Research Proposal Defend

47
 Effects of Different concentrations of Laurel(laurus nobilis)  And Oregano (origanum vulgare) Leaf Extracts on the mortality of Termites

description

this is my proposal defend when i was in high scholl hope you liket it again

Transcript of Research Proposal Defend

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Effects of Different

concentrations ofLaurel(laurus nobilis)

 And Oregano (origanumvulgare) Leaf Extracts

on the mortality ofTermites

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AbstarctTermites are one of the most destructive insects pest in

the world. The threat of termites in the Southeast Asia

including the Philippines , is greater than in other partsof the world , Thus, it affects the way of living of the

people.

This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of

the leaf extract of the Laurel leaves and Oreganoleaves as an alternative anti-termite .

The extract was prepared y lending leaf samples and

ethyl alcohol.The lended leaves were filtered using a

cheese cloth . Termites were grouped according to si!e.

A total of "# termites were used in the experiment .

$ach group of %" termites was further divided into "

groups consisting of " termites each group. % ml of

diluted laurel extract was applied to the termites.

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The same procedure was carried out

in the Oregano leaf extract andLaurel-Oregano extracts .

The numer of was highest in Laurel-

Oregano leaf extract . &t is followedy Laurel leaf extract. Then, the

oregano leaf extract.

'ased on these results the Laurel-Oregano leaf extract has the

potential to e an anti-termite agent.

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Chapter

ntroduction

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A! "ac#ground of the $tudy

'efore the production and availailityof medicines and synthetic drugs,

people were mostly, completely

dependent on plants for treatment andprevention of diseases. (or many years,

people have exploit heral and non-

heral plants as well for remedialpurposes. And plants have een a great

use for centuries.

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Termites eat chiefly wood. Termites

are exterminated y the use of

different chemicals. )ith this

chemicals it can decreases their

numer. *owever these chemicals

have also an effect to our environment

and also to us. This prolem has

prompted researcher to study other

materials to use as an alternative anti-

termite which can e effective,

cheaper and much safer.

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This study focuses to compare the

effectivity of the leaf extract ofLaurel and Oregano as alternative

anti-termite. (urthermore, this

research aims to produce a safer,environment-friendly and

effective economical anti-termite

from the leaf extracts of those

plants.

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This study is conducted to answer the following +uestion.)ill the use of Laurel and Oregano leaf extracts e

an effective anti-termite

%.&s the leaf extract of Oregano etter than the leaf

extract of the Laurel in exterminating termites/.&s there any effects when the two plants extracts

are mixed

0. )hich among the two plants has more potential to

e an anti-termite".&s the Laurel 1 Oregano extract comparale with the

commercial anti-termite

"!$tatement of the %roblem

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C! Ob&ectives

This study see2s to determine thefollowing

. To 2now the effectivity of the

Oregano and Laurel extracts as an antitermite.

%. To produce an organic anti-termite.

/. To 2now the similarities of syntheticand organic anti-termite.

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3eview Of 3elatedLiterature

Chapter

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Oregano

A! DescriptionOregano is a perennial her,

growing from %#15# cm tall,

with opposite leaves 10 cm long.

Oregano will grow in a p* range

etween 6.# 7mildly acidic8 and 9.#7strongly al2aline8 with a preferred

range etween 6.# and 5.#.

The flowers are purple, /10 mm

long, produced in erect spi2es. &t issometimes called 'ild mar&oram,

and its close relative O. majorana is

2nown as sweet mar:oram.

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"! odes of ntroduction

;any suspecies and strains of oregano have eendeveloped y humans over centuries for their

uni+ue flavors or other characteristics. Tastes

range from spicy or astringent to more

complicated and sweet. Simple oregano sold ingarden stores as Origanum vulgare may have a

land taste and larger, less dense leaves, and is

not considered the est for culinary uses, with a

taste less remar2ale and pungent. &t canpollinate other more sophisticated strains, ut

the offspring are rarely etter in +uality.

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C! ses

Oregano is used for respiratory tract

disorders such as coughs, asthma,

croup, and ronchitis. &t is also used

for gastrointestinal 7<&8 disorders suchas hearturn and loating. Other uses

include treating menstrual cramps,

rheumatoid arthritis, urinary tractdisorders including urinary tract

infections 7=T&s8, headaches, and

heart conditions.

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D! Application

The oil of oregano is ta2en y mouth for

intestinal parasites, allergies, sinus pain,

arthritis, cold and flu, swine flu, earaches, and

fatigue. &t is applied to the s2in for s2inconditions including acne, athlete>s foot, oily

s2in, dandruff, can2er sores, warts, ringworm,

rosacea, and psoriasis? as well as for insect and

spider ites, gum disease, toothaches, musclepain, and varicose veins. Oregano oil is also used

topically as an insect repellent.

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E! Constituents of Oregano

The essential oil of oregano is composedprimarily of monoterpenoids and monoterpenes,

however the concentrations of the specific

compounds vary widely depending on geographic

location and other varying factors. Over 6#different compounds have een identified with

the primarily ones eing carvacrol and thymol

ranging from # over 5#@ while lesser aundant

compounds include p-cymene, -terpinene,caryophyllene, spathulenol, germacrene-B, C-

fenchyl alcohol and D-terpineol.

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is an aromatic evergreentree or large shrub 'ithgreen* glossy leaves* nativeto the editerraneanregion! t is one of theplants used for bay leafseasoning in coo#ing! t is

#no'n as bay laurel* s'eetbay* bay tree (esp! nited+ingdom)* true laurel*,recian laurel* laurel tree

or simply laurel! Laurusnobilis figures prominentlyin classical ,ree#* -oman*and "iblical culture!

! Laurel

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"! odes of ntroductions

The laurel can vary greatly in si!e andheight, sometimes reaching #15 metres

7//Laurus noilis is a widespread relic of

the laurel forests that originally covered

much of the ;editerranean 'asin when

the climate of the region was more

humid.1"9 ft8 tall. Laurel is a small

;editerranean evergreen tree with smalllac2ish erries and glossy aromatic

leaves used for flavoring in coo2ing.

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C!sesThe plant is the source of several

popular hers and one spice used in a

wide variety of recipes, particularly

among ;editerranean cuisines. 'ay

leaves are used almost exclusively asflavor agents during the food

preparation stage?

Bried laurel erries and pressed leaf oilcan oth e used as roust spices, and

even the wood can e urnt for strong

smo2e flavoring.

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D! Constituents of Laurel

The most aundant essential oil found in laurel is

cineole, also called eucalyptol. The leaves contain

aout ./@ essential oils 7ol. lauri folii8, consisting of

0"@ eucalyptol, %@ other terpenes, /10@

ses+uiterpenes, /@ methyleugenol, and other E- and C-

pinenes, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol, andterpineol.

'oth essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit.

The fruit is pressed and water-extracted to otainthese products. The fruit contains up to /#@ fatty oils

and aout @ essential oils 7terpenes, ses+uiterpenes,

alcohols, and 2etones8.

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ethodologyFollection and

preparation ofmaterials

$xtraction of the

plants

Flassification of

Termites

Bistriution of

experimental Termites

Application of

extracted plants to

termites

Oservation of3esults

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aterials and Apparatuses

G%"#g Laurel Leaves GPetri dishes

G%"#g Oregano Leaves GTimer

GL $thyl Alcohol GBistilled )ater

G$lectronic weighing scaleG<raduated Fylinder

G'lender

G(unnelsG'ea2ers

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%rocedures

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A! %reparation and Extraction of theneeded plants

Oregano and Laurel leaves were

gathered around the surrounding of San ;iguel.These leaves were washed and placed in

separate asins. They were weighed using the

electronic weighing scale weighing %"#g each .

Biluted leaf extract of each plants was prepared

y grinding %"#g leaf sample with %"#mL of ethyl

alcohol using a lender . The leaves were soa2ed

in solvent? ethyl alcohol for H% hours . Themixtures were filtered , then the filtrate was

su:ected to rotary evaporation to yield crude

extracts

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  Air drying of Laurel

Air drying of Oregano

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  )eighing

of Laurel

  )eighing of Oregano

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Liter of ethyl alcohol was

prepared as the extractingsolvent. Laurel extract was

prepared , %"#g Laurel in%"#mL ethanol . The same

procedure was applied in

preparing the Oregano leavesextract

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Preparing the ethanol   $xtraction of Leaves

  Laurel and Oregano Leaf extract

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After / days , the leaves extract were

filtered using cheese clothes for each

solution and were transferred to four$rlenmeyer flas2, ready for rotary

evaporation

Purifying the extracts y 3otary

$vaporating

" C ll ti f T it

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"! Collection of Termites

 Termites with different stages ofdevelopment were collected.

  Follected Termites

Di t ib ti f E i t l T it

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Distribution of Experimental Termites

A total of fifty termites at different stages were

used in the study . $ach group of %" termites wasrandomly distriuted into five treatments with

two trials per treatment. $ach trial consisted of "

termites . The five treatments were T-

control7termites were sprayed with water 8 T%-

termites were sprayed with Laurel leaf extract ?

T/- termites were sprayed with Oregano leaf

extract? T0-termites were sprayed with mixedLaurel and Oregano leaf extract ? T"-termites

were sprayed with the commercial anti-termite

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Classification of Termites

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Diluted leaf extract of Laurel andOregano 'ere applied to the

termites by spraying Three ( . )sprays of Laurel* Oregano * andmixed Laurel and Oregano leafextracts* and the commercial anti/termite 'ere utili0ed for every trial!The number of exterminatedtermites upon application of theextracts of different leaves 'asobserved

A li ti f Th t t

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Application of The extracts

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-esults andDiscussion

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Trial 1o! of

Exterminatedtermites

 Observation

Time (in seconds)

# /##

% # /##

;ean /##

Table 23-eaction of termites on 'ater

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Table 43-eaction of termites on LaurelExtract

Trial 1o! of

Exterminatedtermites

 Observation

Time (in seconds)

" %#/

% " H#

;ean /6."

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Table 3: Reaction of termites on OreganoExtract

Trial 1o! ofExterminatedtermites

 ObservationTime (in seconds)

" 5#

% " #%

;ean 0

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Table 4: Reaction of termiteson Laurel-Oregano Extract

Trial 1o! ofExterminated

termites

 ObservationTime (in seconds)

" "0

% " 05

;ean "

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Table 5: Reaction of termites onCommercial anti-termite sprays

Trial 1o! ofExterminated

termites

 ObservationTime (in seconds)

" 0/

% " /5

;ean 0#."

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Table 6 Comparison of!i"erent solutions

Table 235ater

Table 43Laurel leafExtract

Table .3Oregano leafExtract

Table 63Laurel/Oregano LeafExtract

Table 73CommercialAnti/termite

/## sec. /".6 sec. 0 sec. " sec 0#." sec.

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#rap$ %: &ean Time ofExtermination of Termites

#

"#

-##

-"#

%##

%"#

/##

/"#

/##

-/6."   -0-

"- 0#."

Extract )se

Sales

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#

-

%

/

0

"

6

,raph 43 Average number of termites exterminated

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A-8 A1DO1CL$O1$

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  The aility of termites to

destruct different structures and

uildings is one of the ma:or

prolems of the citi!ens that ownsthe properties. So, they use

commercial anti-termite sprays

that is harmful to us and in ourenvironment.

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This experiment was conducted

to compare the effectiveness ofLaurel leaf extract, Oregano Leaf

extract, Laurel-Oregano Leaf$xtract, and Fommercial anti-

termite sprays on the mortality of

termites.

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)ith the information gathered inthis study, it says that leaf extracts

from Laurel and Oregano can e

effective as and alternative toharmful and expensive commercial

anti-termite sprays -to produce

etter solution, use thecomination of two extracts.

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These solutions generate a greatimportance in housing and

construction in our country. That

controls the mortality of termiteswithout harming us and environment.

'ut still cost-effective. And give us

comfort and assurance of strong andsturdy houses I properties.