Research on 21st Century skills and innovation in Nordic schools
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Survey
HowfararetheNordiccountriesinusingICTtoteachchildreninprimaryandlowersecondaryschool21stCenturySkills?OleSejerIversen&MikkelAskRasmussenAarhusUniversity,DenmarkJanuary2016
Survey
HowfararetheNordiccountriesinusingICTtoteachchildreninprimaryandlowersecondaryschool21stCenturySkills?
Duration
September–December2015
Approach
DeskResearch+QuesGonnaireStudy+ExpertInterviews
Question
Whatdowetalkaboutwhenwetalkabout21stCenturySkills?
Documentation
AWorkingDefiniGonof21stCenturySkillsfromOECD
Thoseskillsandcompetenciesyoungpeoplewillberequiredtohaveinordertobeeffec:veworkersandci:zensintheknowledgesocietyofthe21stcentury.
Source:OECDCERI(2009)21stcenturyskillsandcompetencesinOECDcountries(ppt),availablefrom:www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/44254873.ppt
Question
Okay,sowhatskillsandcompetenciesarerequiredtobeeffecGveworkersandciGzensinthe21stcentury?
Finding
Theredoesnotseemtobeonesingle,agreedupondefiniGonof21stCenturySkills–severalframeworksexistandmulGplevoicesshapetheconversaGon.
Documentation: Overview
5oftheFrameworksandDefiniGonsthatShapetheConversaGonSeveraldefini,onsandframeworksexist,hereare5oftheframeworksanddefini,onsthatshapetheconversa,on
TheKSAVE(Knowledge-Skills-AYtudes-Values-Ethics)ModelDevelopedandproposedbyAssessmentandTeachingof21stCenturySkills,aresearchprojectfocusedondefining21stcenturyskillsanddevelopingwaystomeasurethemdrivenbytheUniversityofMelbourneandfunded/sponsoredbyCisco,IntelandMicrosoW.www.atc21s.org
The6C’sDevelopedandproposedbyMichaelFullan,averyacYveCanadianeducaYonalresearcherandreformist(andadaptedanpromotedbyseveralorganizaYons(ex.NewPedagogiesforDeepLearning–AGlobalPartnership)andinvariouspublicaYonsbyMichaelFullanandothers).www.michaelfullan.ca
ISTEStandardsStudentsAuthors:DevelopedandproposedbyInternaYonalSocietyforTechnologyinEducaYon(ISTE),anonprofitmembershiporganizaYonservingeducatorsandeducaYonleaderscommiaedtoempoweringlearnersinaconnectedworld,sponsoredbyMicrosoW,SamsungBusiness,SMARTTechnologiesetc.www.iste.org
P21Frameworkfor21stCenturySkills(includingThe4Cs)DevelopedandproposedbyPartnershipfor21stCenturySkills(P21),anaYonal(US)nonprofitorganizaYonwiththemissiontoserveasacatalysttoposiYonatthecenterofUSK-12educaYon;partnersandmembersinclude+16statepartnersandcompanieslikeAdopeSystemsInc.,Apple,Cisco,LEGO,MicrosoW,Pearson,WaltDisneyCompanyandmanymore.www.p21.org
6Rubricsof21stCenturyLearningDevelopedbySRIInternaYonalfor(orin)InnovaYveTeachingandLearning(ITL)Research,aresearchprogramdesignedtoinvesYgatethefactorsthatpromotethetransformaYonofteachingpracYcesandtheimpactthosechangeshaveonstudents’learningoutcomes,sponsoredbyMicrosoWPartnersinLearning.www.itlresearch.com
Source:ILTResearch–MicrosoWPartnersinLearning(2012)21stCenturyLearningDesignAcYvityRubrics,available:www.itlresearch,com
Documentation
ITLResearch:6RubricsthatRepresentsImportantSkillsforStudenttoDevelopAWorkingDefini,onforthePurposeofthisPresenta,on
Thisguidedescribessixrubrics,eachofwhichrepresentsimportantskillsforstudentstodevelop:
• CollaboraGon
• KnowledgeConstrucGon
• Self-RegulaGon
• Real-WorldProblem-SolvingandInnovaGon
• TheUseofICTforLearning
• SkilledCommunicaGon
Source:ILTResearch–MicrosoWPartnersinLearning(2012)21stCenturyLearningDesignAcYvityRubrics,available:www.itlresearch,com
Question
IsICTavailable?
Finding
TheNordiccountriescompete(witheachother)tobebestinclassintheEUwhenitcomestoprovisionofICTinfrastructureinschools–thetechnologicalinfrastructureseemstobeinplace.
Source:EuropeanSchoolnet(2013)SurveyofSchools:ICTinEducaYon–BenchmarkingAccess,UseandAitudestoTechnologyinEurope’sSchools
Documentation:
TheDigitallyEquippedSchoolSurveyofSchools:ICTinEducaYon,SecYon1:InfrastructureProvision
ThenoYonofthedigitallyequippedschoolemergesfromananalysisofsurveydatainfiveareas:• Equipmentprovision:Numbersofdesktopandlaptopcomputers,e-
readers,mobilephones,interacYvewhiteboards,digitalcamerasanddataprojectors;
• TheproporYonoffullyoperaYonalequipment;• Broadbandspeed(aboveorbelow10mbps)andtypeofbroadband
access(ADSL,cable,etc.);• Maintenanceandsupport;• Indicatorsofconnectedness:Awebsite,emailaddressesforteachers
andstudents,alocalareanetwork,avirtuallearningenvironment,ornoneofthese.
Clusteranalysiswascarriedoutonthesedata;threeschoolprofilesemergedthatcanbesummarizedasfollow:• Type1:Highlydigitallyequippedschools,characterizedbyrelaYvely
highequipmentlevels,fastbroadbandandrelaYvelyhighconnectedness.
• Type2:ParYallydigitallyequippedschools,withlowerthanType1equipmentlevels,slow(lessthan10mbps)ornobroadband,andsomeconnectedness.
• Type3:Astype2butwithnoconnectedness.AtalllevelstherearewidevariaYonsbetweencountriesfromthosewithalmostallschoolsintype1tothosewithmostschoolsintype2,butinallcountriespercentagesofstudentsintype3areaminority.Scandinaviancountrieshavethehighestpercentagesofstudentsintype1schoolsatalllevels,neverfallingbelow75%andinmostcasesapproaching100%.OnaverageintheEU,37percentofgrade4studentsareinthefirstgroupofdigitallyequippedschools,48percentareintype2schools,and15percentintype3,ascanbeseeninfig.1.13a.In12countriesoneintwostudentsisinatype1school.Atgrade8,theEUaverage,asseeninfig.1.13b,is24%ofstudentsareintype1schools–considerablyfewerthanatotherlevels–and68%intype2and8%intype3.InonlythefourScandinaviancountriesaremorethanoneintwostudentsinatype1school.Atgrade11general,55%ofstudentsareintype1schools,39%inprofile2and5%intype3onaverageinEurope,ascanbeseeninfig.1.13cIn17countriesmorethanhalfofstudentsareintype1schools–manymorethanatgrade8.Unlikethethreeotherclusteranalyses(SecYon8below),norelaYonshipemergedbetweenthisclusterandstudents’confidence,ICTacYviYes,aitudesandopinions.OnecanthereforeprovisionallyconcludefromthisanalysisthatthereisnooverallrelaGonshipbetweenhighlevelsofICTprovisionandstudentandteacherconfidence,useandaYtudes.Rather,otherfactors,e.g.pracYcalsupporttoteachers,influencethem,asdescribedinlatersecYonsinthisreport.ThissecYonhasexaminedthedataprovidedbyheadteachersintheSur-veyofSchools:ICTandEducaYonconcerninglevelsofprovision,mainte-nanceandpaaernsofdeploymentofcomputersandassociatededucaYon-altechnologyequipment,forexampleinteracYvewhiteboards,broadbandaccessandconnectedness.Fromthisdataemergedthreetypesofdigitallyequippedschools.ThenextsecYonanalyseswhatheadteachers,teachersandstudentssayabouttheuseofthisequipmentandconnecYvity.
Source:EuropeanSchoolnet(2013)SurveyofSchools:ICTinEducaYon–BenchmarkingAccess,UseandAitudestoTechnologyinEurope’sSchools
DocumentaYon:Nordic@BETTQuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.1NaYonal/Regional21stCenturySkillsPolicy.
Question 2.1: Questionnaire Study
Doesyourcountryhavea21stCenturySkillsineducaGonpolicyforprimaryandlowersecondaryschool(yes/no)?
Finding
SkillsandobjecGvesassociatedwith21stCenturySkillscanbefoundinnaGonalpolicyregulaGonsandguidelinesinalltheNordiccountries,thoughtheyarenotnamed21stCenturySkills.
DocumentaYon:Nordic@BETTQuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.1NaYonal/Regional21stCenturySkillsPolicy.
DocumentaYon:Nordic@BETT,QuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.1NaYonal/Regional21stCenturySkillsPolicy
Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
NejInsert:Answer:QuesYon2.2:Dendanskefolkeskolelovoperererikkemedbegrebet21stCenturySkills(21stCS).Menitretværgåendeemner’Itogmedier’,'InnovaYonogentreprenørskab'og'Elevernesalsi-digeudvikling'somskalintegreresiallefagpåalleklassetrinerderflereelementerfra21stCS.Fxidettværgåendeemne”Itogmedier”fremhæves,ateneleviløbetafetundervisningsforløbskalkunneindtageforskelligeposiYoner.Dissebenævnessom:• ElevensomkriYskundersøger• Elevensomanalyserende
modtager• ElevensommålreaetogkreaYv
producent• Elevensomansvarligdeltager.PådennesideerennærmerebeskrivelseafhverafdefireelevposiYoner(seelink).UdfrabeskrivelserneafelevposiYonerneivejledningenerdetnærliggendeatkobledemYldisse21stCS
Yes.ThisrequiresasmallintroducYoninoureducaYonsystem:TheoveralldistribuYonoflessonhoursforbasiceducaYonandtheminimumnumberoflessonsforcoresubjectsduringbasiceducaYonaredecidedbytheGovernment.ThedistribuYonoflessonhourssYpulatesuchmaaersasthecoresubjectstaughttoallpupils,andthedistribuYonofteachinghoursbetweenvarioussubjects.ThenaYonalcorecurriculumisdeterminedbytheFinnishNaYonalBoardofEducaYon.ItincludestheobjecYvesandcorecontentsofdifferentsubjects,aswellastheprinciplesofpupilassessment,special-needseducaYon,pupilwelfareandeducaYonalguidance.Theprinciplesofagoodlearningenvironment,workingapproachesaswellastheconceptoflearningarealsoaddressedinthecorecurriculum.ThepresentnaYonalcorecurriculumforbasiceducaYonwasconfirmedinJanuary2004anditwasintroducedinschoolsinAugust2006.ThenewdistribuYonoflessonhourswasconfirmedin2012andthenewcorecurriculuminDecember2014.TheeducaYonproviders,usuallythelocaleducaYonauthoriYesandtheschoolsthemselvesdrawuptheirowncurriculaforpre-primaryandbasiceducaYonwithintheframeworkofthenaYonalcorecurriculum.ThesecurriculamaybepreparedforindividualmunicipaliYesorinsYtuYonsorincludebothsecYons.ThenewlocalcurriculumsthatdrawuponthenewcorecurriculumwillcomeintoacYonfromAugust2016.WeareinatransiYonperiodwithnewcurriculumsaffecYngpupils’studiescomingintoeffectnextyear.Thenewcorecurriculumcontainswhatyoucouldcall(myinterpretaYon)asaFinnishversionof21.stCenturySkills,calledtransversalcompetencies(Swedish:mångsidigkompetens).Evenifthecurriculumisdividedintosubjectseachofthesubjecttargetsinthenewcorecurriculumarealsodividedbetweenthesecompetencies.
No,21stCenturySkillsisnotanexplicitpartoftheeducaYonpolicyinNorway.YoucansYllfindparallelobjecYves,andyoucanfindaspectsofthe21stCenturySkillsintheNorwegianeducaYonpolicy.Thoughtheywillnotbenamedas21stCenturySkills.ItisimportanttonoYcethathaving21stCenturySkillsasapartofNorwegianeducaYonpolicywouldbedifficultunderthecurrentcurriculumreform.Thecurrentreform(seelink)focusesonoutcome-basedobjecYves.Thesestateclearlythecompetencethestudentsshouldacquire.Itsayslialeaboutthelearningprocessesthatleadstothestudentacquiringthatcompetence.ThecurrentlawsandregulaYonsgivetheschoolsandlocalgovernmenttheauthoritytochoosehowtheyteachtheirstudents.As21stCenturySkillsalsosaysalotofhowschoolsshouldteachtheirstudents,itwouldgoagainstthecurrentautonomyoftheschoolsandlocalgovernmenttoimplement21stCenturySkillsonanaYonallevel.OntheotherhanditalsomakesitpossibleforlocalauthoriYesandschooltoteach21stCenturySkillsiftheychoose.Thereare447localauthoriYes,andwedonotknowifanyofthemhavechosen21stCenturySkillsasapolicy.
No,theconceptof21stCenturySkillsisnotusedinnaYonalpolicy(steering)documentsbutasyoucanseemostofthemareaddressedintheabovecitedpartfromthenaYonalcurriculumandinotherpartsofthesamedocument.Everybodystudentshouldbeabletousemoderntechnologyasatoolinthesearchforknowledge,communicaYon,creaYvityandlearning,
hap://www.emu.dk/modul/vejledning-det-tv%C3%A6rg%C3%A5ende-emne-it-og-medier.
hap://www.udir.no/Stoaemeny/English/Curriculum-in-English/_english/Knowledge-promoYon---KunnskapsloWet/)
DocumentaYon:Nordic@BETTQuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.1NaYonal/Regional21stCenturySkillsPolicy,NorwayandSweden.
Sweden:Wordcountinthecurriculum:CreaGvity(26)andInnovaGon(1)CriGcal(28)ThinkingProblemsSolving(8)andDecisionMaking(17)Learning-To-Learn(0)andMetacogniGon(0)HoweverlifelonglearningandequivalentsaremenGon,asreflecGonaboutindividuallearningpathsCommunicaGon(154)andCollaboraGon(expressedbutusingdifferentvocabulary)InformaGon(276)andICTLiteracy(termnotused)LocalandGlobalCiGzenship(3)PersonalandSocialResponsibility(35butfromverydifferentperspecGves)
Norway:
Thepartsofthe21stCenturySkillsthatareimplementedinthecurriculum,areimplementedasthe5basicskillsandthecorecurriculum(…)ThoughitwilloGenbeamaHerforinterpreta:on,astheyareapartof/hiddenintheoutcome-basedobjec:ves.
DocumentaYon:Nordic@BETTQuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.1NaYonal/Regional21stCenturySkillsPolicy,NorwayandSweden.
Documentation
2.1NaGonal/Regional21stCenturySkillsPolicyDoesyourcountryhavea21stCenturySkillsineducaYonpolicyforprimaryandlowersecondaryschool(yes/no)?Ifso,pleaseprovideabriefintroducYonindicaYngtheobjecYves,YmeframeandstrategiesforimplementaYon.
Question 3.3 : Questionnaire Study
Whattargetsaresetforstudents’21stCenturySkills?
DocumentaYon:Nordic@BETTQuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon3.121stCenturySkillsintheCurriculum,QuesYon3.3Students’21stCenturySkills,andQuesYon3.4Assessmentof21stCenturySkills
Question 3.1: Questionnaire Study
Howare21stCenturySkillsintegratedintothecurriculumforprimaryandlowersecondaryschoolinyourcountry?
Question 3.4: Questionnaire Study
Howarestudents’21stCenturySkillscurrentlybeingassessedinprimaryandlowersecondaryschool?
Finding
IntheNordiccountries,21stCenturySkillsareintegratedinacross-curricularway,however,thereseemstobedifferencesinhowit’sdone.
DocumentaYon:Nordic@BETTQuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon3.121stCenturySkillsintheCurriculum,QuesYon3.3Students’21stCenturySkills,andQuesYon3.4Assessmentof21stCenturySkills
Finding
ThenaGonalcurriculaintheNordiccountriesaregoal-based.Targetsforstudents’21stCenturySkillsaresetanddefinedaspartofthegoalsforeachsubject.
Finding
21stCenturySkillsareassessedbytheteachersaspartofthesubject-basedassessment.
VersaGleCompetenciesK1 Capacitytothinkandlearn
K2 CulturalandCommunicaYveCompetence
K3 EverydayCompetence
K4 MulYLiteracy
K5 DigitalCompetence
K6 Work-LifeCompetenceandEntrepreneurship
K7 CapacitytoParYcipatein,InfluenceandContributetoaSustainableFuture
Source.Utbildningsstyrelsen(2014)GrundernaFörläroplanenfördengrundläggendeutbildningen,p.20-25,p.375,andp.395,.
Example
MångsidigKompetensasgoalsofeducaGoninFinland
Versa,leCompetenciesinourtransla,on
Goals:MathemaGcs:Year7-9GoalsofTeaching: Content: Competence:
M4: encouragethestudenttogetexperienceinexpressinghim-/herselfaccuratelyandmathemaYcallybothverballyandinwriYng
11-16 K1,K2,K4,K5
Goals:Chemistry:Year7-9GoalsofTeaching: Content: Competence:
M8: guidethestudenttoperceivehowchemistryisusedintechnologyandtoparYcipateincreat-ing,planning,developingandapplyingsoluYonsthatincludesuseofchemistryincollaboraYonwithothers
11-16 K2,K3,K5
Question: Questionnaire Study
HowareresponsibiliGesfor21stCenturySkillsineducaGoninprimaryandlowersecondaryschoolsharedinyourcountry?WhoarethemainactorsandwhataretheirresponsibiliGes?
DocumentaYon:CountryReportsonICTinEdcuaYon(2015)(2011)publishedbyEuropeanSchoolnet,SecYon2.2ResponsibiliYesDocumentaYon:QuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.3ResponsibiliYesfor21stCenturySkills,QuesYon2.5ResponsibiliYesforICTfor21stCenturySkills
Finding
IntheNordiccountries,theresponsibiliGesfor21stCenturySkillsinprimaryandlowersecondaryschoolaresharedbetweenstate,municipaliGes,schoolsandteachers.TheautonomyofmunicipaliGes,schoolsandteachersisemphasized.
DocumentaYon:CountryReportsonICTinEdcuaYon(2015)(2011)publishedbyEuropeanSchoolnet,SecYon2.2ResponsibiliYesDocumentaYon:QuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.3ResponsibiliYesfor21stCenturySkills,QuesYon2.5ResponsibiliYesforICTfor21stCenturySkills
Sources:CountryReportsonICTinEdcuaYon(2015)(2011)publishedbyEuropeanSchoolnet,SecYon2.2ResponsibiliYesQuesYonnaireStudy:Nordic@BETT,SecYon2.3ResponsibiliYesfor21stCenturySkillsQuesYonnaireStudy:Nordic@BETT,SecYon2.5ResponsibiliYesforICTfor21stCenturySkills
Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
Daviifolkeskolelovenikkeopererermedbegrebet21stCenturySkillsfølgeransvarsfordelingdet,somalYdgælder:• FolkeYngetvedtagerenfolkesko-
lelov,hvorkommunerneharan-svaretforatYlpassedevejled-ninger,dererudstedtafMiniste-riet.
• Skolelederenharansvaretforatdeenkeltelærerefølgervejled-ningerneiklassen.
• DenenkeltefaglærerharansvaretforatitanvendesiundervisningenioverensstemmelsemeddetpågældendefagsmålogsombeskrevetivejledningenYldettværgåendetemaomitogmedier.
QuesYonnaireStudy,SecYon2.5
Sameasabove.ICTisnotaseparatesubjectinFinnishbasiceducaYon,buttransversalcompetencies(includingICTcompetence)isdistributedwithinallsubjects.AtnaYonallevel:NaYonalBoardofEducaYon• SetsouttheNaYonalCore
Curriculum• Managesfundingforteacher
trainingprograms,infrastructureprojectsandoverallimplementaYonofthecorecurriculum
Regionallevel:municipaliYes(ca.98%ofpupils),universitytrainingschoolsandprivateinsYtuYons:• Setoutlocalcurriculumswhich
derivesfromthenaYonalcorecurriculum
• Employerofteachingstaff• TypicallyadministersICT
infrastructure• Decidesuponschoolshoursfor
children,derivingfromnaYonalcurriculum.
Local:Schoolsandteachers• Schoolscheduleallocatesworking
hours• TeachingmaterialacquisiYonsare
typicallymadeonschoollevel• Teachersareveryautonomousin
decidinghowtoimplementthelocalcurriculumandhowtoorganizeassessment
QuesYonnaireStudy,SecYon2.5
TheMinistryofEducaYonandResearchhastheoverallresponsibilityfortheadministraYonoftheeducaYonalsystemandforimplemenYngnaYonaleducaYonalpolicy.TheDirectorateforEducaYonandTrainingistheexecuYveorganoftheMinistryandisresponsibleforthedevelopmentofprimaryandsecon-daryeducaYon.IneachofNorway's19counYes,theCountyGovernorrepresentsthecentralgovernmentatregionallevel,contribuYngtotheimplementaYonofnaYonaleducaYonpoliciesinschoolsatalllevels.TheCountyGovernorensuresthatappropriateschoolingisprovidedforyoungpeopleincompliancewithregulaYons,andalsoensurestheprovisionofadequateadulteducaYonfaciliYes.MunicipaliYesareresponsiblefortherunningandadministraYonofprimaryandlowersecondaryschools,whilecounYesareinchargeofuppersecondaryschools.ThisincludesICTinfrastructure,accesstodigitallearningresourcesandlocalstrategiesregardingin-servicetrainingandschoolimprovementforICT.PartoftheresponsibilityisalsotousethenaYonalcurriculumtomakealocalcurriculum.IncontrasttothenaYonalcurriculum,thelocalcurriculumshouldalsoplanouthowthestudentsaretoreachtheoutcome-basedobjecYves.TheNorwegianCentreforICTinEducaYon,establishedinJanuary2010,isanexecuYveagencyoftheMinistryofEducaYonandResearch.Theprimarytasksofthecentrearelinkedtolong-termpolicytargetsfortheeducaYonsector.ThecentrecontributestothedevelopmentandimplementaYonoftheGovernment’seducaYonpolicies,incooperaYonwithrelevantactorsnaYonallyandinternaYonally.QuesYonnaireStudy,SecYon2.3
n/a
Documentation: Questionnaire
2.3ResponsibiliGesfor21stCenturySkillsHowareresponsibiliYesforfor21stCenturySkillsineducaYoninprimaryandlowersecondaryschoolsharedinyourcountry?WhoarethemainactorsandwhataretheirresponsibiliYes?
Atna:onallevel:Na:onalBoardofEduca:on• SetsouttheNa:onalCoreCurriculum• Managesfundingforteachertrainingprograms,infrastructureprojectsandoverallimplementa:onofthecorecurriculum
Regionallevel:municipali:es(ca.98%ofpupils),universitytrainingschoolsandprivateins:tu:ons:• Setoutlocalcurriculumswhichderivesfromthena:onalcorecurriculum• Employerofteachingstaff• TypicallyadministersICTinfrastructure• Decidesuponschoolshoursforchildren,derivingfromna:onalcurriculum.
Local:Schoolsandteachers• Schoolscheduleallocatesworkinghours• Teachingmaterialacquisi:onsaretypicallymadeonschoollevel• Teachersareveryautonomousindecidinghowtoimplementthelocalcurriculumandhowtoorganizeassessment
QuesYonnaireStudy:FinlandSecYon2.5,ResponsibiliYesforICTfor21stCenturySkills
TheFinnisheduca:onsystemiscompletelydecentralized.EuropeanSchoolnetICTinEducaYonCountryReportFinlandSecYon2.2ResponsibiliYes
DocumentaYon:CountryReportsonICTinEdcuaYon(2015)(2011)publishedbyEuropeanSchoolnet,SecYon2.2ResponsibiliYesDocumentaYon:QuesYonnaireStudy,QuesYon2.3ResponsibiliYesfor21stCenturySkills,QuesYon2.5ResponsibiliYesforICTfor21stCenturySkills
Framework
ResponsibilityforICTand21stCenturySkillsinEducaGonareshared
…betweenstate,municipaliYes,schoolsandteachers.
Level: Authority:Parliament AdoptslegislaGonsregardingtheschools
MinistryofEducaGon LaysdownlegislaGonsinexecuGveordersincludingtheoveralleducaGonalgoals
MunicipaliGes Adoptsthefinancialframework,setslocalgoals,supervisestheschools,followuponresults
SchoolCommimee
AdoptsprinciplesfortheacGviGesoftheschoolandapprovestheschoolbudget
School ResponsiblefortheoperaGonofeachschool,makesconcretedecisionsfortheschoolandregardingindividualpupils
Teacher EducaGonischaracterizedbyfreedominthechoiceofmethod
Source:www.kl.dk/English/Municipal-ResponsibiliYes/The-Danish-School-System(cutandpaste)
HowfararetheNordiccountriesinusingICTtoteachchildreninprimaryandlowersecondaryschool21stCenturySkills?
• IntheirnaYonalcurricula,theNordiccountrieshavealreadysuggestedwhatchildrenshouldlearntosucceedinthe21stCentury.
• TheICTinfrastructureseemstobeinplace–theNordiccountriesaretopofclassonanEUscale.
• AlltheNordiccountriesintegratedevelopmentandassess-mentof21stCenturyskillsinacrosscurricularanddecentralizedwayleavinganopportunityspaceforeachlocalgovernment,schoolandteachertounfoldtheregulaYonsandguidelinesintoteachingandlearning.
• Howdowesecurethateverychildinthedecentralized
educaGonalsystemsoftheNordiccountrieshaveequalopportuniGestodevelop21stCenturySkills?
OleSejerIversen&MikkelAskRasmussenAarhusUniversity,[email protected];[email protected]
Thankyou!