A. Preliminary Section1.Title Page

2.acknowledgement3.table of contents

4.list of tables5.list of figures

B.Main body of the project1.Introduction

2.History/Background3.Scope of the project

4.Importance of the topic5.Advantages/disadvantages

6.purpose of the study7.sources of data8.design/diagram

9mbenefits of the project10.challenges/issues

C.Summary and conclusion1.recommendations

2.description3.principal findings

D.Reference Section1.bibliography

2.appendix

Research Project in Management Information System about

“Telecommunication and Networks”

Fray Luis Granada Sherwin LlorandoBSIT-IV Instructor

Acknowledgement

I thank my colleagues from SPIST (Southern Philippines Institute of Science and Technology) who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper.

I thank Mr. Sherwin Llorando for assistance with the format and insights, and Gia Villafuerte and Lois Marhenella Reyes for the Love and Pressure they gave, Aaron Jonas Bungay, Angel Louise Olfindo and Jm Lara for the issues between them hence I sometimes forgot the stress this project gave me, Owen Martin Bungay, Mcky Salao,Daniel,Karlo,Klan,Raeven,Paul and my other close friends for the Trash Talks that helped me greatly improved my vocabulary skills, Paola,Roanne,Erica,and all of my classmates in the said Subject for comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

I would also like to show my gratitude to GOOGLE.COM for sharing his pearls of wisdom with me during the course of this research, and I thank 10 “anonymous” reviewers for their so-called insights. I am also immensely grateful to MR.Tito Aclao for his comments on an earlier version of the manuscript, although any errors are my own and should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons.

Table of Contents

Introduction

History and Background

Here we are going to take a look at how the mobile phone has become the world’s most popular gadget. It has

been estimated that there is 1.4 billion televisions on the planet however for the humble mobile phone, numbers

at least three times that (figures for 2008). By the end of 2012 there will be more mobiles in the world than there

are people according to the Institute of Engineering & Technology.

It was as recently as 1985 that the very first handsets were released in the UK by Vodaphone and then Cellnet

(later to become o2), they were cumbersome devices weighing up to 20kg because the battery systems

available at the time were so basic. We had the comical sight of all these high powered businessman types

staggering about carrying two briefcases, one of which had a veritable jungle of cables attached to it and we all

said ‘that will never catch on’. How wrong we were.

Telephony or telecoms really began in 1838 when Samuel Morse invented his system of dots and dashes for

letters of the alphabet, which allowed complex messages to be sent and received. It took him another six years

to get the necessary support from Congress to actually install the world’s first telegraph line made with copper

cable, between Washington and Baltimore a distance of around forty miles.

From this point on copper wires began to link all the larger Cities and towns across the US with most of these

wires being built and operated by Western Union, who are still active with near instant global money transfer

today. Similar systems were being built across Europe as well and these allowed the near instant transmission

of messages.

In 1851 the first undersea (copper) cable was laid between England and France and in 1858 the first Trans-

Atlantic cable was laid. The depths involved made this Anglo US venture the major engineering task of its’ time

and it took five attempts before an unbroken cable was finished. Unfortunately this cable was cooked by an over

enthusiastic engineer sending too many volts through it and it failed after just three weeks. In 1865 it was tried

for a second time and 1200 miles was laid before the cable broke and was unable to be retrieved. The third

cable was laid by Brunels’ Great Eastern and went without a hitch, the 1686 nautical miles between Ireland and

Newfoundland was laid at the rate of 120 nautical miles per day. After this the Great Eastern managed to find

the end of the second cable at a depth of 16,000ft, raised and spliced it so now there were now 2 working

Transatlantic cables.

Map of the 1858 cable route

The next major development was made in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, a Scotsman in Boston, with his

‘Liquid Transmitter’ so called as it worked with a diaphragm vibrating a needle in water to vary the electrical

current in the circuit. This device allowed him to make the first ever voice call over a wire although it was only

between two rooms. It took Bell a further five months to refine the invention to carry his voice over five miles.

Western Union helped develop their Morse telegraphy system into the copper cable telephone network we know

so well.

A replica of the ‘Liquid Transmitter’

In 1880 Bell also made the first wireless

communications with his ‘Photophone’. It used a

beam of light to carry a sound signal between two buildings

215 metres apart and was considered by Bell his

most important invention. Due to its use of an atmospheric

medium it failed to produce real advances until the

development of Optical technologies by the US military in

the 1920s. The theory of “LASER” was advanced by

Einstein in 1917, however it took many years before a

working model was produced.

It took until after the Second World War for a wireless

telephone as we understand them to be developed in the US by AT&T. They were very simple devices much

like a walkie talkie in that only one user could speak at a time, and you had to manually search the frequencies

of the radio spectrum at 35mhz or 150mhz to find space for the call. At this time the batteries necessary made

the device weigh 35kg.

In the UK it was the General Post Office who built and

operated our telegraph / telephone infrastructure with the first

commercial calls being made in 1912. This network was built

with copper cables. In 1981 the GPO was split into the Post

Office and British Telecoms. BT was the parent company of

Cellnet to give them an entry into the lucrative mobiles market

and BTCellnet later became O2 who in turn are parents to

giffgaff.

In 1970 optical fibre was invented by Corning Glass Works

and proved able to send signal at 45Mbps although it was

necessary to have signal boosters every 10kms. By 1981

Single-Mode fibre was found to be the way forward with great

improvements and by 1987 these 2nd generation fibres were

operating at speeds over 1.5Gb/s with boosters only needed

every 50km, In 1988 the first Transatlantic fibre was laid. The

3rd generation upped the speeds to 2.5Gb/s and halved the need for boosters to 100kms apart.

By 1992 and 4th generation fibre the invention of optical amplifiers and Wavelength Division Multiplexing has

enabled speeds to double every 6 months and by 2006 transmission speed was up to 14Tb/s using amplifiers

only every 160kms.

To put optical transmission in its simplest terms think of an LED, a light emitting diode, this produces ‘incoherent

light’, a laser emitting diode produces ‘coherent light’ and WDM means sending more laser light beams down a

single fibre.

This is how cable TV and broadband services are delivered in towns and cities and due to the high costs of

these technologies means it will never be viable to send fibre to the more rural parts of our country. This is one

of the many reasons for the explosion in demand for mobile internet.

We took a look at the birth and growth of simple wired communications networks from the very beginning, with

the invention of Morse code in the mid 1800s through to the deployment of fibre systems which started in

earnest in the late 20th century. At around the same time that fibre was beginning to be used to carry large

numbers of simultaneous calls and data we also saw the first steps in personal wireless communication coming

to market.

There is an important distinction between the first generation system of mobiles and later developments, in that

1g as it was known was an analogue system. The voice is sent ‘live’ as it were. With 2g onwards the networks

became digital, in which the voice is sampled and broken down into data before it is sent. The receiver at the

other end then reassembles that data to make the voice that we hear.

The first generation of analogue mobile systems was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979 and covered Tokyo’s

20m people with 23 base stations and by 1984 covered the whole of the country. The 1g network was started in

Europe by Nordic Mobile Telephone and began in 1981 covering Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark. In

1983 Motorola started in Washington DC and on 01/01/85 the first UK mobile call was made with Vodaphone.

1G Motorola DynaTAC 8000 Range. Released: 1984 to 1987

Second generation networks became digital and began in the early 1990s,

these networks mainly operating on GSM, General Standard Mobile using

CDMA technology. This digitization saw a move away from the huge brick like

handsets of analogue to smaller handsets more like those of today. 2g saw the

advent of SMS / text messages in 1993 and of ‘pay as you go’ pre-pay systems

in the late 90s.

NMT had in 1998 managed proof of concept trials for payment systems via

mobile phone with both car parking and a Coca-Cola vending machines being

able to take money this way. The first commercial system to work like a bank or

credit card was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by two

operators Globe and Smart.

Mobile phone adverts first appeared in Finland in 2000 giving users news headlines sponsored by advertising.

This was the start of the ability to download new ringtones for individual handsets and let loose on the world the

insipid ‘Crazy Frog’ phenomenon, although at this point ringtones were usually only polyphonic due to the slow

download speeds of the time. The rise in popularity of easily accessible mp3s is still in the future. In 1999 NTT

DoCoMo of Japan established the first mobile internet service and quickly realized the limitations of 2g data

speeds.

2g 1991 GSM mobiles & AC adapters

During the development of 3g systems the old 2g standards

of CDMA were upgraded by integrating the competing EV-

DO to become 2.5g, this lead to the GPRS (General Packet

Radio Service) and the EDGE standards with which we are

still familiar and fall back on when our current 3g signal fails.

This 2.5g has data rates up to 310kbps downstream, far too

slow to support video streams with any certainty, although

you can of course download to watch later.

The beginnings of 3g were started by NTTDoCoMo in early

2001 and they rolled out the first commercial 3g network in

October of that year using (the now familiar) WCDMA

technology. In 2002 the second 3g network was in South

Korea and the third, Monet, in the USA. These two used the competing CDMA / EV-DO standards which was

the Betamax of 3g and Monet have since collapsed. The second network with WCDMA and was launched by

Vodaphone KK (now known as Softbank) in Japan. At the same time in Europe the Three / Hutchison group

started up in Italy and the UK.

The following year 2003, saw eight more 3g launches across Europe all but two of these using the WCDMA

technology, the other two utilizing the EV-DO standard. WCDMA has since prevailed with 2/3rds of the global

market and is now the industry standard technology for 3g. Generally using HSDPA standards which allow data

rates from 1.8, 3.6 & 7.2 up to 14.4mbps, the invention of HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access in the

mid noughties was the real game changer.

It started with Dongles so you could connect to the web with your laptop on the move, then suddenly, phones

which for years had only been able to get emails as little more than a business function, evolved. Now real-time

audio and video streaming is possible we can truly have the internet in our pockets with highly specialized

mobile broadband devices that we know as smart phones.

3G 2010

from £50 to

£500

The goal

now as we

move into

the 2nd

decade of

this

millennium is

the new 4g

capability.

The

standards

have been

set very high

with

connectivity

speeds of

100mbps for cars and trains and a staggering 1gbps for low mobility communication i.e. pedestrians and

stationary users. So far there are only ‘3g+’ or ‘near 4g’ standards in use, these are called WiMax (Worldwide

Interoperability for Microwave Access (2006)) which offers up to 128mbps down and 56mbps up, and Long term

evolution (LTE (2009)) offering up to 100mbps down and 50mbps up, there is also HSPA+ (High Speed Packet

Access) running up to 84mbps down and 22mbps up.

Already in the USA, AT&T, Verizon and Sprint have started to build faster networks on the LTE protocols and

are saying they will be fully operational in 2013. However this is all little more than a rebranding exercise as the

International Telecommunication Union has allowed the networks to call these standards 4g even though they

are yet to deliver the 100mb+ speeds required and won’t complete the roll out of these networks until 2013.

There is also Lightsquared who plan to use satellites to cover 92% of the US’s population with LTE by 2015,

although clearly the up speeds will be no match for the down.

 

Telstar, 1st Communications satellite

There are also encouraging signs coming from Russia believe

it or not, in 2007 in St Petersburg, Yota started with WiMax but

moved to LTE and now has a government contract to provide

wireless broadband across 180 cities with 70 million potential

customers by autumn 2012. Yota have also built networks in

Peru, Nicaragua and Belarus. The closest ‘near 4g’ network to

home in Britain is on the largest Channel Island, Jersey who

also have a fibre backbone for their home broadband and have

the worlds 2nd fastest connection speeds after South Korea.

Both WiMAX and LTE are able to call themselves true 4g with

their latest upgraded standards, however they work on different

radio systems to those currently in use by the networks in the

UK so we’re not going to see these kind of speeds here for at

least a year or two yet, which is certainly a disappointment.

I for one await the launch of true 4g systems with great

expectations for a big shake up in the business models of traditional Telco’s who’s charging mechanisms will be

properly challenged by the staggering data rates that 4g promises us.

 

Scope of the Project

The scope of this arrangement includes and analysis on how Telecommunication and Networks help us make communication easier, helps us transfer data efficiently and faster via network cables all over the world.