Research of analog and digital data sources – for landscape development analysis

Research of analog and digital data sources – for landscape development analysis

Sebastian Kahlert, May 3rd 2007 – FIT 2005 UASESebastian Kahlert, May 3rd 2007 – FIT 2005 UASE

Agenda Agenda

Objective of Research ProjectMaterial and MethodologyHistoric MapsAerial ImagerySatellite ImageryOnline digital Globe SoftwareConclusionTime for your Questions

Objective of Research ProjectObjective of Research Project

Acquirement of data from analogue and digital sources.• preparatory work providing a valuable collection of sources for the analysis

of the moraine landscape development of Gross Ziethen, north-eastern Brandenburg, Germany.

The need for data The need for data

In a time of omnipresent awareness of climate change issues it is important to:» understand the behaviour and characteristics of landscape

dynamics

Landscape analysis provides an inevitable tool for the evaluation and detection of ecological changes in a given area» combines numeric data with visual data such as maps, aerial

photographs & high-resolution satellite imagery.

Relevant Data TypesRelevant Data Types

Analog data Digital data

MAPS:1. Agricultural 2. Biotope 3. Climate 4. Geological 5. Historical 6. Hydrogeological7. Silvicultural 8. Topographic

OTHER:1. Aerial Imagery

1. Aerial Photography2. Geological Maps3. Satellite Imagery4. Topographic Maps

ONLINE DIGITAL GLOBE SOFTWARE

1. Google Earth series2. MS Virtual Earth 3D3. Nasa WW

Material used for ResearchMaterial used for Research

Microsoft Office 2000 ProfessionalMicrosoft Office 2000 Professional

Internet Search Engines, especially Internet Search Engines, especially GoogleGoogle

Copernic Copernic Agent Basic Agent Basic v.6.11 Build 721 distributed by v.6.11 Build 721 distributed by CopernicCopernic Technologies Technologies Inc. Inc.

Different Computer Systems Different Computer Systems

ESRI ESRI ArcGIS ArcGIS 9.19.1

Online Digital Globe Software:Online Digital Globe Software:GoogleGoogle EarthEarth

NASA World Wind v.1.3.NASA World Wind v.1.3.

MS Virtual Earth 3DMS Virtual Earth 3D

The Process of Data AcquisitionThe Process of Data Acquisition

Flowchart illustrating the process of data acquisition (According to Kahlert)

Historic MapsHistoric Maps

Historic maps are outstanding documents of times and great assets for landscape analysis!

Historic maps are outstanding documents of times and great assets for landscape analysis!

Aligning similar historic maps in chronological order may lead to astounding and informative discoveries

regarding landscape alterations due to anthropogenic impacts.

Historic Maps – General OverviewHistoric Maps – General Overview

Oldest Maps available today (17Oldest Maps available today (17thth Century)Century)• Mainly for guidance and military interests • No topographic details• Inaccurate and unsuited for comparison with modern data

Cartographic Work according to Cartographic Work according to SchmettauSchmettau• Midst of 18th Century• First attempt of cartographing Prussia• Application of standardized & uniform principles

• Issued in 1875 under pressure from Prussian economy• Magnitude of Prussian cartography• Superior in detail and accuracy

Prussian Ordnance MapsPrussian Ordnance Maps

Cartographic Work according to SchmettauCartographic Work according to Schmettau

Key factsKey factsSchmettausches Kartenwerk

1. Scale 1:50.000

Blatt Groß-Ziethen

2.

3.

4.

Created by Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Graf von Schmettau - 1767-1787

Covers the former Prussian Territory east of the Weser

Climax of pre-official Prussian cartography – depicts land-use patterns of Prussian era

Prussian Ordnance Maps (Preussische Urmeßtischblätter)Prussian Ordnance Maps (Preussische Urmeßtischblätter)

Key factsKey facts

1. Scale 1:25.000

Cropped part of Prussian Ordnance Map

2.

3.

4.

Part of state surveillance programme guided by M. Müffling

Prussian Ordnance Map

Framework for new nationwide cartographic work

Very rich in detail and large-scale resolution.

Evaluation of Historic MapsEvaluation of Historic Maps

Advantages DisadvantagesDetail Visualization of historic land-use Available from several sources

Complicated digitalizationMissing geo-tag information Obsolete or unknown coordinate systemsTroublesome to impossible geo-referencing

Spatial accuracy

Geo-referencing may lead to warped, distorted images!

Aerial PhotographyAerial Photography

Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Aerial Photography Aerial Photography

Aerial Imagery may substitute satellite imagery

2 types suited for landscape analysis of north-eastern Brandenburg

Russian aerial photographs (analog)Ortophotographs (digital)

“Aerial photographs are reduced, photographic reflections of a part of the earth surface from the bird’s-eye view”

black-and-whiteShot in 1953Scale of 1:50.000Good coverage of BrandenburgEnhanced visibility (few clouds)

black-and-whiteUS combat troops1944-45Scales from 1:9000 – 1.50 KFocus only on areas of militaryconcernLow quality and high cloud cover

Russian PhotographsRussian PhotographsAmerican PhotographsAmerican Photographs

US vs. Russian Imagery US vs. Russian Imagery

Unsuited for landscape analysis! Suited for landscape analysis!

Recorded in 2001Federal State Brandenburg State Surveillance ProjectHigh-resolution 1:1000ColouredSuperior quality

Digital Digital OrtophotosOrtophotos

Digital PhotographsDigital Photographs

Perfect for landscape analysis!

Groß-Ziethen area, Barnim, Brandenburg

Problems related to Aerial Imagery Problems related to Aerial Imagery

Analog Photographs

Scanning of analog Imagery

Post-Processing I.e. correction ofbrigthness and contrast values

Add embedded information about coordinate system

Digital Photographs

Joining of many tiles with ArcGIS is requiredPyramid layers are computed for each tile time consumingCalls for extensive hardware resources, especially lots of RAM

Satellite ImagerySatellite Imagery

Overview and Findings

Multiple sources with identical imageryFree Imagery is of lower qualityNew imagery can be ordered, but is costly

Reasons for scarcity of satellite imagery:

Online data pools controlled by US companiesStorage of data that is vital for US:military, political or scientific interestsImagery of north-eastern Brandenburg is not up-to-date

Online Digital Globe SoftwareOnline Digital Globe Software

Overview and Findings

Is Online Digital Globe Software suited for scientific purposes?

ODG Software features an interactive 3D environment

Combination of aerial photography and satellite imagery

Additional information can be displayed

Easy to work with / uncomplicated GUI

“The new online digital globe systems have opened up new information display possibilities for scientists, who are otherwise too occupied with their work to learn the intricacies of professional GIS software. “ Declan Butler - Nature Magazine

Online Digital Globe SoftwareOnline Digital Globe Software

Google Earth Nasa World Wind MS Virtual Earth 3D

•3D environment

•4 different versions

•Client software

•Extra Infos

•Global Imagery

•Overlays possible

•2D mapping & location servíce

•Webbased

•3D views of cities w. textures

•Suberb imagery for US

•No overlay function

•Commercial Use

•3D environment

•Client software

•Global Imagery

•Overlays possible

•Blue Marble Imagery

•MODIS & GLOBE

•SRTM data

Google Earth vs. MS VE 3DGoogle Earth vs. MS VE 3D

MS Virtual Earth 3D on top/ Google Earth below

Online Digital Globe Software - ConclusionOnline Digital Globe Software - Conclusion

Images consisting of several bands cannot be downloaded!No real-time data as advertised!

Google Earth and NASA World Wind:

» Convert Map to “.KML” with RoboGeo » Overlay function » Elementary landscape analysis possible

ODG software is not really suited for scientific landscape analysis!

No pixel-wise image differencing, classification features

NASA World Wind: http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/NASA_World_Wind_Download

Microsoft Virtual Earth 3D:http://local.live.com/Google Earth: http://earth.google.com

Personal ConclusionPersonal Conclusion

Key FindingsKey Findings

Learned how to acquire data

Adequate amount of analogue and digital data sources forthe setup of a data pool

Assessment of numerous data kinds and sources

Biotope and climate maps are hard to obtain

Satellite Imagery is scarce

Arduos process!

Time foryour Questions & Comments

Time foryour Questions & Comments