Research Results of the 2007 Survey and Future Policy Research Team National Youth Policy Institute...

Research Results of the 2007

Survey and Future Policy Research TeamNational Youth Policy InstituteDecember 20, 2007

I. Korea Youth Panel Survey V 1. Korea Youth Panel Survey V: Report of the Survey

Summary 2. Research on the development types of juvenile delinquency 3. Change and characteristics of the part-time jobs participated in by the youth 4. Actual status and effects of the youth’s private education attendance 5. Exploring protection and risk factors in relation to the

uncertainty of the youth’s direction

II. Survey of Youth Development Index In Korea II

1. Survey of Youth Development Index II: Comprehensive Index on Youth Development 2. Survey of Youth Development Index II: Results of the Development Index

I-1. Korea Youth Panel Survey V : Report of the Survey Summary

1. Purpose of the Research

• To establish the longitudinal panel data on the actual life status concerning direction, deviation, leisure, etc. The survey questions were administered to the 2nd graders from the nationwide middle high schools and the 4th graders from the nationwide elementary schools. The tracing survey for both grades was done from 2003 until 2008.

• To release the established data to the researchers in the associated circle of the academe, and to encourage the preparation of academic theses by providing these data.

2. Contents of the Research

• Established the data for Junior High 2nd grader panel on the fourth year and Elementary 4th grader panel on the third year.

• Disclosure and utilization of the data gathered and established.

• Tracing investigation of Junior High 2nd grader

Panel on the fifth year, and the Elementary 4th grader panel on the 4th year․

3. Results of the Research

• Established the data for Junior High 2nd Grader Panel on the 4th Year and Elementary 4th Grader Panel on the 3rd Year

1) Results of the 2006 Survey : Survey for Junior High 2nd Grader Panel 4th Year - 90.5% Survey for Elementary 4th Grader Panel 3rd Year - 94.0%

2) Implemented Data Cleaning Work Giving Weight: Giving weight through adjusting the probability

sampling → Decision on whether giving imputation against no response → post-

stratification

→ Corrected attrition rate

3) Prepared the Data Guidance materials (Code Book and User's Guide)

Prepared the Final Data CD (two kinds of data files; SPSS-use and SAS-

use)


• Advertised the data, data utilization and results.

1) Researcher list and advertisement through panel homepage.

2) Results of utilizing data: approximately 213 research theses

are reported at present.

• 4 volumes of data utilization research reports were published (Delinquency, Part-time Job, Direction, Private Education).

• 3 Research Briefs (Private Education, etc.) were published.• 3 Colloquiums (Smoking, Self-respect, Violence) were held.• The 4th Korea Youth Panel Conference was held in the

Hoam Faculty House on 9th November.


• Tracing Survey for Junior High 2nd Grader Panel

1) Implemented the tracing survey for Junior High 2nd Grader Panel (3,449 persons) 5th Year/ Elementary 4th Grader Panel (2,844 persons) 4th Year. October 23-December 22

2) Data Collection Method: Youth - Face to face interview (self-reported + interviewer editing for detecting deviation factor) Parent (Guardian)- Telephone interview (Only SES was measured through the question structured properly for telephone interview survey.)

3) Sample Management: Panel Regular Management Program – maintaining periodical contact, providing information in spontaneous manner Key Point Management Special Management Program for the panel having the risk of deviation.

4. Political Suggestions

• Possibility to use the panel data in a political manner. 1) Provide basic data for setting up the mid- and long- term vision of youth policy. 2) Contribute to the active research of detailed policies relating to the youth.

• Recommendation to build the youth statistic system including panel data.

1) Establish survey and statistics in a systematic manner.

2) Enhance confidence, validation, and longitudinal comparability. 3) Build the youth statistic management system. 4) Secure the youth statistic infrastructure.

I-2. Research on Development Types of Juvenile Delinquency


• This study is intended to explore the actual status and causes (by types) of the development pattern of juvenile delinquency. This was based on the state dependency perspective and the population heterogeneity

perspective.

• To explore the socio-political improvement of the development pattern of juvenile delinquency.


• The trend of juvenile delinquency: comparison between official statistics and panel data.

• Actual status and causes by types of the development pattern of juvenile delinquency.

• Actual status and causes of juvenile delinquency being

professionalized.


1) The degree of juvenile delinquency worsened from the initial level of delinquency (drinking, smoking) to gradually developing into violence or property delinquency.

2-1) Various types of juvenile delinquency: 522 types Five categories: Aggravating, Alleviating, Stagnating,

Combined, Non-Delinquency Aggravating Type - 1.6% Alleviating Type- 53.4% Stagnating Type-13.4% Combined Type- 6.7% Non-Delinquency Type - 24.7%


2-2) State dependency and population heterogeneity perspective factors affecting the development pattern of delinquency have independent effects.

Aggravating Type - State dependency perspective factors Alleviating Type- Population heterogeneity perspective factor: Impulsive - State dependency perspective factors: School attachment, friendship with a juvenile delinquent, labeling effectStagnating Type - Population heterogeneity perspective factor:

highest education level of the head of household - State dependency perspective factors: parental

control, school attachment, friendship with a juvenile delinquent, tension with parents, labeling effect, etc.

Combined Type - Population heterogeneity perspective factors: self-concept and impulsiveness - State dependency perspective factors: parental

control, school attachment, friendship with a juvenile delinquent, and labeling effect.


3-1) Degree of juvenile delinquency being professionalized: It is recognized that a certain level of delinquency is being developed as professional delinquency. As a result of investigating the distribution of diversity index, the value of “0” shows complete professionalism (involved with only one type of delinquency). The index was 37.7% in the 2nd grader at junior high school, but thereafter it increases gradually, reaching 54.8% in the 3rd grader at junior high, 68.1% in the 1st grader at senior high, and 72.5% in the 2nd grader at senior high.

.3-2) Professionalism determinant factors:

There is a tendency for professionalism when one is involved in limited types of delinquency. It only increased in youth with less number of delinquent friends, higher self-control, less experience with parents’ violence, less number of previous delinquency cases, and later access to the career of delinquency.


• Develop and implement the manual to cope with adolescence status delinquency.

• Implement intensive anti-delinquency activities to the high-risk groups.

• Improve the educational environment.

• Develop special programs against violence and property delinquency.

• Prepare countermeasures for the youth included in high-risk groups.

I-3. Change and Characteristics of the Actual Status of the Part-time Jobs Participated in by the Youth


• This study is intended to explore the actual status of change and characteristics of part-time jobs experienced by the youth for four years. The participants surveyed were from the 2nd graders at junior high and the 2nd graders at senior high. The data were obtained during the period of 1st ~ 4th year from the panel survey of youth in Korea.

• To explore the improvement and direction of the socio-political aspects related to the part-time jobs

experienced by the youth.


• Change in whether youth experienced part-time jobs.

• Change in how the youth participated in part-time jobs.

• Change in the types of part-time jobs participated in by the youth.

• The effects of youth participation in part-time jobs.


1) Whether youth experienced part-time jobs: 2nd grader at junior high - 428 pupils (14.7%); 3rd grader at

junior high – 333 pupils 1st grader at senior high – 345 pupils; 2nd grader at senior high

– 433 pupils The number of pupils who experienced part-time jobs at least

once during the period from 2nd grader at junior high to 2nd grader at senior high – 34.1%

2) How the youth participated in part-time jobs: As the youth grew, they increased their part-time job from one to two, rather than changed from job to job.

3) Change in the types of part-time jobs participated in by the youth : Advertisement leaflet distribution to restaurants

Advertisement leaflet distribution: Sharply fell from 2nd grader at J.H. (Approx. 80%) to 2nd grader at S.H. (8.3%).

Restaurant serving: Sharply increased from 2nd grader at J.H. (5%) to 2nd grader at S.H. (Male 48.4%; Female 65.7%).


4) Change in length of service: It got longer as the youth went from 2nd grader at junior high to 2nd grader at senior high. Service was for 21 days in case of 2nd grader at S.H., which showed a 57.3% sharp increase.

5) Change in the wage of part-time job: It got higher as it went from 2nd grader at junior high to 2nd grader at senior high.

6) Improper experience that youth had during their part-time jobs: No significant change as it went from 2nd grader at junior high to 2nd grader at senior high.

Experience of injury: Increased from 2nd grader at junior high (17.6%) to 2nd grader at senior high (24.5%).

Wage: Fell from 2nd grader at junior high (22.8%) to 2nd grader at senior high (19.4%).


7) Influence of youth part-time jobs on their school life and friendship relations: They tend to think it gave negative influence in school life or friendship relations. The degree of their thinking was deepened as they went from 2nd grade at junior high to 2nd grade at senior high.

8) Influence of youth part-time jobs on their vocational development, school records, and adolescence status delinquency: Part-time jobs appeared to give more influence to adolescence delinquency rather than direction educational effects such as vocational development, etc.


• Improve the labor conditions of youth part-time jobs.

• Change the cognitive viewpoint of the youth part-time jobs into a human resource development perspective.

• Promote education on how to establish a good schoolwork-labor relationship.

I-4. Actual Status and Effects of the Youth’s Private Education Attendance


• To analyze comprehensively the actual status and trends of overall private youth education being utilized in our nation covering elementary, junior high and senior high

schools.

• To scientifically analyze the effects that private education has on the youth’s schoolwork achievement, entering senior high school, schoolwork stress, etc.

• To derive political implications based on the results of the

analysis.


• Analysis of private education being utilized from elementary 4th grader to senior high 1st grader.

• Analysis of the factors that lead youth to private education.

• Analysis of the effects that private education has on school records, entering senior high school, and schoolwork stress.


1) Degree of participation in private education • Participation in private education fell as the youth

advanced from elementary level to junior high and senior high level.

• Difference by regions was apparent, while there was no difference by the sexes. Significantly, the gap by regions increased after entering senior high school, showing 80.7% in Seoul and 33.9% in agricultural regions. The difference was 46.8%.

• For the gap by school records, the ratio of using private education increased as the school records also increased.

2) Private Education Expense • Private education expense increased as the grade level

went up from elementary to junior high and senior high. Elementary 4th grader=242,000 won; Elementary 5th =268,000 won; Elementary 6th=320,000 won; Junior High 2nd=321,000 won; Junior High 3rd=352,000 won; Senior High 1st=424, 000 won; and Senior High 2nd=446,000 won.


3) Factors that led youth to private education: Greatly varied depending on the influence of family background such as residential area gap, parents’ education level, household income, etc.

4) Private Education Effect • Private education had significant effect on entering special-

purpose school, independent-type private school, or general school rather than just vocational school. Its effect was more apparent especially when measured by the amount of time spent in private education.

• The negative effect of private education was very clearly observed as schoolwork stress. This appeared more significantly after the youth entered senior high school. In this case, they were observed to feel less stress when receiving 1~2 subjects compared to 3 subjects or more.


• Restrain private education as a reinforcing strategy.

• Alleviate the degree of using private education.

• Cope with the negative effects of private education.

I-5. Exploration of Protective and Risk Factors Related to the Youth’s Uncertainty in Direction


• To concretely define the risk factors and protective factors related to the youth’s uncertainty in direction.

• To explore the model of customized consultation related to direction development.


1) Uncertainty of direction for junior high 2nd graders • Uncertainty of direction increased as the life satisfaction

decreased, and conflict with parents’ expectations deepened.

2) Uncertainty of direction for junior high 3rd graders

• Conflict with parents’ expectations deepened regarding future direction.

• Uncertainty of direction appeared to increase as the conflict with parents’ expectations deepened regarding future direction. Factors that contributed to uncertainty were the extended time in using computers; not enough information about future direction; and when the monthly private education expense did not exceed 105,000 won per month.

• It was a notable characteristic in this period that the school record was an important protective factor of decreasing the uncertainty in direction implications.


3) Uncertainty of direction for senior high 1st graders

• Self-consciousness through social relationship played an important role in the future direction decision.

• The youth appeared to be frustrated at the real situation where higher academic career holders are socially well-treated. In view that the uncertainty of direction increased in case of the pupils who felt they were not-well recognized by classmates, it was confirmed that the influence of peers continued as the substitute influence for parents.


4) Uncertainty of direction for senior high 2nd graders • In the model of direction uncertainty for senior high 2nd

graders, the role of private characteristic remarkably appeared.

• In case of senior high 2nd graders with low life satisfaction, they appeared to have less confidence in direction when they held themselves responsible for the complaint factors.

• Uncertainty of direction increased when they were not well-recognized by their friends due to personal problems.

• Uncertainty of direction was observed to accelerate when they had individual characteristics that implied impulse or lack of self-control.

• Although being teased or ignored by friends, uncertainty of direction tended to decrease when the pupil did not appear to be self-conscious. While such uncertainty tended to increase even if the pupil was not teased or ignored, the pupil was said to have unstable emotions deemed to be psychological instability.

• Apart from the previous period, the influence of friends in this period was believed to be not decisive but rather mutually related with personal characteristics.


• Build the management system customized to the direction development.

• Reinforce the direction on education through the school education process and experience proper learning. Enhance the professionalism of the teachers in charge of direction education.

• Expand the service of programs related and directed for the low-income earning class.

II. Survey of Youth Development Index in Korea II: Comprehensive Sector/Result Sector


• The 2007 Comprehensive Index for Youth Development was the subsequent research to develop the fundamental research on youth development index performed in 2003 until 2005.

• It is intended to determine the comprehensive index for youth development that can establish the information on the current status, trends, and changes in the youth development system.


• The statistic Meta Data Inventory of the items of

comprehensive youth development index (100 Items).

• The 17 index items in the youth development result sector developed and handled through a new investigation. The final results were produced after the strict selection from approximately 6,000 juveniles throughout the nation.

• Identified the problems and required direction for development related with the system and items of comprehensive index on the 2006 youth development. The existing primary statistic collection has 83 items.

3. Results of the Research1) Current statistics data and newly-produced survey data related

with the youth were placed within the flow of “background-input-process-result.” The overall features of the whole life of the Korean youth (such as environment, life, consciousness, etc.) were determined.

• For this, a new survey was performed to make development

and final decision for 17 index items in the youth development results sector where no data is currently established. For the 83 index items in the background, the input, process of the youth development, and the existing primary statistics data were collected. Then, the total 100 index items were suggested as the comprehensive youth development indexes.

• The current 83 index items collected, which include 9 items for background; 9 for input; 54 for process; and 11 for result, were suggested to be limited to the objective index and major index. On the other hand, the 17 index items in the results category requiring new survey were suggested after the implementation

of measuring tool development and survey questions.


2) Suggested the trend study by group studies on both aspects simultaneously. Cross-sectional analysis of the difference in the cognitive, social, citizen, affective, and vocational ability and characteristics of the youth varied depending on their age groups. How the cognitive, social, citizen, affective, and vocational ability and characteristics of the same groups of youth changed as time went by was explored.


• Direction for Improvement 1) Recommend direction for improvement of the index system (index

category and index item). 2) Collect data and recommend the direction for improvement. 3) Make original material input to the index survey into the database and

open them to the public as necessary. 4) Build the network with international organizations and foreign

countries as necessary to compare the international youth development indexes.

• Political Compromise 1) Utilize the basic data in facilitating the understanding of the

characteristics of youth development and the features of longitudinal change.

2) Utilize the basic data in determining the actual status and vulnerable areas of the youth development system.

3) Utilize the basic data in selecting the direction of youth policy and the preferred task for investment in political aspect.

4) Utilize the basic data in verifying necessity and validation of the youth development policy.

Research Results of the 2007 Survey and Future Policy Research Team National Youth Policy Institute...

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