pradesh%5D%5D%2C%2025%25%20of%20educational%20institutes%20and%20government%20jobs%

20for%20OBCs%2C%2015%25%20for%20SCs%2C%206%25%20for%20STs%20and%204%25%20for%20%

B%5BMuslims%5D%5D.&f=false.

12. ^ The Implementation of Quotas for Women: The Indian Experience.

"TheImplementationofQuotasforWomen:TheIndianExperience" (http://www.quotaproject.org/CS/CS_India.pdf) .

CentreforWomen'sDevelopmentStudies,India. http://www.quotaproject.org/CS/CS_India.pdf.

13. ^ Viswanathan, S. (2007-11-16). "A step forward"

(http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2422/stories/20071116502203400.htm) .Fonline24 (22).

http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2422/stories/20071116502203400.htm..

14. ^ "Judgement Writ Petition (Civil) No.930 of 1990 Indira Sawhney Versus Union of India And others


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(16.11.1992)" (http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/OfficeMemorandum.pdf) .Naional Commiion fo Backad Clae.

http://ncbc .nic.in/Pdf/OfficeMemorandum.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2011.

15. ^ Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj."Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj" (http://bspindia.org/rajshri-shahuji-maharaj.php) .

Hio. Bahujan Samaj Party. http://bspindia.org/rajshri-shahuji-maharaj.php. Retrieved 20 October 2011.

16. ^ Bhattacharya, Amit. "Who are the OBCs?"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html) .

Archived from the original (http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html) on 27 June 2006.

http://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html. Retrieve

2006-04-19. Time of India, 8 April 2006.17. ^ Ramaiah, A (6 June 1992). "Identifying Other Backward Classes"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20051230030051/http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf) (PDF). Economi

and Political Weekly. pp. 12031207. Archived from the original (http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pd

on 30 December 2005.

http://web.archive.org/web/20051230030051/http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf. Retrieved 2006-05

27.

18. ^ "Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission"

(http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0507089201.htm) . Parliament of India.

http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0507089201.htm. Retrieved 4 November 2011.

19. ^ "The Untouchables of India"

(http://www.ibiblio.org/ahkitj/wscfap/arms1974/Book%20Series/TheImageOfGodIM/IOGIM-untouchables.htm) Pai. http://www.ibiblio.org/ahkitj/wscfap/arms1974/Book%20Series/TheImageOfGodIM/IOGIM-

untouchables.htm. Retrieved 20 October 2011.

20. ^ "Chapter 3- An Assessment of Reservations (Pg 32)"

(http://www.ambedkar.org/News/reservationinindia.pdf) .Ne. Dalit Bahujan Media.

http://www.ambedkar.org/News/reservationinindia.pdf. Retrieved 17 November 2011.

21. ^ "Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population 2001 Census - India"

(http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES2007-08/T18.pdf) .Planning Depamen.

http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES2007-08/T18.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2011.

22. ^ "We have a few reservations" (http://www.economist.com/node/6980109) . The Economist.

http://www.economist.com/node/6980109. Retrieved 20 October 2011.

Eea i

Central List of Other Backward Classes (http://www.ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/index.html)

Why reservation for OBCs is a must. By V. B. Rawat (http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-

ravat180406.htm)

The Myth of Inefficiency. By Sheetal Sharma (http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article22.html)

Radical Notes - Common School System and the Future of India. Anil Sadgopal. (28 Feb 2008)

(http://radicalnotes.com/content/view/61/39) (On Right to Education)

Radical Notes - Beyond the Judiciary - Reservation as Reparation. Saswat Pattanayak (19 April 2007)(http://radicalnotes.com/content/view/41/39/)

Critics slam India's education quotas (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7371752.stm) - BBC Article on

Reverse Discrimination in the Indian Reservation System

Anti Reservation official website, AntiReservation.Com (http://www.antireservation.com:)

Supreme Court Upholds 27% OBC Quota (http://www.india-server.com/news/supreme-court-upholds-

obc-quota-in-135.html)

Reservations: Towards a larger perspective (http://www.obcreservation.com/ver1/index.php?

option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=74)

Anti Reservation Protest (http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/277/31/)


10/10


wikipedia org/wiki/Reservation in India

Computing Backward Index (http://www.obcreservation.com/ver1/index.php?

option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=86)

Reservation as viewed by Indian industry (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1499633.cms)

Southern record - Frontline (http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2308/stories/20060505006400800.htm)

Government Jobs and Reservations in India (http://governmentjobsinindia.net/)

Reservation policy forum article (http://www.aippg.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=33195)

Examining reservation (http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2308/stories/20060505004600400.htm)

Reservation must for a healthy society(http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr222006/update141432006422.asp)

Multiple Index Related Affirmative Action (An Alternative Proposal)

(http://www.sabrang.com/cc/archive/2006/june06/report3.html)

Reservation as viewed by a backward class proponent (http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?

main_variable=Columnist&file_name=prasad%2Fprasad157.txt&writer=prasad)

Questioning Reservation (http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-ravat180406.htm)

Reservations as viewed by one OBC faculty member (http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/09guest.htm)

An Alternative Suggestion (http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/25guest.htm)

Reservations have worked in Southern States (http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/16inter2.htm)

UP introduces voluntary reservation in private sector (http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=294131)

Rangnath Commission recommends 10% quota for Muslims (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rangnath

commission-recommends-10-quota-for-muslims/556065/)

Reservation will not help Muslims, will only open Pandora's box (http://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews

15186.html)

Govt Jobs (http://www.latestgovtjobs.com/)

Bull's Eye (http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?234414)

Latest Govt Jobs (http://www.govtjobsalert.com/)

Reservations in Indian Government Jobs (http://www.jobsindiaonline.info/reservations-in-indian-governmenjobs/) at JobsIndiaOnline.info

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Categories: Indian law Politics of India Reservation in India Other Backward Classes

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Reservation in India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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