Research Paper Questions

Please answer the following on your own piece of paper:

1. How did the research and writing process go for you?

2. What was helpful?

3. What would have made it better?

Definitions

Divine Right: the idea that God created the monarch and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth.

Absolutism: political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power within the boundaries of a countryMonarchy: a government in which power is in the hands of a single person

Absolute Monarch: Kings or Queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries

Journal # 9

Write 5 qualities that are important for a

monarch to posses and why.

CAUSES• Religious and

territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty

• The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops

• Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts

ABSOLUTISM

EFFECTS• Rulers regulated

religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas

• Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful

• Rulers created bureaucracies to control their countries’ economies

All right stop…collaborate and listen

• Will an absolute monarch be a suitable government style? Why or why not?

• What are positives of Absolute Monarchy?

• What is a negative aspect of Absolute Monarchy?

Spanish Monarchs

• Philip II • Son of Charles V• Inherited

– Spain– Spanish Netherlands– American Colonies

Philip II

• Shy, serious, hard working and deeply religious

• Seized the Portuguese kingdom after the king had passed (his uncle)– Africa, India and East Indies

• Large empire = incredible wealth

“His smile and dagger were very close”

• Spain had seen religious conflict prior –Reconquista–Inquisition

• His duty to defend Catholicism–Muslim in the Ottoman Empire–Protestants in Europe

• 1571, the Pope called upon the Catholics to defend their faith

Spanish Armada • Philip’s response to the

Pope • More than 200 ships sent to

defeat other religions – Defeated a large Ottoman

Empire fleet• Set out to punish Queen

Elizabeth and protestants – Surprisingly, the Spanish

were defeated

By the numbers

• By the year 1600 Philip had…–339,000 pounds of gold–16,000 tons of silver–¼ of every shipload of treasures

became his royal share–An army of 50,000 soldiers

INFLATION

• GROWING POPULATION• VALUE OF SILVER DROPS

Enemies Become Rich

• Cheaper to buy from other countries • Money left quick due to war debts

The Dutch Revolt

• Military power to keep control • Religious difference

• Economic indifference

Unique Qualities – Netherlands • Practiced religious tolerance

– Mostly Protestant, but many Jews and Catholics lived there, no issues

• Not a kingdom but a republic• Traders – very wealthy (little natural

resources in Netherlands)• Largest fleet of ships in the world

– 4,800 by 1636• Dominated Asian spice trade• Become bigger bankers than the

Italians in Florence

Philip II starts a Trend

• Forceful ruler • European monarchs followed

Monarchs Power is Growing• Decline of feudalism • Rise of cities and growth of kingdoms

– Centralize authority • Growing middle class

– Peaceful and supportive climate – Ultimately more money

• Use wealth to pay for own ambitions • Decreased church authority

HOMEWORK!!!

• Read Chapter 13 Section 5 (Scientific Rev.)- Pages 434-438

• Take notes • Note taking guide – example• DUE: Thursday 10/2 • Be ready to discuss tomorrow

Journal #91. What are the benefits and costs of

science and technology?

2. What is the heliocentric theory

3. Why did many ideas of the Scientific Revolution threaten the Church?

At your table groups… Please pick one of the major

people/events from the scientific revolution.

As a group you must create/act out a scene that represents them and/or their contribution to science.

You will show your scene to the class

Hard and Soft Power

Definitions: Hard Power

• Hard power refers to coercive tactics: –the threat or use of armed

forces, economic pressure or sanctions, assassination and deception, or other forms of intimidation.

Definitions: Hard Power

Hard power is generally associated to the stronger of

nations, as the ability to change the domestic affairs of other

nations through military threats.

Definitions: Soft Power "[Soft power] is the ability to get what

you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies. When our policies are seen as legitimate in the eyes of others, our soft power is enhanced." Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

Definitions: Soft PowerHowever . . .

A well run military can be a source of attraction

Example . . .Napoleon I image as a Great General and military hero arguably attracted much of the foreign aristocracy to him.Hitler? Stalin?

What would Machiavelli think?

• “[T]he principal foundations of all states are good laws and good armies,” and that “[a] prince, therefore, must not have any other object nor any other thought…but war, its institutions, and its discipline

Examples of Hard and

Soft Power

The Rise of Prussia

Prussia

• Another state to emerge from the Holy Roman Empire

• Beginning of German unity – sort of• Prussia – Northern Germany – Berlin area• Frederick William I is King

– Sees destruction of Thirty Years War and vows to always have a strong army

– Prussia becomes a military state

Prussia Develops Monarchies • Ruling family – Hohenzollerns • Ambitious family• Frederick William I

– Elector of Brandenburg• Created one of the best armies • Developing an absolute monarch • Permanent taxation• Weakened representative assemblies • Rigidly controlled – highly militarized society

Frederick the Great• Son of Frederick William I• Tried to follow military footsteps of his father • Softened some rules

– Encouraged religious tolerance – legal reform

A prince… is only the first servant of the state, who is obliged to act with probity (honesty) and prudence… As the sovereign is properly the head of a family of citizens, the father of his people, he ought on all occasions to be the last refuge of the unfortunate.

The first characteristic of the sovereign prince is the power to make general and special laws, but – and this qualification is important – without the consent of superiors, equals or inferiors.

If the prince requires the consent of superiors, then he is a subject himself; if that of equals, he shares his authority with others; if that of his subjects, senate or people, he is not sovereign.

The Hapsburg Family

• Charles V gave up his throne• Ferdinand II – head of the

Hapsburg family– Gained control of HRE

• Ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia

• Foreigner catholic – little trust from Protestants

• Started the Thirty years’ war – Conflict of religion and territory

• Large empires and kingdoms throughout central Europe become weak

• Families try to fill this void by developing absolute monarchies.

Austria Grows stronger

• Austrian Hapsburg take steps to become monarchs 1. During the thirty years’ war they conquer Bohemia – created a new Czech nobility 2. Centralized the government and created a standing army3. Retake Hungary from the Ottoman Empire

• Charles VI becomes ruler – Diverse group of subjects

Hapsburg continue their power• Charles VI wanted to make sure the power

would stay with the family • Persuaded other leaders to agree to

recognize his eldest daughter as his heir – Does this sound familiar??

• This agreement stated…– Guaranteed a peaceful reign

• What actually happened… – Faced many years of war– Main enemy was Prussia

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

• Maria Theresa bribed Hungary into staying on her side—hence Austria-Hungary

• Got the backing of Britain, of course, but they just gave her money

• Fought her opponents to a stalemate and won back all seized land, except Silesia.

Austrian Golden Age• Maria Theresa establishes a court in Vienna• Reforms the church—made the monarchy far

less tied to Catholicism• Cleaned house with the nobles—made them

intermingle• Created a expansive bureaucracy• Revamped military• Created a trading network, not with colonies

but over European empire

The Seven Years War (1756-1763)

• AKA, The French and Indian War • Austria, France and Russia VS. Britain and Prussia• First time Russia plays a major role in European affairs • 1st war between the oceans – global war • Mainly started over colonial and Austrian Succession

vendettas• Battled to a stalemate on the continent• Real winner was again, England, who crushed France and

kicked them out of N. America• Austria lost nothing for starting this mess and stayed in

power

• Crash Course – Seven Years War

Exit Slip

• On your own piece of paper answer the following:

1. What is Absolutism?2. What is divine right?3. I learned…4. I want to know more about…5. Questions I still have are…

Absolute Rulers of Russia • Use the textbook and read pages 608-611• Provide definitions for the following terms/people:

– Ivan the Terrible– Boyars– Westernization – Peter the Great

• Answer the following questions – DUE AT END OF CLASS1. Why was Russia culturally different from Western Europe?2. How did Ivan the terrible deal with his enemies during the “bad

period”?3. What were ways that Peter tried to westernize Russia?4. Who do you think was more of an absolute Monarch: Ivan the

Terrible or Peter the Great? 5. Which of Peter’s actions in building St. Petersburg show his power

as an absolute monarch?