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Lecture Slide 01 :

Research Methodology

Narsito

Department of Chemistry

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesGadjah Mada University

Jogjakarta

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Introduction

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What is scientific research?

Scientific research is a systematic consecutive process tosolve problems using scientific method, with an objectiveto find explanation (theoretical description) governingthe problem(s).

A scientific research is usually directed to meet thefollowing objective(s) :

(i) finding new explanation (theoretical description),

related to the problem(s) being investigated.(ii) examining, applying and/or developing existing

explanation (theoretical description), related to theproblem(s) being investigated.

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Scientific Method

What is the scientific method?

The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach tothe solution of a scientific problem.

It includes several steps, i.e. : problem identification,hypothesis development, design and carry out steps orprocedures to test the hypothesis, and documentingobservations and findings to share with someone else in

order to develop theories.In other words, it is a way to solve a problem.

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The scientific method is a tool that helps scientists tosolve problems and determine answers to questions in alogical format (or framework).

It provides step-by-step directions to help us workthrough the problems, called the formal steps ofscientific method :

1. Observations

2. Problem Identification

3. Hypothesis Formulation

4. Experiments : Design & Execution

5. Conclusions

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Scientific Method

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What is CHEMISTRY?

CHEMISTRY IS THE SCIENCE OF MATTERSAND THEIR CHANGES, RELATED TO :

- Structure- Composition

- Properties- Energy

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY :is the study of organic compounds andtheir reactions, related to structure,composition, properties, and energy.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY :

is the study of inorganic compounds andtheir reactions, related to structure,composition, properties, and energy.

CHEMISTRY

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY,ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,

& BIOCHEMISTRY

The Scope of Chemistry :

ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY

PHYSICALCHEMISTRY

THEORETICAL DEVICES EXPERIMENTAL DEVICES

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Physical Chemistry

Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic,subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemicalsystems in terms of physical laws and concepts.

Physical chemistry applies the principles, practices andconcepts of physics, especially thermodynamics,quantum mechanics and dynamics.

Physical chemistry deals with physical principles and

concepts related to bulk rather than to molecular/atomicstructure alone; for example, chemical equilibrium andkinetics.

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Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation,identification, and quantification of chemical componentsof natural and artificial materials.

Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity ofthe chemical species in the sample and

Quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or

more of these components. The separation ofcomponents is often performed prior to analysis.

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Analytical methods can be classified into : (1) classicalmethods and (2) instrumental methods :

CLASSICAL METHODS (also known as wet chemistrymethods) use separations such as precipitation,extraction, and distillation and qualitative analysis by

color, odor, or melting point. Quantitative analysis isachieved by measurement of weight or volume.

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS use an apparatus tomeasure physical quantities of the analytes such as light

absorption, fluorescence, or conductivity. The separationof materials is accomplished using chromatography orelectrophoresis methods.

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ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY

PHYSICALCHEMISTRY

THEORETICALDEVICES

EXPERIMENTALDEVICES

EXPERIMENTALFACTS & OBSERVATION

THEORETICALEXPLANATION

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Kornhauser (1981)

It is not chemistry if we only learn theorieswithout facts.

It is not science if we learn only facts withoutlearning theories.

In chemistry, theories must not replace facts, but

they should explain them.

Knowledge and Science

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AlchemyThe Kowledge of Observation

How did alchemist lay the groundwork for chemistry?

Alchemists developed the tools andtechniques for working with

chemicals. Alchemists developed processes for

separating mixtures and purifyingchemicals.

They designed equipment that isstill in use today including beakers,flasks, tongs, funnels, and themortar and pestle.

Mortar and Pestle

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ChemistryA Science of Measurement

How does Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?

Lavoisier transform chemistryfrom a knowledge of observation

to the science of measurementthat it is today.

Lavoisier designed a balance thatcould measure mass to the

nearest 0.0005 gram.

He also showed that oxygen isrequired for a material to burn.

Lavoisiers Laboratory : After

reconstruction

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What do scientists do?

Scientists have to take the time to think logically whenthey are investigating a scientific problem.

Scientists have to break things down into many stepsthat make sense.

Scientists have to develop a question, gatherinformation and formulate a hypothesis.

Scientists have to create and conduct experiments in

order to test their hypothesis. Scientists have to share their experiments and findings

with others.

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What is the key of scientificexperiments?

A key to experiments is observing what happens andwriting it down. Gathering information or data anddocumenting it so it is readableand makes sensetoothers is really important.

Once a scientist completes an experiment, they oftenrepeat it to see if they get the same findings andresults. This is really what often called verification (orchecking things out) to make sure that everything wasvalid and will happen again and again.

That is why scientists have to share their experimentsand findings with others. In that way, scientists canlearn from each other and often use someone elsesexperiences to help them with what they are studying.

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Scientific Method : Practical Steps

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THINK LAST

DO IT AFTERWARD

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Steps of Scientific Method

Problem

Hypothesis

Search

ExperimentDesign & Execution

Conclusions

Observation

THINK FIRST

Design

Inductive

Analysis

InductiveAnalysis

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The Scientific World

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Scientific Method in The Development of Science

Question

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Scientific Laws :

A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes andgeneralized the results of many observations andexperiments. It doesnt try only to explain, but it describes,the relationship. An explanation requires a theory.

Scientific Theories :Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experiments,it may become a theory.

A Scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set ofobservations.

A Scientific theory may need to be changed (revised) at somepoint in the future to explain other new observations orexperimental results.

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The Scientific Method :

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Monographs

Textbooks Handbooks

Annual Reports

Encyclopedies

Periodicals : Original Papers, Review PapersSeminar Proceedings : Papers & Posters

Scientific Works: Research Reports, Thesis

Scientific World

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EGYPT

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EGYPT

CHINA

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CHINAEUROPE

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CHINAEUROPEAMERICA

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Thank You