Research Methodology

36
Research Methodology Abdulelah Nuqali Intern

description

Research Methodology. Abdulelah Nuqali Intern. Research. Anatomy. Physiology. What it’s made of. How it works. Anatomy. What it’s made of. Anatomy. The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Research Methodology

Page 1: Research Methodology

Research MethodologyAbdulelah NuqaliIntern

Page 2: Research Methodology

Research

Anatomy PhysiologyWhat it’s made of How it works

Page 3: Research Methodology

AnatomyWhat it’s made of

Page 4: Research Methodology

Anatomy•The structure of a research project is set

out in its protocol•Which is helping the investigator to

organize her/his research in a logical, focused, and efficient way

Page 5: Research Methodology

Outline of the Study Protocol•Research questions•Background and significance•Design•Subjects•Variables•Statistical issues

Page 6: Research Methodology

Should people eat more fish?

Research questions

Page 7: Research Methodology

How often do Saudi people eat fish?

Research questions

Page 8: Research Methodology

Does eating fish lower the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Research questions

Page 9: Research Methodology

Do fish oil supplements have the same effects on cardiovascular disease as dietary fish?

Research questions

Page 10: Research Methodology

Good Research question

FINER

interesting

novel

ethicalrelevant

feasible

Page 11: Research Methodology
Page 12: Research Methodology

New Questions Arise

Results Interpreted

Data Collected

Question Identified

Hypotheses Formed

Research Plan

Closed-loop conceptualization of the research process (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996)

Page 13: Research Methodology

Descriptive Analytical

Observational

Cross Sectional

Case Series

Case Report

Randomized Clinical Trial

Cohort

Case-Control

Study Design

Experimental

Page 14: Research Methodology

Descriptive

Observational

Page 15: Research Methodology

•Analytical study of multiple patients•“ rare” phenomenon occurring multiple times

Case Series

Page 16: Research Methodology

•Analytical study of one patient•Detailed profile of a “ rare” presentation or unusual side effect of drug

Case Report

Page 17: Research Methodology

•A descriptive survey •One to one questionnaire, Email, telephone, online

Cross Sectional

Page 18: Research Methodology

Example:•You interview subjects about current and past history of fish intake and correlates results with history of CHD

Page 19: Research Methodology

Advantages of a cross sectional study•Cheap•Fast•Simple

Page 20: Research Methodology

Disadvantages of a cross sectional study

•Failing to take time•Biases:Selection biasInformation biasConfounding bias

Page 21: Research Methodology

Analytical

Observational

Page 22: Research Methodology

Note:•Exposure = Risk Factor

•Outcome = Disease

Page 23: Research Methodology

Case-Control

Page 24: Research Methodology

Example:•You examine a group of patients with

CHD and compares them with a group who did not have CHD (the controls), asking about past fish intake

CHD

NoCHD

High fish

intake

Low fish

intake

Page 25: Research Methodology

Cohort

Page 26: Research Methodology

Example:•The investigator measures fish intake at

baseline and periodically examines subjects at follow-up visits to see if those who eat more fish have fewer coronary heart disease (CHD) events

CHD

NoCHD

High fish

intake

Low fish

intake

Page 27: Research Methodology

Randomized Clinical Trials

Experimental

Page 28: Research Methodology

Randomized Clinical Trial

Page 29: Research Methodology

Example:•You randomly assign subjects to receive

fish oil supplements or placebo, then follows both treatment groups for several years to observe the incidence of CHD

Page 30: Research Methodology

Randomized designs•Methods of randomization:– Several choices, from “flipping a coin” to

stratified randomization•Blinding/masking:– Participant, study investigator (and

anybody else involved in follow-up)– Ideally, double-blinded

Page 31: Research Methodology
Page 32: Research Methodology

PhysiologyHow it works

Page 33: Research Methodology

Physiology•Internal validity•External validity (also called generalizability)

Page 34: Research Methodology

The Last Slide•Can I do research?

Yes•How?Assemble a research teamAsk a general questionDo a literature searchAsk a good research questionFind a mentorConduct your research project

Page 35: Research Methodology
Page 36: Research Methodology

Thank you

@abdulelahnuqali

[email protected]

abdulelahn.blogspot.com