Research Methodology
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Transcript of Research Methodology
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Research MethodologyAbdulelah NuqaliIntern
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Research
Anatomy PhysiologyWhat it’s made of How it works
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AnatomyWhat it’s made of
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Anatomy•The structure of a research project is set
out in its protocol•Which is helping the investigator to
organize her/his research in a logical, focused, and efficient way
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Outline of the Study Protocol•Research questions•Background and significance•Design•Subjects•Variables•Statistical issues
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Should people eat more fish?
Research questions
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How often do Saudi people eat fish?
Research questions
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Does eating fish lower the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Research questions
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Do fish oil supplements have the same effects on cardiovascular disease as dietary fish?
Research questions
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Good Research question
FINER
interesting
novel
ethicalrelevant
feasible
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New Questions Arise
Results Interpreted
Data Collected
Question Identified
Hypotheses Formed
Research Plan
Closed-loop conceptualization of the research process (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996)
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Descriptive Analytical
Observational
Cross Sectional
Case Series
Case Report
Randomized Clinical Trial
Cohort
Case-Control
Study Design
Experimental
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Descriptive
Observational
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•Analytical study of multiple patients•“ rare” phenomenon occurring multiple times
Case Series
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•Analytical study of one patient•Detailed profile of a “ rare” presentation or unusual side effect of drug
Case Report
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•A descriptive survey •One to one questionnaire, Email, telephone, online
Cross Sectional
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Example:•You interview subjects about current and past history of fish intake and correlates results with history of CHD
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Advantages of a cross sectional study•Cheap•Fast•Simple
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Disadvantages of a cross sectional study
•Failing to take time•Biases:Selection biasInformation biasConfounding bias
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Analytical
Observational
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Note:•Exposure = Risk Factor
•Outcome = Disease
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Case-Control
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Example:•You examine a group of patients with
CHD and compares them with a group who did not have CHD (the controls), asking about past fish intake
CHD
NoCHD
High fish
intake
Low fish
intake
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Cohort
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Example:•The investigator measures fish intake at
baseline and periodically examines subjects at follow-up visits to see if those who eat more fish have fewer coronary heart disease (CHD) events
CHD
NoCHD
High fish
intake
Low fish
intake
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Randomized Clinical Trials
Experimental
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Randomized Clinical Trial
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Example:•You randomly assign subjects to receive
fish oil supplements or placebo, then follows both treatment groups for several years to observe the incidence of CHD
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Randomized designs•Methods of randomization:– Several choices, from “flipping a coin” to
stratified randomization•Blinding/masking:– Participant, study investigator (and
anybody else involved in follow-up)– Ideally, double-blinded
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PhysiologyHow it works
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Physiology•Internal validity•External validity (also called generalizability)
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The Last Slide•Can I do research?
Yes•How?Assemble a research teamAsk a general questionDo a literature searchAsk a good research questionFind a mentorConduct your research project
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