Researching skills

Finding primary and supporting resources

Created by The North Carolina School of Science and Math for North Carolina Department of Public Instruction.

The importance of primary sources

Have you ever played

Chinese whispers?

Kissing for one minute

burns 26 calories

This ‘fact’ was reported on

• 23,100 websites including»BBC news»Yahoo answers»Wiki answers»Ask.com»Examiner.com»Vivacity magazine» itunes

There are 26 calories in a Hershey’s kiss

Pitbulls have a bite force of 1,800 pounds

per square inch

Boenning, D.A., G.R. Fleisher, and J.M. Campos, Dog bites in children: epidemiology, microbiology, and penicillin prophylactic therapy. The American journal of emergency medicine, 1983. 1(1): p. 17-21.

And cites

Many sources quote the scientific paper:

Baack, B.R., et al., Mauling by pit bull terriers: case report. Journal of Trauma-Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 1989. 29(4): p. 517-520.

Which says

‘Pitbulls bite with greater force than most dogs (up to 1,800lbs/in2)

Which has nothing whatsoever about pitbulls or their bite force.

Mistakes can have a big impact

• Contribute to the rumor that pitbulls are the most aggressive breed

• Support legislation that seeks to ban pitbulls

What is a primary source?

talked about itwrote about it

took a picture of itrecorded a video of it

Someone saw it then …

‘It’ is an event, for example…

• A crime• An election• An experiment

Primary vs secondary

It can get complicated

• A newspaper article• A scientific paper• A book

Use your common sense

Primary sources are not necessarily facts

How to track down a primary source

Elementary my dear Watson

Google scholar is your friend

Google scholar keywords: ‘Nagasawa’, ‘dogs’, ‘oxytocin’

Dog's gaze at its owner increases owner's urinary oxytocin during social interactionM Nagasawa, T Kikusui, T Onaka, M Ohta - Hormones and Behavior, 2009 - ElsevierOxytocin (OT) has been shown to play an important role in social bonding in animals.

However, it is unclear whether OT is related to inter-species social bonding. In this study, to examine the possibility that urinary OT concentrations of owners were increased by their “ ...

Cited by 76 Related articles All 6 versions Import into EndNote Save More

Attachment between humans and dogsM Nagasawa, K Mogi, T Kikusui - Japanese Psychological …, 2009 - Wiley Online Library... a particular human figure and other people, and that when dogs gaze at their owners, the latter's

urinary oxytocin levels increase (Nagasawa et al ... Evolution of working dogs. In JASerpell (Ed.),The domestic dog: Its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people, 11th edn. ...

Cited by 20 Related articles All 3 versions Import into EndNote Save More [HTML] from frontiersin.org

Oxytocin and mutual communication in mother-infant bondingM Nagasawa, S Okabe, K Mogi… - Towards a neuroscience …, 2012 - books.google.com... Scott and Fuller (1965) studied behavioral development in dogs, and found that the socialization

period, during which puppies stop ... Nagasawa et al. ... We have recently found that human—doginteraction stimulates oxytocin release in humans, with this being particularly related to ...

Cited by 19 Related articles All 13 versions Import into EndNote Save More [PDF] from researchgate.net

Short-Term Interaction between Dogs and Their Owners: Effects on Oxytocin, Cortisol, Insulin and Heart RateAn Exploratory StudyL Handlin, E Hydbring-Sandberg… - … Journal of The …, 2011 - ingentaconnect.com... The acquisition of pets can result in a reduction in health problems and an improvement in

perceived ... likely to die within 1 year, compared with those who do not own dogs (Friedmann and ...decreases in the presence of a dog (Wilson 1991) and children having a dog present in ...

Cited by 25 Related articles All 3 versions Import into EndNote Save More

‘Using a cluster analysis, owners could be divided into two groups: one received a longer duration of gaze from their dogs and reported a higher degree of relationship with their dogs (LG); the other received a shorter duration of gaze and reported a lower degree of relationship (SG). Urinary OT was higher in LG than SG after usual interaction with their dogs, but not in the control experiment.’

What does this tell you about the report?

• It was by the United Nations• About great apes• To find out ‘this year’, check the date of

the article which is August 8, 2013

Google ‘United Nations report’, ‘great apes’, and ‘2013’

United Nations News Centre - Illicit trade in great apes increasingly ...www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44271...United Nations4 March 2013 – Almost 3,000 live great apes are stolen annually from the forests of Africa ... money, according to a

new United Nations report released today.

FEATURE: UN works to protect great apes, habitat, amid ongoingwww.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/story.asp?...Cr...United Nations7 November 2013 – In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where ..... Illicit trade in great apes

increasingly linked to organized crime, UN report finds ...

Illegal Trade Robs Wild of Almost 3000 Great Apes Annually ... - UNEPwww.unep.org/.../default.aspx?...United Nations Environment ProgrammeMar 4, 2013 - Stolen Apes, which was produced by the United Nations ... from this research the report estimates

that at least 2,972 great apes are lost .... It is so sad that this is continuing into 2013 and I wish I could do more to help stop this!

3,000 great apes killed or captured every year, reports UN ...www.treehugger.com/.../3000-great-apes-killed-or-captured-...TreeHugger3,000 great apes killed or captured every year, reports UN ... March 4, 2013 ... The UNEP report calls for better

stewardship of great apes' protected habitats from ...

“Stolen Apes: The Illicit Trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans,” produced by

the UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

Google ‘Stolen Apes: The Illicit Trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans’

Stolen Apes - The illicit trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos ...www.grida.no/publications/rr/apes/Stolen Apes · Share | |. Stolen Apes - The illicit trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans ...

stand of the Gorilla · The last stand of the Orangutan ...

Stolen Apes - The illicit trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos ...www.grida.no/.../stolen-apes-the-illicit-trade-in-chimpanzees-gorillas-bo...Stolen Apes - The illicit trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans The illegal trade in wildlife

makes up one part of the multi-billion dollar ...

Illegal Trade Robs Wild of Almost 3000 Great Apes Annually ... - UNEPwww.unep.org/.../default.aspx?...United Nations Environment ProgrammeMar 4, 2013 - Stolen Apes: The Illicit Trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans is the first

report to analyze the scale and scope of the illegal ...

United Nations News Centre - Illicit trade in great apes increasingly ...www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44271...United NationsMar 4, 2013 - “Stolen Apes: The Illicit Trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans,” produced by

the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) ...

Cite your source

So you have your primary source

at least 3,000 great apes are being taken from the wild each year1

You need to cite your source properly.

Report

Organization. (year). Title of report. Location: Author.

United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. (2013). Stolen Apes – The Illicit Trade in Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Bonobos and Orangutans. Norway: Stiles, D., Redmond, I., Cress, D., Nellemann, C., Formo, R.K. (eds).

Journal article

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Newspaper/ magazine article

Author, A. A. (Year, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper/ magazine, pages.

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Book

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Online article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com

Television broadcast

Producer. (year, month day). Title of broadcast. City, State of origin: Studio or distributor.

Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news hour [Television broadcast]. New York, NY: Central Broadcasting Service.

Assignment

Assignment

• Go to Live Science ‘www.livescience.com’ and find 4 articles that reference a scientific study, and trace the study back to the primary source

• Document your process (keywords, searches etc)

• All Live Science articles have referenced hyperlinks so you can check if you are correct

• Write a short summary of the article and reference the primary sources