Research - this time it's personal
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Research… this time it’s Personal!
Mark Wilkinson, PI Bioinformatics, Heart + Lung Institute @ St. Paul’s HospitalVancouver, BC, Canada
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DEMO
...to give you incentive to listen to the rest of the presentation
;-)
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Show me patients with elevated creatinine along with their latest BUN and creatinine levels
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX patients: <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/patients.owl#> PREFIX pred: <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/predicates.owl#> SELECT ?patient ?bun ?creatFROM <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/patients.rdf>WHERE {
?patient rdf:type patients:ElevatedCreatininePatient .?patient pred:latestBUN ?bun . ?patient pred:latestCreatinine ?creat .
}
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VOILA!
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There was no database...
There was no patient data anywhere annotated as
“Elevated Creatinine Patient”
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How did I answer a question where the required data didn’t exist?
(...no, I didn’t just make it up! LOL!)
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The story begins...
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This is going to hurt...
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Web Services
vs.
Semantic Web
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Web Servicesare not “connected” to
the Semantic Web
Why?
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Web ServicesXML + XML Schema
Semantic WebRDF + OWL
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Web ServicesPOST of SOAP-XML
Semantic WebGET of RDF-XML
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Web ServicesNo (rigorous) semantics
Semantic WebRich, flexible semantics
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Web Services&
Semantic Web
Fundamentally and deeply different Web technologies!
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>1000 X more data in the “Deep Web” than in Web pages
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Accessing these databases and
analytical algorithms “transparently”,
based on an individual researcher’s
ideas, beliefs, and preferences
will help us personalize
medical research
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Mark Butler (2003) Is the semantic web hype? Hewlett Packard laboratories presentation at MMU, 2003-03-12
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Semantic Web?(my definition)
An information system where machines can receive information from one source, re-interpret it, and correctly use it for a purpose that the source had
not anticipated.
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Re-interpretation
Correct re-use
Both are critical to
the personalization
of research
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Building a
personalized Semantic Web…
Step-by-step…
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Founding partner
Semantic Automated Discovery and Integrationhttp://sadiframework.org
(open source)MicrosoftResearch
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SADI
“best-practices” for Semantic Web Service provision
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standards-compliant
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Lightweight(only 2 “rules”)
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Rules come from observations:
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SADI Observation #1:
Web Services in Bioinformatics create implicit biological relationships
between their input and output
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SADI Observation #1:
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SADI Best Practice #1
Make the implicit explicit…
A Web Service should create “triples” linking the input data to the output data, thus explicitly describing the semantic
relationship between them
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SADI Best Practice #1
This is what bioinformatics Web Services implicitly do anyway!
Easy to implement this as a best-practice
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SADI Observation #2:HTTP GET and POST
GET guarantees the response relates to the request URI
in a very precise and predictable way
POST does not…
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SADI Observation #2:GET and POST
That’s why Web Services have a fundamentally different behaviour than the Semantic Web
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SADI Observation #2:GET and POST
We can fix that!
(without breaking any existing rules or standards!)
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SADI Best Practice #2
SUBJECT URI of the output graph (triples) is the same
as the SUBJECT URI of the input graph (triples)
(the output is “about” the input... Now explicitly!)
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Consequence
The “Semantics” of our interaction with the Web Service are now
explicit and identical to the “Semantics” of GET
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SADI Web Service Interfaces
Service Interfaces defined by two OWL classes:
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SADI Web Service Interfaces
OWL Class #1: My Input Class
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SADI Web Service Interfaces
OWL Class #2: My Output Class
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SADI Web Service Interfaces
My Service consumes OWL Individuals of Class #1
and returns OWL Individuals of Class #2
…but the URI of those two individuals is the same!(see best practice #2)
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How do we discover services?
Since input and output are about the same “thing”,
we can automatically determine
what a service does
by comparing
the Input and Output OWL classes
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Automatically index services in a registry based
on what properties (predicates) Services add to
their respective input data
How do we discover services?
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EXAMPLE
Input Data: BRCA1 rdf:type Gene ID
Output Data: BRCA1 hasDNASequence AGCTTAGCCA…
Registry Index: Service provides “hasDNASequence” property to Gene IDs
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Now we can answer questions like
“what is the DNA sequence of BRCA1?”
Discover a SADI Web Service that generates the
DNA Sequence property for gene identifiers
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Okay, enough tech gobbledygook
What will this do for ME?
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Demo #1
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Imagine there is a “virtual database” containing all of the data from all of the databases,together with the output of
every conceivable analysis
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How do we query that database?
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“SHARE”
Semantic Health And Research Environment
SADI client application
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What pathways does UniProt protein P47989 belong to?
PREFIX pred: <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/predicates.owl#>PREFIX ont: <http://ontology.dumontierlab.com/>PREFIX uniprot: <http://lsrn.org/UniProt:>SELECT ?gene ?pathway WHERE {
uniprot:P47989 pred:isEncodedBy ?gene . ?gene ont:isParticipantIn ?pathway .
}
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Recapwhat we just saw
A standard SPARQL query was entered into SHARE, a SADI-aware query engine
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Recapwhat we just saw
The query was interpreted to extract the properties being queried and these were passed to SADI for Web Service discovery
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Recapwhat we just saw
SADI searched-for, found, and accessed all databases and/or analytical tools capable
of generating those properties
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Recapwhat we just saw
We posed, and answered a complex database query
WITHOUT A DATABASE
(in fact, the data didn’t even have to exist...)
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Cool!
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…but I’m supposed to be personalizing research…
Let’s make this a little more personal by bringing in Ontologies
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My Definition of Ontology (for this talk)
Ontologies explicitly define the things that exist in “the world”
based on what properties each kind of thing must have
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Ontology Spectrum
Catalog/ID
SelectedLogical
Constraints(disjointness,
inverse, …)
Terms/glossary
Thesauri“narrowerterm”relation
Formalis-a
Frames(Properties)
Informalis-a
Formalinstance
Value Restrs.
GeneralLogical
constraints
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Demo #2Discover instances of OWL classes
from data that doesn’t exist…
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Show me patients with elevated creatinine along with their latest BUN and creatinine levels
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX patients: <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/patients.owl#> PREFIX pred: <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/predicates.owl#> SELECT ?patient ?bun ?creatFROM <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/patients.rdf>WHERE {
?patient rdf:type patients:ElevatedCreatininePatient .?patient pred:latestBUN ?bun . ?patient pred:latestCreatinine ?creat .
}
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Start burrowing through the OWL class find that we need aregression model OWL class
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Regression models have features like slopes and intercepts… and so onThe class is completely decomposed until a set of required Services are discoveredcapable of creating all these necessary properties
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Successful decomposition of the OWL class to discover the need for a LinearRegression Web Service, and so on
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VOILA!
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OWL Class restrictions converted into workflows
SPARQL queries converted into workflows
Reasoning happening in parallel with query execution
Data fulfilling OWL models is discovered,
or generated through running analytical tools
SADI and CardioSHARE
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I still don’t seewhy this is“Personal”
??
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Show me patients whose creatinine level is increasing over time, along with their latest BUN and creatinine
SELECT ?patient ?bun ?creatFROM <http://sadiframework.org/ontologies/patients.rdf>WHERE {
?patient rdf:type patients:ElevatedCreatininePatient .?patient pred:latestBUN ?bun . ?patient pred:latestCreatinine ?creat .
}
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I created a small ontologydescribing my definition of
an Elevated Creatinine Patient
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… it was MY ontology!
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I can re-use it
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I can modify it as I change my world-view
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I can publish it for others to use
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Others can modify it to fit THEIR world-view
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My personal world-view is being dynamically resolved against
global data and knowledge
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…but it’s bigger than that…
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“Elevated Creatinine Patient”
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I made that up! It came out of my head!
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What’s a fancy word for a world-view that you make-up?
Hypothesis
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Current Research
We believe that ontologies and hypotheses are, in some ways, the same “thing”…
…simply assertions about individuals that may or may not exist
Future SADI client applications will supportdata-driven hypothesis generation and resolution
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Recap
SADI Semantic Web Services generate triples; the predicates of those triples are indexed... Period.
For a given query, determine which properties are available, and which need to be
discovered/generated
Find services that generate the properties we need
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Semantic Web
An information system where machines can receive information from one source, re-interpret it, and correctly use it for a purpose that the source had
not anticipated.
My Purpose!!
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What SADI + SHARE supports
Re-interpretation
We constantly compare the collection of properties, gathered from third-parties worldwide, to whatever world-model (query/ontology) we wish to view it
through.
MY world model
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Novel re-use
There is no way for the provider to dictate how their data should be used, or how it should be interpreted. They simply add
their properties into the “data cloud” and those properties are used in whatever
way is appropriate for ME.
What SADI + SHARE supports
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And all this because SADI simply requires
that the input URI
is the same
as the output URI
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Semi-automated SADI service writing and deployment
Taverna
Semantically-guided SADI service discovery and pipelining
SADI Plug-ins
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Simple and Open WINS!Join us!
We have recently received funding from CANARIEto assist and train service providers
in deploying their own SADI Semantic Web Services
Come join us – we’re having a lot of fun!!
http://sadiframework.orghttp://twitter.com/sadiframework
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Fin
This presentation available on SlideShare: keywords ‘wilkinson’ ‘BioIT-2010’
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C r e d i t s
B e n j a m i n V a n d e r V a l k ( S A D I & C a r d i o S H A R E )
L u k e M c C a r t h y ( S A D I & C a r d i o S H A R E )
S o r o u s h S a m a d i a n ( C a r d i o S H A R E )
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Microsoft Research