“Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common...

64
“Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic material over time. That allows scientists to "run the clock backward" by calculating how long it would take for various strains to become as different as they are observed to be. That would indicate when they both sprang from their most recent common ancestor. The new work used genetic data from the two old HIV samples plus more than 100 modern samples to create a family tree going back to these samples' last common ancestor. Study traces AIDS virus origin to 100 years ago

TAGS:

Transcript of “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common...

Page 1: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

“Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic material over time. That allows scientists to "run the clock backward" by calculating how long it would take for various strains to become as different as they are observed to be. That would indicate when they both sprang from their most recent common ancestor.

The new work used genetic data from the two old HIV samples plus more than 100 modern samples to create a family tree going back to these samples' last common ancestor. Researchers got various answers under various approaches for when that ancestor virus appeared, but the 1884-to-1924 bracket is probably the most reliable, Worobey said.”

Study traces AIDS virus origin to 100 years ago

Page 2: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 3: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

cynodonts

Page 4: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliamorpha

Mammaliaformes

Mammalia: All descendants fromthe MRCA of living mammals.

cynodonts

Page 5: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliamorpha

Mammaliaformes

cynodonts

Page 6: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliaformes (formation of dentary-squamosal“single jaw hinge” complete)

cynodonts

Mammaliamorpha (transition todentary-squamosal joint begins)

Page 7: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Trait Pelycosaurs Therapsids CynodontsPosture: sprawling intermediateupright

Teeth: weakly heterodont increasingly heterodontstrongly hetero

Palate: no secondary palate partialcomplete

“-apsidy” small temporal fenestra enlarged fenestravastly expanded

Postdentary bones: present, large present, reducedabsent

greatly reduced

Page 8: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliaformes (formation of dentary-squamosal“single jaw hinge” complete)

Mammalia: All descendants fromthe MRCA of living mammals.

cynodonts

Mammaliamorpha (transition todentary-squamosal joint begins)

Page 9: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliamorpha

Mammaliaformes

Mammalia

Page 10: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Morganucodon

•Completion of dentary-squamosal jaw joint•Cheekteeth divided into premolars and molars•Diphyodonty

•BUT TINY! For 170 million years!

Pa

leo

zoic

Me

sozo

icMammalia (and some mammaliaforms)

Page 11: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliamorpha

Mammaliaformes

Mammalia: All descendants fromthe MRCA of living mammals.

cynodonts

Page 12: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliamorpha

Mammaliaformes

Mammalia

Page 13: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Multituberculates (extinct prototherians)

Page 14: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Multituberculates (extinct prototherians)

Late Jurassic-Mid. Miocene (ca. 150 m.y.)

Page 15: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Multituberculates (extinct prototherians)

Late Jurassic-Mid. Miocene (ca. 150 m.y.)

Diverse, found on all continents

Page 16: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Multituberculates (extinct prototherians)

Late Jurassic-Mid. Miocene (ca. 150 m.y.)

Diverse, found on all continents

Ever-growing lower incisors,plagialacoid (blade-like)molariform teeth

Page 17: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Multituberculates (extinct prototherians)

Late Jurassic-Mid. Miocene (ca. 150 m.y.)

Diverse, found on all continents

Ever-growing lower incisors,plagialacoid (blade-like)molariform teeth

Outcompeted to extinction? (rodents, early primates...)

Page 18: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Mammaliamorpha

Mammaliaformes

Mammalia (CLASS)

Met

ath

eria

Met

ath

eria

Eu

ther

iaE

uth

eria

Theria(SUBCLASS)

ProtoPrototheria (SUBCLASS)theria (SUBCLASS)

(INFRACLASSES)(INFRACLASSES)

Page 19: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 20: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Extant mammalian diversity

1 Order (Monotremata)2 Families3 species

Infraclass Metatheria

Infraclass Eutheria

7 Orders19 Families272 species

18 Orders114 Families4354 species

Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria

Class MAMMALIA

Page 21: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Extant mammalian diversity

1 Order (Monotremata)2 Families3 5 species

Infraclass Metatheria

Infraclass Eutheria

7 Orders19 21 Families272 331 species

18 21 Orders114 130 Families4354 5078 species

Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria

Class MAMMALIA

xxxxxx

xxxxx

xxxx

Page 22: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

The radiation of placental mammals

Since end of Mesozoic, placental (eutherian) mammals dominant terrestrial vertebrates on all continents except Australia and Antarctica.

When and why did this diversification occur?

Page 23: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

“Age of Mammals”

“Age of Dinosaurs”

K/T boundaryK/T boundary

Page 24: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Tert

iary

Page 25: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

K/TK/Tboundaryboundary

Page 26: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Most/all eutherian orders originated & diversifyAFTER K/T

(traditionally, fossils supported this)

Page 27: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Most/all eutherian orders originated & diversifyAFTER K/T

(traditionally, fossils supported this)

Orders originate BEFORE K/T but don’t diversify untilAFTER K/T

(more recently discovered fossils support)

Page 28: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Most/all eutherian orders originated & diversifyAFTER K/T

(traditionally, fossils supported this)

Orders originate BEFORE K/T but don’t diversify untilAFTER K/T

(more recently discovered fossils support)

Most orders originate & diversify BEFORE K/T(older molecular studies support)

Page 29: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 30: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 31: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

1 Order (Monotremata) 2 Families

Tachyglossidae (echidnas or “spiny anteaters”)4 species.

Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)1 species

Subclass Prototheria

Page 32: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Few fossils, never very diverse. BUT PERSISTED.

Subclass Prototheria

Page 33: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Few fossils, never very diverse. BUT PERSISTED.

Echidnas: fossils from 55-60 Mya, oldest in S. AMERICA

Subclass Prototheria

Page 34: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Few fossils, never very diverse. BUT PERSISTED.

Echidnas: fossils from 55-60 Mya, oldest in S. AMERICA

Platypus: fossils from 120 Mya, oldest in AUSTRALIA(Paleocene fossils in S. AMERICA).

Subclass Prototheria

Page 35: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Few fossils, never very diverse. BUT PERSISTED.

Echidnas: fossils from 55-60 Mya, oldest in S. AMERICA

Platypus: fossils from 120 Mya, oldest in AUSTRALIA(Paleocene fossils in S. AMERICA).

Many plesiomorphic features, but some apomorphies.

Subclass Prototheria

Page 36: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKULL FEATURES:

•No teeth in living adults BUT fossil platys & living neonates have, then lose. LOSS=apomorphy

Subclass Prototheria

Page 37: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 38: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKULL FEATURES:

•No teeth in living adults BUT fossil platys & living neonates have, then lose. LOSS=apomorphy•No lacrimals (APOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 39: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKULL FEATURES:

•No teeth in living adults BUT fossil platys & living neonates have, then lose. LOSS=apomorphy•No lacrimals (APOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 40: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKULL FEATURES:

•No teeth in living adults BUT fossil platys & living neonates have, then lose. LOSS=apomorphy•No lacrimals (APOMORPHY)•Cranial sutures fused, indistinct (APOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 41: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKULL FEATURES:

•No teeth in living adults BUT fossil platys & living neonates have, then lose. LOSS=apomorphy•No lacrimals (APOMORPHY)•Cranial sutures fused, indistinct (APOMORPHY)•Jugal reduced or absent (APOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 42: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 43: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKELETAL FEATURES:

Subclass Prototheria

Page 44: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKELETAL FEATURES:•Epipubic bones present, large (PLESIOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 45: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 46: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 47: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKELETAL FEATURES:•Epipubic bones present, large (PLESIOMORPHY)•Cervical ribs (PLESIOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 48: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKELETAL FEATURES:•Epipubic bones present, large (PLESIOMORPHY)•Cervical ribs (PLESIOMORPHY)•Horny, hollow spur on inside of ankle (APOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 49: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 50: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 51: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

Warren et al. (2008). Nature 453, 175-183.

Page 52: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKELETAL FEATURES:•Epipubic bones present, large (PLESIOMORPHY)•Cervical ribs (PLESIOMORPHY)•Horny, hollow spur on inside of ankle (APOMORPHY)•Pectoral girdle with large precoracoids, coracoids, interclavicle (PLESIOMORPHY)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 53: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 54: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

SKELETAL FEATURES:•Epipubic bones present, large (PLESIOMORPHY)•Cervical ribs (PLESIOMORPHY)•Horny, hollow spur on inside of ankle (APOMORPHY)•Pectoral girdle with large precoracoids, coracoids, interclavicle (PLESIOMORPHY)•Skeleton sprawling, “reptilian” (PLESIOMORPHY) BUT, good for swimming, digging.

Subclass Prototheria

Page 55: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 56: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

OTHER FEATURES:•Pouch (echidnas only)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 57: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

OTHER FEATURES:•Pouch (echidnas only)•Testes permanently abdominal (no scrotum)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 58: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

OTHER FEATURES:•Pouch (echidnas only)•Testes permanently abdominal (no scrotum)•Uteri fused

Subclass Prototheria

Page 59: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

OTHER FEATURES:•Pouch (echidnas only)•Testes permanently abdominal (no scrotum)•Uteri fused•Leathery egg with nutrient-rich yolk

Subclass Prototheria

Page 60: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

OTHER FEATURES:•Pouch (echidnas only)•Testes permanently abdominal (no scrotum)•Uteri fused•Leathery egg with nutrient-rich yolk•Rostrum lacks vibrissae, elongate•cloaca (but....)

Subclass Prototheria

Page 61: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 62: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.
Page 63: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

OTHER FEATURES:•Pouch (echidnas only)•Testes permanently abdominal (no scrotum)•Uteri fused•Leathery egg with nutrient-rich yolk•Rostrum lacks vibrissae, elongate•cloaca (but...)•Endothermic, but low Tb and metabolic rates

Subclass Prototheria

Page 64: “Researchers took advantage of the fact that HIV mutates rapidly. So two strains from a common ancestor quickly become less and less alike in their genetic.

OTHER FEATURES:•Pouch (echidnas only)•Testes permanently abdominal (no scrotum)•Uteri fused•Leathery egg with nutrient-rich yolk•Rostrum lacks vibrissae, elongate•cloaca (but...)•Endothermic, but low Tb and metabolic rates•Electroreception (snout), including echidnas

Subclass Prototheria


Mythical Ancestor Assignment

Mythical Ancestor Assignment

Macroevolutionary Processes— Radiations. Major Speciation Models Ancestor B AAllopatric C B (island) AA’Founder AA’A”BPhyletic gradualism (ancestor dies.

Macroevolutionary Processes— Radiations. Major Speciation Models Ancestor B AAllopatric C B (island) AA’Founder AA’A”BPhyletic gradualism (ancestor dies.

Ancestor Voices 2012

Ancestor Voices 2012

Bete Ancestor Figure

Bete Ancestor Figure

Daphne Mutates: a narrative poem by Angie T. Jeffreys

Daphne Mutates: a narrative poem by Angie T. Jeffreys

Ancestor queries

Ancestor queries

Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01 - 18 · Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01 ... Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01

Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01 - 18 · Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01 ... Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01

Ancestor writing

Ancestor writing

The Illusive Race Question & Class : A Bacteria That Constantly Mutates By: Wissam Takieddine

The Illusive Race Question & Class : A Bacteria That Constantly Mutates By: Wissam Takieddine

Ancestor Worship - Is It Biblical

Ancestor Worship - Is It Biblical

Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to … to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01 ... Edward Carl 06 NABER, Gerd 06 ... Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes

Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to … to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes 01 ... Edward Carl 06 NABER, Gerd 06 ... Palatines to America Ancestor Chart Index to Volumes

Researching Your Civil War Ancestor

Researching Your Civil War Ancestor

Civil War Ancestor Story

Civil War Ancestor Story

My Ancestor Scrapbook

My Ancestor Scrapbook

Ch14 Ancestor Tree

Ch14 Ancestor Tree

Ancestor Worship, Animism & the ANC

Ancestor Worship, Animism & the ANC

SBO Ancestor SpouseFirst/MiddleNam SBO Member Ancestor ...

SBO Ancestor SpouseFirst/MiddleNam SBO Member Ancestor ...

Least Common Ancestor

Least Common Ancestor

The Illusive Race Question & Class: A Bacteria That Constantly Mutates

The Illusive Race Question & Class: A Bacteria That Constantly Mutates

Ancestor belén aldunati

Ancestor belén aldunati