1

MINISTRY OF

EDUCATION

AND TRAINING

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF

SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

------------------------------------

DO THANH TUAN

Research on medicinal plant resources in

coastal districts of Thai Binh province

and recommendation of measures of

conservation and sustainable

development

Major: Botany

Code: 62.42.01.11

ABSTRACT OF A THESIS DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN

BIOLOGY

HA NOI – 2017

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This thesis was fulfilled at Graduate University of Science and

Technology

Supervisors: 1. Dr. Tran Thi Phuong Anh

2. Dr. Hoang Le Tuan Anh

Reviewer 1:

Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:

The thesis will be defended at the University of Science and

Technology,

18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi City, 2017

The thesis can be found at: The National Library of Vietnam

Library University of Science and Technolog

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LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO DOCTORAL

DISSERTATION

1. Hoang Le Tuan Anh, Pham Thi Trang Tho, Pham Hai Yen,

Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Bui Huu Tai, Phan Van Kiem, Do Thanh

Tuan, Tran Thi Phuong Anh (2015). Study of chemical composition

of Solanum nigrum L. Scientific Report on Ecology and Biological

Resources. The 6th National Science Conference, Hanoi,

21/10/2015. Natural Science and Technology Publishing House,

Hanoi, pages 1025-1031.

2. Do Thanh Tuan, Tran Thi Phuong Anh, Hoang Le Tuan

Anh (2015), Evaluation of medicinal plant diversity in coastal

districts of Thai Binh province (2015). Scientific Report on Ecology

and Biological Resources. The 6th National Science Conference,

Hanoi, 21/10/2015. Natural Science and Technology Publishing

House, Hanoi, pages 1245-1249.

3. Do Thanh Tuan, Tran Thi Phuong Anh, Hoang Le Tuan

Anh (2015), Understanding the value of medicinal plants in coastal

districts of Thai Binh province. Scientific Report on Ecology and

Biological Resources. The 6th National Science Conference, Hanoi,

21/10/2015. Natural Science and Technology Publishing House,

Hanoi, pages 1250-1256.

4. Hoang Le Tuan Anh, Do Thi Trang, Do Thanh Tuan, Tran

Minh Duc, Tran Thi Phuong Anh, Duong Thi Hai Yen, Nguyen

Xuan Nhiem, Chau Van Minh, Bui Huu Tai, Phan Van Kiem (2015),

Dipeptide and phenolic compounds from the leaves of Cudrania

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tricuspidata Carr. Bur and their cytotoxic activity. Journal of

Chemistry; vol. 53 (5), 580-584; ISSN: 0866-7155, 2015.

5. Hoang Le Tuan Anh, Duong Thi Dung, Do Thanh Tuan,

Bui Huu Tai, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Pham Hai Yen, Tran Minh Duc,

Pham Quoc Binh, Nguyen Hoai Nam, Chau Van Minh, and Phan

Van Kiem (2016), New phenolic glycosides from Physalis angulata.

Natural Product Communications; Vol 11 (12), 1859-1860; ISSN:

1555-9476, 2016.

6. Do Thanh Tuan, Do Thi Trang, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem,

Duong Thi Dung, Pham Hai Yen, Trieu Quy Hung, Duong Thi Hai

Yen, Phan Van Kiem, Hoang Le Tuan Anh (2016), Chemical

constituents of Cudrania tricuspidata Carr. Bur and their antioxidant

activity. Journal of Medicinal plants; Vol. 21(5), 309-314; ISSN:

1859-4736, 2016.

7. Hoang Le Tuan Anh, Do Thanh Tuan, Do Thi Trang, Bui

Huu Tai, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Pham Hai Yen, Phan Van Kiem,

Chau Van Minh, Tran Minh Duc, Hee Kyoung Kang, Youn Chul

Kim and Young Ho Kim (2017), Prenylated Isoflavones from

Cudrania tricuspidata inhibit NO Production in RAW 264.7

Macrophages and Suppress HL-60 Cells Proliferation. Journal of

Asian Natural Products Research; Vol. 19, No 5, 510-518, ISSN:

1028-6020, 2017.

8. Hoang Le Tuan Anh, Duong Thi Dung, Do Thanh Tuan,

Trieu Quy Hung, Tran Thi Phuong Anh, Tran Hong Quang, Nguyen

Xuan Nhiem, Chau Van Minh, Duong Thi Hai Yen, Phan Van Kiem

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(2017), Hepatopprotective effects of Phenolic glycosides from the

methanol extract of Physalis angulata, Journal of Science and

Technology; 55(2) (2017) 161-167, ISSN: 0866-708X, 2017

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INTRODUCTION

1. THE URGENCY OF THIS DISSERTATION

Thai Binh has long been known as a locality where there are

many medicinal plants of economic value such as Sophora japonica

L, Phyllanthus urinaria L,etc ... However, the exploitation and use

of medicinal plants are still limed, which could not transformed into

a strength for the socio-economic development of the locality. The

research on medicinal plants and the diversified use of medicinal

plants in Thai Binh province is still limited. Thus, the investigation

and research to evaluate the diversity of medicinal plants play an

important role in both scientific and practical aspects to provide new,

basic and complete database as the basis for designing programs and

plans of management, protection and development of medicinal plant

resources in coastal districts of Thai Binh province in particular and

in Thai Binh province in general. From that fact, the PhD. student

conducted a research project "Research on medicinal plant

resources in coastal districts of Thai Binh province and

recommendation of measures of conservation and sustainable

development". This is an urgent for scientific and practical issue.

2. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE DISSERTATION

- To understand the current status of medicinal plant resources

in two coastal districts of Thai Binh province. To evaluate the

situation of exploiting and using medicinal plant resources in two

coastal districts of Thai Binh province.

- To study the chemical composition and biological activity of

1 to 2 species of medicinal plants in two coastal districts of Thai

Binh province.

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- To propose measures for conservation, exploitation, and

usage of medicinal plant resources in two coastal districts of Thai

Binh province.

3. THE MEANING OF THE DISSERTATION TOPIC

This research contributes to complete the list and evaluate the

diversity of medicinal plants in the coastal districts of Thai Binh

province to serve local medical needs.

4. STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION

The dissertation in addition to the opening, conclusions,

recommendations, new points, also have the following chapters:

- Chapter 1. Document overview: 31 pages

- Chapter 2. Subjects, location, content and method of study:

10 pages.

- Chapter 3. Research results and discussion: 84pages.

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CHAPTER 1. DOCUMENT OVERVIEW

1.1. Research situation on medicinal plant resources in the

world

1.1.1. Situation of investigation and statistics

Most countries have compiled books on medicinal plants

applied on a territorial scale: India with a large number of documents

on medicinal plants which studied, evaluated and utilized around

2,000 medicinal plants. The Chinese in 2,500 BC mentioned 365

prescriptions and medicinal plants for prevention and treatment. The

Soviet Union also announced nationwide the use of medicinal plants

of both beneficial value and not harmful to human health through the

book "Healing by medicinal plants". France has published a list of

1,000 herbal plants and medicinal plants in Southeast Asia (1985) to

be synthesized into "Medicinal Plants of Eat and Southeast Asia" in

its botanical research program here. Kenya has 448 species of

medicinal plants used by native people in Mt. Nyiru Turkana to treat

various diseases. In Kosovo, people in Alps Albania used 89 species

belonging to 39 families of plants to treat diseases ...

It is estimated that about 25% of the drugs currently used in

the world are derived from plants or from synthetic plants, so new

drugs have a high therapeutic effect.

1.1.2. Usable value and economic value

Almost 80% of the population in Africa and Asia depends on

medicinal plants for health care. China has about 1,000 species of

medicinal plants regularly used, accounting for 80% of the drugs sold in

the domestic market, with a total value of (1992) of 11 billion yuan. In

Japan, 41.7% of the population use traditional medicine with a total

spending on traditional medicine of $ 150 million (1983). The sales of

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herbal medicines in Western European countries in 1989 were $ 2.2

billion compared with $ 65 billion in total drug sales. The total value of

plant-based medicines in the US and Japan markets in 1985 was more

than $ 43 billion. Medicinal plants are traded around the world, with an

estimated turnover of 16 billion euros. The US reached $ 17 billion

(2004), South Korea ($ 250 million) and Europe (4.55 billion euros).

Predictably, if maximum development of herbicides from tropical

countries can make about $ 900 billion a year for the economies of third

world countries.

1.1.3. Development potentials

Natural products and extracts from the therapeutic planta were

studied and determined the chemical composition and chemical

structure, indicating that at least 120 different compounds from the

plants were used for the drug to save human lives. These compounds

are screened on only about 6% of total plant species. Therefore, it is

extremely great demand to exploit and process these plant resources

for the treatment of serious diseases such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes, ....

The world today has more than 35,000 plant species used as

medicine. About 2,500 species of medicinal plants are traded in the

world, 90% of which are wild. Medicinal plant resources are

potentially huge treasures that can help the world human beings take

care of health in a timely and effective manner.

1.1.4. Research on conservation of medicinal plant resources in

the world

Currently there are only a few hundred species in the world,

20 to 50 species in India, 100 to 250 species in China, 40 species in

Hungary, 130 to 140 species in Europe.

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In 1993, there were 8,619 protected areas worldwide. By 1997,

there were 12,754 protected areas recognized by the United Nations.

In addition, more than 17,500 other points were not included in the

UN list due to substandards. In addition, there are about 2,000

botanical gardens all over the world, each garden is kept and planted

up to several thousand species, including many species of medicinal

plants.

The conservation of medicinal plant resources in the world is

carried out in two main forms: In situ and ex situ conservation.

1.2. Research on medicinal plant resources in Vietnam

1.2.1. Situation of investigation and statistics

In the history of Vietnam there have been many famous

physicians who made researches about medicinal plants, such as Chu

Tien with "Full draft of basic medicinal plants"; Tue Tinh with "The

South’s magical medicine"; Hai Thuong Lan Ong with "Lan Ong’s

mind"... The Party and State always pay attention to the investigation

and research of medicinal plant sources in Vietnam. On February 27,

1955, President Ho Chi Minh set out the way to build Vietnam's

scientific, national and popular medicine based on the combination

of traditional medicine and modern medicine. The Ministry of Health

is also interested in creating favorable conditions for oriental

medicine to develop. The Institute of Medicinal Materials (Ministry

of Health) together with the system of pharmaceutical research

stations have investigated in 2,795 communes and wards of 351

districts and towns of 47 provinces and cities throughout the country

to make significant contributions in investigating, collecting

medicinal plant resources and sharing experience of using medicinal

plants in traditional folk medicine.

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1.2.2. Usable value and economic value

According to the Institute of Medicinal Materials (2002),

Vietnam has 3,948 species of medicinal plants, belonging to 1,572

branches and 307 plant families, surpassing 3,200 species recorded

in the Vietnamese Medicinal Dictionary. Of which, over 90% were

wild and 144 species were included in the "Conservation of rare and

threatened medicinal plants in Vietnam" (2003) and the "Vietnam

Red List of Medicinal Plants" (2006). According to IMS Health,

Vietnam is in the list of 17 countries with a growing pharmaceutical

industry. Pharmaceutical market in Vietnam has the highest growth

in Southeast Asia, about 16% annually. In 2013, the total drug

consumption is estimated to be $3.3 billion, with the potential for

export of pharmaceuticals reaching $40 million to $50 million, which

is estimated to increase to $10 billion by 2020.

1.2.3. Development potentials

The number of medicinal herbs used in medicine is increasingly

being recognized, of which over 90% of the total number of medicinal

plants grows naturally. But through the survey, this number can be

actually higher because knowledge about medicinal plants of some of

the ethnic minorities is limited. Vietnam has 54 ethnic groups with

different customs and traditions, they have been accumulating

knowledge and experience of using plants to prevent and treat diseases

to survive and develop. With abundant plant resources together with

the knowledge and experience of medicinal plants, this is a great

potential to invest in the research and creation of new medicines with

high therapeutic effect.

1.2.4. Research and preservation of medicinal plant resources in

Vietnam

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The Government and the health sector have made efforts to

conserve the biological resources in general and medicinal plant

resources in particular. The State’s projects for preserving medicinal

plants (Preserving medicinal plant gene sources - Institute of

Medicinal Materials, Ministry of Health) or preserving models of

medicinal plant gene sources in the State projects or projects of Non-

governmental organizations (Conservation of medicinal plants of

Dao people in Ba Vi, Ha Tay - CREDEP, Conservation of medicinal

plant gene sources - Ministry of Health, Model of preservation and

development of medicinal plants in Sa Pa; Medicinal plants in Na

Ot, Son La, etc. of the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources)

have been established to maintain the conservation of rare medicinal

plants. Over the past time, Vietnam has been maintaining the primary

medicinal plants in the Nature Reserves. So far, the conservation of

medicinal plants has been expanded to cover many national parks

and nature reserves in Vietnam.

1.3. Research on biological active ingredients from medicinal

plant resources in coastal districts of Thai Binh province

Thai Binh is a province with many medicinal plants of high

economic value, however, the research on medicinal plant resources

is very limited. Some outstanding researches:

- In 2013, Khai Ha Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment

Trade Joint Stock Company developed a theme of "Applying

scientific and technological advances in producing and processing

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels and Achyranthes bidentata

Blume, for socio- economic development in Thai Binh Province”.

- Mr. Nguyen Xuan Quynh, University of Natural Sciences,

Vietnam National University, Hanoi wrote a theme "Researching the

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current state of biodiversity and building a database on biological

resources for management purposes, using the flora ecosystem in

Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province".

- In 2014, Le Minh Ha, Institute of Natural Products

Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology has the

topic: "Research and develop the process of extracting rotundin

substance in limestone Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers planted at a

pilot scale for trial production, applied in Thai Binh province. "

1.3.1. Situation of research of the Physalis angulata locally

and internationally

According to author Vo Van Chi, in Vietnam, there are four

species of the Solanaceae family including P. angulata, P.alkekengi,

P.peruviana and P.minima.

Contrary to Vietnam, species belonging to the Physalis family

are favourite species of research and investment in the world. Many

positive results have been published by scientists around the world.

In terms of chemistry, the main class of Physalis is the withanolide,

followed by labdane diterpene, sucrose esters, flavonoids, ceramides

and others. Compounds of isanolide are divided into two forms, the

unaltered withanolide and the altered withanolide.

1.3.2. Situation of domestic and foreign research on

Cudrania tricuspidata:

The scientific name of this plant is Cudrania tricuspidata

(Carr.) Bur, belonging to the family of Moraceae, under many other

names. In China, roots and bark the trees are used to make herbal

teas and functional drinks from thousands of years ago. Cudrania

tricuspidata has also been used as a traditional medicine for the

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treatment of inflammatory diseases, cancer, hepatitis, influenza and

neuropathy.

In recent decades, Cudrania tricuspidata is considered one of

the traditional remedies used to treat cancer in Korea. Studies on

chemical compositions show that Cudrania tricuspidata contains

high levels of xanthone and flavonoid compounds with anti-cancer,

anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and neuroprotective effects. The

xanthone compounds called miraclexanthone D, L, M show strong

activity against gastric cancer cells. Flavonoids containing prenyl

such as senegalensin and isoerysenealine E have anti-inflammatory

activity by inhibiting the production of NO in mouse macrophages;

whereas xanthones contain the prenyl branch (for example,

cudratrixanthones C, G-I, O, 3-O-methylcudratrixanthone G) and

isoflavonoids (eg, cudraisatrix fl avones H-J) have a protective effect

on the nervous system. In addition, enzyme inhibitors for tyrosine

phosphatase 1B, neuraminidase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase

enzymes are also found in Cudrania tricuspidata.

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CHAPTER 2

SUBJECT, LOCATION, CONTENTS AND RESEARCH

METHODS

2.1 Object, location and time of study

The medicinal plant resources in vascular plants in the districts of

Thai Thuy and Tien Hai in Thai Binh province.

Time of study: 2014 – 2016.

2.2. Research contents

2.2.1. Research on plants

- Investigating the composition of medicinal plants.

- Current situation of exploiting, using and role of medicinal plants in

socio-economic life of Thai Binh province.

- Study on assessment and identification of threatening factors

affecting Thai Binh medicinal plant resources.

2.2.2. Preliminary research on the chemical composition and

bioactivity of some valuable medicinal plants

- Sampling, methanol extraction for active screening.

- Select some good activities to study the chemical composition.

- Re-assess the biological activities of the isolated clean substances.

2.2.3. Proposed solutions for effective management, conservation

and sustainable exploitation of medicinal plant resources in Thai

Binh province

2.3. Research methods

2.3.1. Preparation

- Collecting materials and books related to the field of study.

- Collaborating with specialized agencies (plant chemicals).

- Agreement on technical measures with instructors and prepare

financial and logistical conditions for the investigation.

2.3.2. Methods of plant research

- Inheritance method

- Method of field survey by routes

- Definition of scientific names

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- Analysis of collected information and data

- Quick interview method

2.3.3. Methods of chemical composition research

a. Methods of isolation of compounds

Primarily chromatographic methods, including conventional column

chromatography, with adsorbents, are conventional phase silica gels,

as well as ODS, YMC (RP-8 or RP-18) silica gel blends combined

with chromatography (TLC), thin layer chromatography (PTLC) and

high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

b. Methods for specifying the structure of compounds

Modern spectral methods including: IR infrared spectroscopy;

Ultraviolet UV; Mass spectra of MS; One-way (1D) 1-H NMR, 13C-

NMR, DEPT; Two-dimensional (2D) resonance spectra: COSY,

HMQC, HMBC, NOESY...

2.3.4. Methods of expected biological activity research

a. Cytotoxic activity assay on some human cytotoxic cell lines

b. Antioxidant activity assay:

- Check the antioxidant capacity of the active substance on liver

cells.

c. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity assay

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Current situation of medicinal plant resources in coastal

districts of Thai Binh province

3.1.1. Diversity of medicinal plants resources

3.1.1.1. List of medicinal plants

The research has recorded 346 species belonging to 268 genera of 94

families belonging to 3 branches of vascular plant used as medicine

in two coastal districts of Thai Binh province. A list of medicinal

plants has been established with detailed data as shown in Appendix

1. Compared with the number of medicinal plants in Vietnam (4,472

species), the number of species is not high (346 species) but within

the limited area of this locality, the resources of medicinal plants

here are quite rich and diverse.

3.1.1.2. Diversity in families

Data from the list of medicinal plants shows that:

Of the 6 vascular plant branches in Viet Nam, there are 3 branches in

Thai Thuy and Tien Hai districts of Thai Binh province: fern, pine

and orchid branch. In these three branches of medicinal plants

available here, the degree of diversity is quite high. However, the

composition of the branches distributes unevenly, in which the

dominance of medicinal plants in the jade branch accounts for

97.87% of the total number of medicinal plants collected. The

remaining two branches account for a very small share.

3.1.1.3. Diversity in taxonomy

The two branches of fern and pine are very small, the majority of

which is still the orchid branch with a rate of 99.26%.

3.1.1.4. Diversity of species

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Similar to the distribution in families and genera, 346 species of

medicinal plants were identified in the study area, concentrated in

orchid, accounting for 99.40% of total species recorded. Regarding the

fern and the pine branches, there is only 1 species in each branch. The

results also show that the number of medicinal plants is unevenly

distributed among families. There are many familes that have only one

species of medicinal plants, three families have over 15 species and five

families have 10 to 15 species. Therefore, we can confirm that the

number of species used as medicine in Thai Thuy, Tien Hai districts of

Thai Binh province mainly in the orchid branch.

3.1.1.5. Diversity of life forms

Regarding the life forms, it showed that the group of Phanerophytes

(Ph) was the highest, superior to other groups. Followed by a group

of 1-year Therophytes (Th), Hemicrytophytes (Hm) and the least is

Crytophytes (Cr). Medicinal species in the coastal districts of Thai

Binh province do not have any species belonging to the Cherophytes

group (Ch). In the Phanerophytes (Ph), Lianas (Li) had the highest

proportion (18.78% of total species), followed by the

Nanophanerophytes (Na) (17.91% of total species),

Microphanerophytes (Mi) (6.07% of total species),

Megaphanerophytes (Mg) (5.49% total number of species,

herbaceous plants (Hp) (3.77% of total species). Succulent plants

(1.44% of total species) and the least is parasitic or parasitic plants

(Pp) (0.58% of total species).

3.1.1.6. Diversification of parts used as drugs

* Diversity in the frequency uses of different parts of medicinal

plants

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Research shows that leaves are the most used part with 253 species,

accounting for 73.12%; the second is root with 123 species,

accounting for 35.48%; the third is the fruit with 120 species,

accounting for 34.68%; the fourth is the seed with 104 species,

accounting for 30.05%; the fifth is all parts of the plants with 89

species, accounting for 25.72% ... the lowest used is resin with 40

species, accounting for 11.56%.

3.1.1.7. Diversify in the number of plant parts used for medicine

The highest proportion of plants using total parts for making drugs

accounts for 146 species (42.20%); followed by plants using 01 part

with 77 species, accounting for 22.20%; The third one is plants using

02 parts with 56 species, accounting for 16.20%; the fourth one is

plants using 03 parts with 40 species, accounting for 11.60%, the

lowest is plants using 4 parts with 27 species, accounting for 7.80%.

3.1.2. Distribution of medicinal plants

The distribution of medicinal plants in two coastal districts of Thai

Binh province is in the residential area with 170 species, accounting

for 49.13% and growing wild in the fields, swamps, along the roads,

and along the coasts with 176 species, accounting for 50.87%.

3.1.3. Potentials to cure diseases of medicinal plants (28 disease

groups)

The number of species that have the potential to cure gastrointestinal

diseases accounts for the most species (181 species), followed by

dermatological diseases (169 species), cough, blood cough (142

species), detoxification (101 species), gynecological diseases (95

species), rheumatism treatment (71 species), bite treatment (61

species), bone disorders, trauma (53 species), kidney disease

treatment (46 species) (37 species), healing of eyes (species), healing

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of hepatitis (35 species), sedative (34 species), cardiovascular

treatment, blood pressure (33 species), cure diseases caused by

worms, insects (31 species), cure burns (20 species), cure cirrhosis

(18 species), cure asthma (17 species), cure TB (12 species), cure

diabetes (12 species) malnutrition (9 species), hemorrhoids treatment

(9 species), cancer treatment (8 species) (6 species), polio treatment

(4 species), healing encephalitis (2 species) and treatment of obesity

(2 species).

3.1.4. Some species have new uses

There are 16 species with new uses that documents have not

mentioned. There are two species of medicinal plants that have been

identified as containing strong oxidizing and anti-cancer compounds

(Maclura Cochinchinensis, Physalis angulata).

3.1.5. The rare and precious plant species listed in the Vietnam Red

Book (2007) and the IUCN Red List (2014) in two coastal districts

of Thai Binh province

Only three species of the Least Concern category (including taxa are

not considered to be conservationally endangered or nearly-

threatened) according to IUCN (2014) and none of the species listed

in the Vietnam Red Book (2007).

3.2. The research, exploitation and utilization of medicinal plant

resources of people in two coastal districts of Thai Binh province

3.2.1. Exploitation situation of medicinal plants in the study area

The survey results in Thai Thanh, Thai Do, Thai Thuong, Thuy Lien

communes (Thai Thuy district), Tay Giang, Nam Phu, Nam Thanh,

Dong Minh communes (Tien Hai district) showed that most people

use medicinal plants for medical treatment. According to statistics of

research on the use of medicinal plants in two coastal districts of

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Thai Binh, nearly 50% of medicinal plants are collected from the

wild.

Of the total of 346 species of medicinal plants here, 13 species are

exploited with high frequency. That's not a big number but looking at

the table above we can see that the harvesting habit here is not

sustainable (they take the whole plants). This situation may lead to

the risk of decline of some medicinal plants.

3.2.2. Exploitation and processing of medicinal plants of the people

in the study area

The drug processing tools are very simple, people usually use only

knife, then chop and dry or soak the plant parts. Such processing and

preservation is so primitive so the proportion of moldy and rotten

medicinal plants is quite high. According to physicians, most of the

medicinal plant parts, whether they are leaves, stalks, roots or tubers,

are chopped after harvesting, then are dried depending on the

different types of diseases that have different ways of drying.

3.2.3. Traditional medicine and preparation

There are 22 popular remedies to cure most common diseases with

easy-to-find medicinal plants in the locality.

3.3. Screening the biological activity of some valuable species

according to local knowledge

We have selected 20 potential medicinal plants for research, to

extract and screen biological activity to search for active substances

that can protect and care human health.

The samples of Annona squamosa, Annona glabra, Solnum

nigrum L, Solanum Procumbens Lour, Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum

and Datura metel show screening results of good activity. However,

most of these samples have been studied in Vietnam. When

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combining results of the active testing with the study of the world's

research, we have discovered two samples of Maclura

Cochinchinensis, Physalis angulata which contain many active

substances that have not yet had any specific research in Vietnam.

Based on this initial research, it is possible to orient and select two

species of " Maclura cochinchinensis " and " Physalis angulata"

should be put into the conservation plan, giving priority for future

development.

3.4. Summary of research results of Maclura Cochinchinensis and

Physalis angulata

3.4..1. Research results of Maclura cochinchinensis sample

* It has been isolated and determined the chemical structure of 15

compounds from the sample of Maclura cochinchinensis, ; Three

new compounds are VPA4, VPA9 and VPA10.

* Three compounds (VPA30, 31 and 32) were found to have potent

cytotoxic activity against lung cancer cell lines A-549, Hela cervical

cancer and PANC1 pancreatic cancer.

* Detected two compounds (VPA6 and 13) with antioxidant activity,

protecting liver cells

* Liquorice extract of resin sample of Maclura cochinchinensis

does not shown toxicity: LD50 is not detected

3.4.2. Research results of Physalis angulata sample

* The chemical structure of 17 compounds from angulata sample

has been isolated and identified; of which, a new compound found

called MQ31

* MQ29 compound was found to have good cytotoxic activity for

KB cell carcinoma cell lines, LU-1 lung cancer and MCF-7 breast

cancer.

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* Compounds MQ14-15, MQ18, MQ20, MQ24-26, MQ29 and

MQ31 have good activity and high selectivity for HL-60 leukemia

cells.

Liquorice extract of resin sample of Physalis angulata does not

shown toxicity: LD50 is not detected

3.5. Solutions for effective management, conservation and

sustainable exploitation of medicinal plant resources in coastal

districts of Thai Binh province.

3.5.1. Preserving medicinal plants

Thai Binh has rich botanical resources such as: Solanum

hainanense, Pandanus tectorius Sol, Premna integrifolia,

Phyllanthus urinaria L, Cynara scolymus, Alisma plantago-aquatica,

Adenosma glutinosum., Eleusine indica (L) Gaertn, Plantago asiatica

L, Eclipta prostrata L, Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott, Aloe

vera L var... many of these species are wild in some localities of Thai

Binh province; There are a number of species that have been noted

and included in the small scale planning area of material planting

production areas. Of these, a few are bought and process by

traditional medicine companies and pharmaceutical companies in the

province to produce into convenient products to promote health care

for people such as tea-Phyllanthus Urinaria L, tea - Cynara Scolymus

L, curmin...

3.5.2. Improving the effectiveness of the leadership and direction of

the Party committees and local

Defining clearly that the management and protection of forests is a

key, urgent, regular and long-term task to contribute to mitigating

natural disasters, protecting the ecological environment and

responding to climate change. Creating jobs, raising incomes,

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contributing to hunger eradication and poverty alleviation, improving

the livelihoods of coastal inhabitants, ensuring national defense and

security in coastal areas. Raising the role and responsibility of the

heads of local agencies and organizations in forest protection and

development. People's organizations are important contributors to the

preservation and development of local medicinal plant resources.

3.5.3. Promoting the awareness raising activities

Diversifying forms of propagation, advocacy and education of the

Party's opinions and the State's law on management and development

of the mangrove forest system (special-use forests, protection forests,

etc.). Their role is particularly important for socio-economic

development, ecological environment protection, limiting the impact

of climate change, ecotourism potentials and potentials for making

medicines (through mass media, timely rewarding, propaganda in

agricultural extension programs, seminars, exchanges, fostering

courses to improve knowledge, organizing contest competition,

distributing leaflets, integrating them into cultural programs,

coordinating with schools, organizing site training courses on

Planting, caring and protecting forests ...).

3.5.4. Strengthening the effectiveness and efficiency of forest

management, protection and development

Pursuant to legal documents, policies and regulations of the

Central Party and Thai Binh province for making rational proposals

for planned planted herbal planting areas; in order to continue well

implementing the existing projects from 1990 to now to contribute to

the restoration and development of mangroves in Thai Thuy district

and Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province should soon confirm the

buffer zone of the Biosphere Reserve (in accordance with the

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Biosphere Reserve management strategy up to 2020) to create a

safety belt, to enhance the conservation efficiency of natural

resources. It is important to closely cooperate among different levels,

departments and individuals to actively supervise, manage and

protect forests and limit the loss of plant resources.

3.5.5. Conservation of indigenous knowledge among the

people

Implementing the plan and master program on investigation

and assessment of traditional herbal remedies in Thai Binh province

in general and in 2 districts of Thai Thuy and Tien Hai in particular

(or other districts) to gather, complete and select traditional herbal

remedies, experience, methods and therapeutic effects on diseases or

age groups, etc., to orient for proper management, investment,

support and conservation. Selection, in-depth study of a number of

unique remedies that are widely applied in practice after the

publication of property rights so that the remedies or knowledge

about medicinal plants of indigenous people can be effective and

bring them to life. Opening training courses, guiding the practice of

simple herbal remedies. Printing, introducing materials on healing

plants, healing effects of each species... or species under threat of

extinction so that the community can give priority of reservation.

Educating young generations to conserve indigenous knowledge in

the use of medicinal plants to cure diseases.

3.5.6. Solutions on improving the quality of human resources

Expanding the forms of vocational training for people

associated with the transfer of scientific and technical advances and

new technologies. Renovating the training mode according to the

planning and specialized zones. Strengthening the training of

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cultivation techniques and standards (VietGAP, GlobalGAP,

organic). Priority should be given to training and production in

accordance with the standards and quality required by the market.

Consolidating and raising the quality and efficiency of the

agricultural service cooperatives with a view to supporting and

organizing the training and fostering courses for cooperative

managers.

3.5.7. Solutions for market development

Focusing on the implementation of the "four stakeholders",

including farmers, entrepreneurs, scientists and the State for the

development of pharmaceutical materials. Prioritizing the search and

market exploitation through trade promotion activities, seminars and

trade fairs... Simplifying administrative procedures, intensifying

communication and investment promotion activities.

In conclusion: Thai Binh is a fertile agricultural land suitable

for growing many species of plants. Sophora japonica L is a well-

known medicinal plant in Thai Binh province, which has been

supplied to many parts of the country. From the research results of

the dissertation, the cultivation and development of medicinal plants

in Thai Binh province has great potentials and promises to bring

about high economic efficiency, contributing positively to poverty

reduction for the people. However, in addition to the above solutions,

Thai Binh should prioritize the development of science and

technology, and promote the application of scientific and technical

advances to agricultural production in order to create breakthroughs

in breeding to reach the objectives: Actively take initiative in quality,

quantity and origin. To prioritize provincial-level scientific projects

on the transfer and application of advanced scientific and

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technological advances to agricultural and cultivation activities in

service of agricultural and rural development, preservation and

conservation of valuable medicinal plants in the area.

CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

& NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DISSERTATION

I. CONCLUSIONS

1. The number of medicinal plant species in two coastal

districts of Thai Thuy and Tien Hai, Thai Binh province are quite

plentiful. Initially 346 species, 268 genera, 94 families of 3 vascular

plant branches were recorded.

2. The types of plants mainly live in groups of vines and plants

with short upper bud. Groups of parasitic or semi-parasitic plants

constitute the smallest proportion and there are no species belonging

to the group of plants with buds close to the ground.

3. Parts of the plants used for making medicines are various,

leaves used most while resin, pressed latex used less.

4. The frequency of using of all parts of the plant for medicine

accounts for the highest proportion while the least proportion is using

only 4 parts of the plant. The plants mainly grow in the fields,

swamps, along the roads, and along the coasts.

5. Medicinal plants in two coastal districts of Thai Binh

province have value of good healing. They can cure 28 groups of

diseases regarding fatal diseases such as cancer and liver diseases.

6. Thirteen species are exploited at high frequencies, but the

exploiting situation has low sustainability which will result in the

reduction of some medicinal plants.

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7. Having isolated and determined the chemical structure of 15

compounds from the Physalis angulata sample in which two new

compounds are found: physanguloside B and physaguloside A.

- Three compounds have been found such as physalin F,

physalin B and physalin G which have potent cytotoxic activity

against A-549 lung cancer cell lines, Hela cervical cancer and

PANC1 pancreatic cancer.

- Two compounds have been found such as (1- (3, 4-

dimethoxyphenyl) ethane-1, 2-diol) and rutin (quercetin-3--

rutinoside have antioxidant activity, protecting hepatocytes).

- Liquorice extract of Physalis angulata sample does not show

toxicity.

8. Having isolated and determined the chemical structure of

17 compounds from Maclura Cochinchinensis sample which

includes a new compound: cudraisoflavone L.

- 6, 8-diprenylorobol compounds have been found to have

good cytotoxic activity on KB carcinoma cell lines, LU-1 lung

cancer, and MCF-7 breast cancer.

- Compounds have been detected such as isolupalbigenin,

lupalbigenin, Laburnetin, Wighteone, Furowanin, erysubin A,

millewanin H, 6, 8-diprenylorobol and cudraisoflavone L which

possessthe good activity and high selectivity for HL-60leukemia

cancer.

- Alcoholic Extraction of Maclura Cochinchinensis sample

does not have toxicity: LD50 cannot be determined.

II. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. From the results of anti-cancer (cytotoxic), antioxidant and

acute toxicity effects of Physalis angulata L. - TB14.2015 and

Cudrania tricuspidata - TB15. 2015, we has obtained very positive

results on the applicability of the samples of Physalis angulata and

Cudrania tricuspidata.

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Based on that, the author proposed that the authorities at all

levels should create favourable conditions for:

- Further research on the pharmacology of two samples of

Physalis angulata and Cudrania tricuspidata in order to apply

research results to practical life. Particular emphasis is placed on the

high selectivity of the HL-60 leukemia cell line of the substance

isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata sample and the selection of two

lung cancer cell lines A-549 and Hela cervical cancer of the

substance isolated from the sample of Physalis angulata.

- Having measures to plan and conserve the breeds of the

above two samples for further research.

2. Model the conservation of medicinal plants in farms and in

household gardens. Experts on medicinal herbs and seedling experts

should work together in selecting suitable medicinal plant varieties

suitable with the actual situation of the locality, selecting land for the

building of conservation gardens and demonstration models for

people to thoroughly; take advantage of the space under the fruit

trees to grow some medicinal herbs such as black sesame, Ginger,

Kaempferia galanga, Polyscias fruticosa L. Harms, Phyllanthus

urinaria L, Physalis angulata and Cudrania tricuspidata....

NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DISSERTATION

* For the first time, a list of medicinal plants of 346 species,

268 genera, 94 families of 3 vascular plant branches in Thai Thuy

and Tien Hai coastal districts of Thai Binh province was made. The

diversity and potentials for treatment of 28 diseases of these

medicinal plants have been evaluated. At the same time, measures

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for conservation and rational use of medicinal plant resources with

local situations are proposed.

* For the first time, the chemical database of 2 species of

Maclura Cochinchinensis with three sections and Physalis

angulata in Thai Binh province was established. At the same time, 3

new compounds were isolated in nature (one new compound is

cudraisoflavone L from Maclura cochinchinensis, and two

compounds from Physalis angulata are is physanguloside B and

physaguloside A).