Assessing the Validity of CEV Model in Measuring Ethical ...
RESEARCH METHODS: KEY TERMS SECTIONS 1 Hypothesis 2 Variables 3 Sampling Techniques 4 Risk Factors 5...
-
Upload
brent-strickland -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of RESEARCH METHODS: KEY TERMS SECTIONS 1 Hypothesis 2 Variables 3 Sampling Techniques 4 Risk Factors 5...
RESEARCH METHODS: KEY TERMS
SECTIONS1 Hypothesis
2 Variables
3 Sampling Techniques
4 Risk Factors
5 Reliability
6 Validity
7 Ethical Issues
8 Data Collection
Core Studies Loftus & Palmer Maguire
Baron-Cohen Piliavin
Savage-Rumbaugh Reicher & Haslam
Samuel & Bryant Rosenhan
Bandura Thigpen & Cleckley
Freud Griffiths
Dement & Kleitman Milgram
Sperry
KEY TERMSComplete key terms sheet for the following terms.
HYPOTHESIS EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
OPPORTUNITY SAMPLE
VALIDITY
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
SITUATIONAL VARIABLE
INTERVIEWER BIAS INTERNAL VALIDITY
NULL HYPOTHESIS PERSONVARIABLE
EXPERIMENTER BIAS SOCIAL DESIRABILITY
ONE TAILED HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE
RELIABILITY QUALITATIVE DATA
TWO TAILED HYPOTHESIS
CONTROLING EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
S
INTERNAL RELIABILITY
QUANTIATIVE DATA
VARIABLES SAMPLING EXTERNAL RELIABILITY
MEAN
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
RANDOM SAMPLE
EXTERNAL VALIDITY MEDIAN
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
SELF-SELECTED (VOLUNTEER)
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
MODE
HYPOTHESIS•Alternative •Null •One tailed•Two tailed
‘there will be an
effect of x on y’
Experimental (alterative) HypothesisDefinition A statement of the relationship
between the IV and DV
Reasons for using
An alternative to the null hypothesis (accept/reject)
Null HypothesisAn assumption that there is no relationship (difference,
association, etc) in the population from which a sample is taken with respect to the variables being studied.
‘there will be no effect of x
on y’
Directional Hypothesis1 TAILED
Definition Predicts the effect/relationship
Reasons for using
Previous research suggests the direction
Non-directional hypothesis2 TAILED
Definition Does not predict the direction of the effect/relationship
Reasons for using
-Allows for a difference/relationships occurring in either direction-Previous research has been inconclusive
VARIABLES•Independent•Dependent •Situational •Personal•Experimenter•Extraneous
VariablesIndependent
Variable •Manipulated by the experimenter•Create different conditions
Dependent Variable
•Measures the consequence of IV manipulation
INGNEOUS
1. Situational variables are characteristics of the environment in which the experiment is being conducted which may have an effect on the results. The nature of these variables is very much dependent on the nature of the experiment but temperature, time and humidity could all be situational variables.
2. Person or Subject variables are inherent characteristics of the Experimental Unit that might affect outcomes. Hence examples of subject variables might include age, gender and other demographic details (among subjects) and x, y and z (among objects) although this is very much dependent on the object in the experiment.
3. Experimental variables are characteristics of the experimenter or the experimental team which might influence how the experiment is conducted, or how the experimental subject responds/behaves in the experimental setting. There is a wide definition for these variables and they may include age, gender, qualifications, etc.
Controlling EV
It is necessary to control extraneous variables so that results are not undermined by their effect (become confounding):
1. Control: Ensuring that an extraneous variable remains the same for all experimental units in the experiment. This requires that you are aware of the extraneous variable during the design stage and that you can control it.
2. Constant: Balance the variable across experimental groups This enables comparisons to be made between experimental units on the basis of the effect of the variable.
Sampling Method •Random •Self Selected (volunteer) •Opportunity
Sample Definition Selected to be representative of the
population
Evaluation May be biased ,therefore can’t generalise
PopulationDefinition The group of people whom the sample
is drawn
Evaluation May be biased
Random sampling Definition Every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected
Advantage Potentially unbiased Most replicable
Disadvantage Needs to be drawn from a large population to be unbiasedDifficult to obtain
Participants for Psychological
Research
Volunteer Sample Self Selected
Definition •Participants become part of a study by volunteering
Advantage •Access to a variety of participants •Ethically sound
Disadvantage •Volunteer biased•Small sample
Are you available?
Opportunity Sample
Definition Selecting people who are more easily available
Advantage Easy to obtain
Disadvantage Very biasedNot replicable
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH DESIGN
•Control of extraneous variables •Interviewer bias•Experimenter bias •Standardisation
Any variables that change between conditions, other than the IV...
Control of Extraneous Variables
Investigator effect: Anything the investigator does which has an effect on a participant’s performance in a study
other then what was intended.
Interviewer bias The same in an interview situation, through, for example, leading questions and the ‘Green-spoon’ effect
Experimenter bias
The effect of an experimenter’s expectations, communicated unconsciously, on a participant’s behaviour
Standardisation
Instructions Pts told what to do in
exactly the same way.
Procedures Pts treated in exactly
the same way.
Reliability of Measurement•Internal •External
Validity•Internal •External
Kelly (1927) stated that a test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure. For example a test of intelligence should measure intelligence and not something else (such as memory).
Generalisability
The findings of any particular study should apply to the whole
population
Types of Validity
Experimental
Internal
External
MeasureConcurrent
Content
Validity: The legitimacy of a study Internal Validity
The extent to which the a measurement technique measures
what it is supposed to
Reasons for low internal validityDemand Characteristics: Features of an experiment the elicit a particular response form participants.Participant reactivity Extraneous variables not controlled (CV), act as an additional IV.Mundane realism: Do measures used generalise to real life > contribute to external validity
External Validity
Validity outside of the research situation,
extent to which findings can be
generalised
Assessing external validity How representative is the sample of participants of the population to which the results are to be generalised? Population VDo the research setting and situation generalise to a real-life setting or situation? Ecological VDo the findings generalise to the past and to the future? Historical V
Experimental
Internal
Extraneous
Mundane Realism
External
Ecological Validity
Population Validity
Historical Validity
Extraneous Variables
Situational Variables Participant Variables Investigator Effects
Demand CharacteristicsParticipant Effects
Participant reactivity: The fact that participants react to cues in an experimental situation
Hawthorne Effect Increased attention becomes a confounding variable
Demand Characteristics
Features of an experiment that a participant unconsciously, responds to when searching for clues about how to behave. A confounding variable.
Social Desirability bias
The desire to appear favourably
Validity of Psychological Measure
Concurrent Validity
How well does the measure agree with existing measures?- Test using old and new tests
Content Validity
Does the method used actually seem to measure what you intended? - Use a panel of experts
Measure
Concurrent
Content
Ethical Issues •Right to withdraw•Confidentiality •Protection from harm •Informed consent
Dealing with Ethical Issues
Presumptive…
A
B
C
Prior…
Dealing with informed consent
• Presumptive consent: Ask for others’ opinion and presume participants feel the same way.
• Prior general consent: Get participants to agree to take part in a number of studies, one of which they will be deceived in.
Dealing with Ethical Issues
Dealing with deception
• Debriefing: Inform participants of true nature of the study after it is conducted and allow them to discuss their feelings.
• Right to withhold information
• Cost and benefits: Deception is acceptable if the benefits are sufficient.
Dealing with Ethical Issues
Dealing with protection from psychological harm
• Anticipating harm and stopping
• Using role-play
• Use of questionnaires: Ask people how they would behave.
• Debriefing
Data• Types: Quantitative & Qualitative • Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode• Graphical representations
Data Collection Quantitative
Data Easy to analysis
Produces neat conclusions
Oversimplifies reality
Qualitative Data
Represents the complexity of human behaviour
Provides rich data
More difficult to detect patterns and reach conclusions
Subjective, affected by personal expectations and beliefs
2,4,4,5,6,6,7,78,8,8,8,8
9,10,11,11,12
Measures of Central Tendency Mean: Add
values, divide by number of
values
Makes use of all the data
Can be misrepresentative if there are extreme values.
Median: Middle value in an
ordered list
Not affected by extreme scores
Not as ‘sensitive’ as the mean
Mode: The most common value(s)
The mist common value(s)
Not useful when there are several modes
Graphs & Charts
Histogram Graph showing continuous frequency data with a true zero e.g Exam results 0-30marks
Bar Charts Graph showing frequency data; data need not be continuous e.g. Categories
Scattergraph For correlations. Scatter of dots; each dot represent one case