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GeoinformaticsGeoinformaticsTechnology and ApplicationsTechnology and Applications

Suddhasheel GhoshResearcher

Department of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Uttar Pradesh

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About meAbout me● PhD Student, IIT Kanpur● Previously

– Research Fellow, Department of Space, Government of India @ IIRS - Dehradun

– Consultant – IT, Madhya Pradesh Bhoj (Open) University, Bhopal, MP

● Edu Qual– DESS – Télédétection – Méthodes, Applications et Aménagement,

UPMC - France– Masters in Mathematics, RDVV, JBP

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Fundamental aim of GeoinformaticsFundamental aim of Geoinformatics● Make maps

– Basic school atlases – Study urban sprawl– Archaeological data

● Study patterns of cultural and economic exchanges

– Enable navigation ● Car based navigation systems, military navigation

– Enable the humans to make decisions● Buying your house, best picnic spot etc.

– Enable urban management and development ● Design of roads, bridges, communication and power networks● Waste disposal● Disaster Management

● Data understanding and analysis – Data visualization – systems and algorithms

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The branches of GeoinformaticsThe branches of Geoinformatics

GeoinformaticsGeoinformatics

Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing

Global Positioning

Systems

Global Positioning

Systems

Geographic Information

System

Geographic Information

System

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry

CartographyCartography

SurveyingSurveying

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GeodesyGeodesy● Study of:

– geometrical, structural and gravitational properties of the earth,

– their evolution with time, – interactions of solid earth with other

components of the earth system● First geodetic problem

– Given a point (known coordinates), the azimuth and the distance, find the coordinates of the second point

● Second or inverse geodetic problem– Given two points with coordinates find

the length of the line between themhttp://www.agu.org

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SurveyingSurveying● Oldest branch of Geoinformatics ● Pioneered by Egyptians ● Equipment

– Old ● Chains and tapes ● Sextants ● Tacheometer

– New● Theodolite ● Auto levels ● Total stations

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CartographyCartography

● The science and art of making maps

● Age old problem - – 3D world 2D medium→– Need for projections

● Conical, Cylindrical and azimuthal

● Semiology and graphics

Imago mundi Anaximander's map

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Remote SensingRemote Sensing

● Art and science of obtaining information from objects without being in contact with it

● Most popular remote sensing device: Eyes

● Satellite remote sensing

● Aerial remote sensing● Laser remote sensing

Agricultural fields with crops Agricultural fields

without crops

Are you kidding me? Vegetation appears red in colour?

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PhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry

● Origin – Photogrammetrie

● Extraction of 3D terrain models from aerial photos

● Research promoted during WW2

● Modern: Close range photogrammetry – Digital preservation of

heritages – 3D modelling

http://mobilecadsurveying.co.uk

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Global positioning systemsGlobal positioning systems● Initially developed by US DoD

for military purposes ● GPS opened to public by

Ronald Reagan ● A network of 24 different

satellite on 6 orbital planes ● Bill Clinton announces

Selective Availability switched off in 2000

● Better precision with a differential GPS

● Errors caused by Atmosphere, surrounding buildings, water bodies

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Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems● System – a group of hardware,

software, data, people and methods● Multiple layers help make multi-

criteria decisions● “Find me an east-facing house, within

200 meters of the main road, with malls, cinema halls and post-office nearby close to Noida-Delhi border”

● “Find me the shortest path for going to the Railway Station from IIT Kanpur”

● Find me the best place for dumping waste in a moderately hilly terrain

http://www.westfield.ma.edu

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Research Areas in GeodesyResearch Areas in Geodesy

● Allied discipline – Geophysics

● Gravity field study● Earth deformation● Study of the geoid● Marine geodesy http://gge.unb.ca/Research/Research.html

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Research Areas in CartographyResearch Areas in Cartography

● Web mapping– Google Earth– Web 2.0 – WMS

● Mobile internet● Location based services

– GPS aided● Multimedia cartography● A list of Cartography

related research areas:– http://www.icaci.org/commission/

http://www.channel4.com

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Research Areas in Remote SensingResearch Areas in Remote Sensing● Allied discipline – Signal processing, Electronics● Development of HR CCDs for precision remote sensing● Classification

– Search for better classification algorithms for HR imagery– Morphological algorithms for detection of features

● Inventory– Given a forested area

● count the number of trees ● Detect the different types of species

– Road detection and mapping ● Thermal mapping

– Heat radiations from buildings● Archeology

– Detection of archeological features ● Geomorphology

– Detection of faults, lineaments

http://www.higp.hawaii.edu/

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Research Areas in PhotogrammetryResearch Areas in Photogrammetry

● Close Range Photogrammetry

● Digital preservation of archaeological heritages

● Modelling of historical sites

● Forensic photogrammetry

● Pictometry (Patent filed)

●

http://dprg.geomatics.ucalgary.ca/

http://www.cast.uark.edu/home/research/geomatics/photogrammetry.html

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Research Areas in GPSResearch Areas in GPS● Monitoring of

– Tectonic movements – Dam movements– Natural hazards

● GPS for navigation– Road and car navigation in urban canyons– SIMRAN

● Guided aeroplanes ● Weather monitoring● Better atmospheric models

– GPS Correction● GDOP Prediction analysis● PANGA: (Pacific Northwest Geodetic

Array) →http://www.geodesy.cwu.edu/ http://www.ausairpower.net

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Research areas in GISResearch areas in GIS● Spatial Decision Support

Systems● Multicriteria analysis ● Design of spatial databases

– Biodiversity– Archaeology

● Data mining of spatial and spatio-temporal datasets

● Network analysis– Shortest path

● Error modelling● Web-GIS

http://mapserver.org/

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Data visualization applications and researchData visualization applications and research● High resolution datasets – spatial,

spectral and radiometric● Volume of data ● Out-of-core computations● Spatial cognition / pattern recognition● Design of spatial processing algos for

KDD – Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

● Improvised algorithms: classification, segmentation, feature extraction, mineralogy, inventory

http://www.kdd.org

https://www.e-education.psu.edu

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My research at IITKMy research at IITK● LiDAR – Light detection and

ranging ● High precision remote sensing

technique ● Voluminous dataset● How to visualize “quickly”● Dataset taken 100m x 100m

– Processing time using CAD and professional s/w: 3 hours

– Processing using my algo: 10 minutes● Statistical verification through

experiments:– My algorithm works at par with CAD

based visualization in terms of depth and feature perception.

Aerial Photo of the area LiDAR data coloured by ht

3D stereo model reconstructed using my algo

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Thank you!Thank you!

Suddhasheel Ghosh http://www.suddhasheel.com

shudh@iitk.ac.in