Plenary Session 2 :

Nature andCharacteristics of

ResearchSpeaker: JENNIFER REJUSO-JOVITA

SST – IIII, Caraga Regional Science High School

WHY DO WE ASK QUESTIONS?

RESEARCH

Definition of RESEARCH

It is searching for a theory, for testing theory, or for solving a

problem.

It is to search again, to take another more

careful look, to find out more (Selltiz, et.al.,

1976).

It is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth

(Leedy, 1974).

It is a systematic

attempt to provide answers

to questions (Tuckman, 1972).

According to John W. Best: “Research may be defined as the

systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations

that may lead to the developments of generalizations, principles, or theories,

resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control or events.”

Research fills in...

Types of research

Based on

inquiry

Based on

purpose Based on

method

Based on inquiry

Rationalistic

Naturalistic

Begin with an existing theoryFormal instruments are usedFindings are generalizedProblem is converted into dependent and

independent variables after which the researcher develops strategies and instruments to control relationships between and among naturally occurring variables.

Rationalistic

State that we must understand the framework within which the subjects under study interpret their environment to be able to understand human behavior

The individual’s thoughts, values, perceptions and actions are studied.

Naturalistic

Naturalistic involves observing subjects in their natural environment.

Naturalistic

This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is

unrealistic, cost prohibitive or would unduly affect the subject’s

behavior.

Naturalistic

Data Collection Methods :• Tally counts• Observer narratives• Audio or video recordings

Basic/ fundamental

/ pure

Applied/ action

Develop-mental

Based on purpose

Basic/ fundamental

/ pure

* is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new facts, and learn more accurately the characteristics of known without any particular thought as to immediate practical utility.

…seeks to discover basic truths or principles.

BASIC RESEARCH

Also known as action researchDirected towards the practical application of knowledgeTheory may be supported, modified or revised.New theory may even be provided.involves seeking new applications of scientific

knowledge to the solution of a problem such as the development of new system or procedure, new device, or new method, in order to solve the problem.

Applied/ action

…produces knowledge of practical use to man.

APPLIED RESEARCH

This is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.

Often used in engineering and technology areas

Develop-mental

Based on

method

Evaluation

Formative

summative

Descriptive

Qualitative

Case study

Ethnography

content

QuantitativeSurvey

Cross-sectional

longitudinal

Ex-post facto

Correlational

historical

experimental

Field experimental

Quasi experimental

Historical ResearchCritical investigation of events,

developments and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of sources of information on the past and the interpretation of the weighed evidence (Kellinger, 1972)

Data are gathered through the collection of original documents or interviewing eye witnesses.

Descriptive ResearchDescribes the population’s

characteristicsA study where the major emphasis is

on the discovery of ideas and insights (Selltiz, et.al., 1979)

Correlational ResearchInvolves the collection of two or

more sets of data from a group of subjects with the attempt to determine the subsequent relationship between those sets of data (Tuckman, 1972)

Ex Post Facto Research“After the Fact”A systematic empirical inquiry in

which the researcher does not have direct control of the independent variables

Also known as Causal-Comparative Research

Causal-Comparative vs Correlational

Causal-comparative studies attempt to identify cause-effect relationships, correlational studies do not.

Causal-comparative studies involve comparison, correlational studies involve relationship.

Evaluation Research

Judges the value, worth or merit of an existing program

Formative and summative evaluation are applied in training programs, textbooks, manuals or curricula.

Experimental ResearchA study conducted in the

laboratoryInvolves two groups:

Experimental groupControl group

Values of

Research

For the quality of life to progress

To provide solutions to problems

For scientific and technological advancement of the new

millennium

Characteristics of

Research is Empirical, Logical ,

and Cyclical.

Research is analytical and

critical.( a systematic and accurate

investigation)

Research gathers new knowledge and data from primary and

secondary sources.

Primary data are the data collected by the researcher themselves, i.e.

• interview• observation• action research• case studies• life histories• questionnaires• ethnographic research• longitudinal studies

Secondary sources are data that already existsPrevious research :

• Official statistics• Mass media products• Diaries• Letters• Government reports• Web information• Historical data and information

Research is methodical and

replicable.

Research endeavors to organize data in

quantitative (measurable) terms if possible and to

express these data in numerical measures.

Researchers require

courage.

Research is carefully

recorded and reported.

Qualities of a Good Researcher

Research Oriented

Efficient

Scientific

Effective

Active

Resourceful

Creative

Honest

Economical

Religious