Researching Sex and Gender Chapter 2. Chapter Overview I.Quiz II.Researching Sex and Gender...
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Transcript of Researching Sex and Gender Chapter 2. Chapter Overview I.Quiz II.Researching Sex and Gender...
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Researching Sex and Gender
Chapter 2
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Chapter Overview
I. Quiz
II. Researching Sex and GenderA. Caution: Women Seething
B. How Science Developed
C. Approaches to Research
D. Gender Bias in Research
E. Considering Diversity
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I. Quiz
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1. Psychology is not a science.
False
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2. Psychology is a value-free science that studies groups without preconception or bias.
Only in your dreams.
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3. “Intrinsic aptitude” explains why women don’t rise to prominence in mathematics and the sciences.
False
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A. Caution: Women Seething
Vanity Fair, June, 2005 1. Harvard president Lawrence
Summers’ statement2. The role of discrimination 3. Evidence about women’s
abilities
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Dramatic Reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers
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B. How Science Developed
1. The 16th and 17th centuries: science v. religion
2. Assumption: empirical observation allows researchers to discover the lawful principles by which the world works.
3. Objectivity is not necessarily obtained.
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C. Approaches to Research
1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative
Descriptive Case Studies
Interviews
Ethnography
Focus Groups
Surveys
Ex Post Facto
Experimental
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1. Quantitative Research Methodsa. turning observations into numbers
b. narrowing observations to one aspect
c. narrowing studies to one or two variables
d. types • descriptive research (example)• experimental research
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• Experimental Designs involve experiments, which must include the manipulation of an independent variable and the measurement of a dependent variable while holding all other factors constant. The need for such control usually requires a laboratory situation. Properly conducted experiments allow researchers to make conclusion concerning causal relationships between independent and dependent variables.
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Huh?• Definitions
• Hypothesis• Population• Sample• Random sample• Experimental group• Control group• Variable• Independent variable• Dependant variable• Experimenter bias
• The Experimental Method is the most natural thing in the world.
• A class experiment
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Decide on a topic.
Collect the Data
Research the topic.
Run the experiment
Record the results
H: Form a hypothesis
This generates more research questions
Choose a research method
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b. Ex Post Facto Studies • Pro: they allow researchers to study
variables that they cannot manipulate, for either ethical or practical reasons.
• Subject variables—characteristics of participants that can be used to place participants into contrast groups.
• Con: no variable is manipulated so causality may not be inferred.
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c. Surveys: asking people questions
• Adv: careful, quick and kind.• Dis:
• test construction may be poor• Self-reports may be inaccurate• Target population may not be surveyed • Causation cannot be inferred
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d. Correlational Studies
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• Correlation = discovering if variables vary together and the strength of the relationship and the direction of their relationship. • operational definition
• Correlation is NOT causation
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Height and success
Personal Observations:
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Saloons and Churches
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Self-esteem and achievement
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2. Qualitative Research Methodsa. an alternative to quantitative research.
b. includes more complex data and less statistical analysis
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a. Case Studies • involves the intensive study of one
case • Adv: allows a full examination of
one case. • Dis: prevents generalization
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b. Interviews: allows the exploration of the topic through the exchange of information between interviewer and participant.
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c. Ethnography
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d. Focus groups: a group of usually 6 to 8 people who participate in an intensive discussion on a topic.
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3. Researchers’ Choices:
Which to use?
Quantitative (most common)
or
Qualitative (gaining popularity, but often used to supplement quantitative)
(Tell story abt. Tutorial Center and students taking Calculus here.)
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1. A common criticism.
2. Constructionists => science is the process of invention rather than discovery.
D. GENDER BIAS IN RESEARCH
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1. Sources of Bias a. Masculine researchers b. Choice of topicsc. Choice of variablesd. Choice of hypothesis e. Collection and analysis of dataf. Interpretation of results. g. Statistical significance:
• a finding probably not occurring by chance• However, it may not be large or of practical
significance. • Confusion between these two concepts can
lead to erroneous conclusions about gender differences.
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2. Minimizing Bias
a. Feminist Standpoint Epistemologies =>Transformation
• Reject traditional science as hopelessly biased
• Problem: this would promote women-centered research.
• Conclusion: It can enhance research, but will probably not replace it.
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b. Feminist Empiricists => Decrease Bias• keep traditional scientific methods
but guard against bias • the use of meta-analysis • the evaluation of research from many
studies to understand the magnitude of the effects
• Ex: meta-analysis of mathematical abilities shows statistical significance in gender differences but not practical significance
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E. CONSIDERING DIVERSITY1. Science is one way to understand the
world. Other cultures believe that the natural world is integrated with humanity into a harmonious whole.
2. All cultures have developed technology, some have used science to do it.
3. Science is the product of European thought which fuels “science wars.”