Research Methodology

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei 5 - 1

Chapter 5

The Research ProcessSteps 4 and 5: Theoretical Framework

Hypothesis Development


RESEARCH GUIDELINE

(2)PRELIMINARY

DATAGATHERINGInterviewing

Literature Survey

(1)OBSERVATION

Broad area ofresearch interest

identified

(3)PROBLEM

DEFINITIONResearch Problem

Delineated

(4)THEORETICALFRAMEWORK

Variables clearlyidentified and

labeled

(5)GENERATION

OFHYPOTHESES

(7)DATA

COLLECTIONANALYSIS,

ANDINTERPRETA-

TION

(8)DEDUCTION

Hypothesessubstantiated?

Research questionanswred?

(6)SCIENTIFICRESEARCH

DESIGN


The Need for a Theoretical Framework

• Variables– Is anything that can take on differing or varying values.

– The values can differ at various times for the same objector person, or the values can differ at the same time fordifferent objects or persons. I.e., exam scores, motivation.

• Dependent Variable– The variable of primary interest to the researcher to

understand and describe the dependent variable, or toexplain its variability, or predict it.

• Independent Variable– Influences the dependent variable in either a positive or a

negative way.


• Moderating Variable– The one that has a strong contingent effect on the

independent variable-dependent variable relationship.

• Intervening Variable– The one that surfaces between the time the independent

variables operate to influence the dependent variable andtheir impact on the dependent variable.

The Need for a Theoretical Framework


Theoretical Framework

• The foundation on which the entire research projectis based.

• It is logically developed, described and elaboratednetwork of associations among the variablesrelevant to the problem situation identified throughsuch processes as interviews, observations andliterature survey.

• The literature survey provides a solid foundation fordeveloping the theoretical framework.


Five Basic Features Incorporated inTheoretical Framework.

1. The variables considered relevant to the studyshould be clearly identified and labeled.

2. The discussions should state how two or morevariables are related to one another.

3. If the nature and direction of the relationships canbe theorized from previous research, then thediscussions whether the relationships would bepositive or negative should be stated.

4. A clear explanation of why we wold expect theserelationships to exist.

5. A schematic diagram of theoretical frameworkshould be given.


Hypotheses Development

• Hypothesis

– A logically conjectured relationship between twoor more variables expressed in the form oftestable statement.

• If-Then Statements

– To examine whether or not the conjecturedrelationships or differences exist, thesehypotheses can be set as propositions or in theform of if-then statements.


Directional and NondirectionalHypotheses

• Directional Hypotheses

– Stating the relationship between two variables orcomparing two groups, such as positive,negative, mote than, less than, etc.

– The direction of the relationship betweenvariables (positive/negative) is indicated.

• Nondirectional Hypotheses

– Do postulate a relationship or difference, butoffer no indication of the direction of thesesrelationships or differences.


Null and Alternate Hypotheses

• Null Hypotheses

– A proposition that states a definitive , exactrelationship between two variables.

– The null statement is expressed as no (significant)relationship between two variables or no (significant)difference between two groups.

• Alternate Hypotheses

– The alternate statement is expressed that there is asignificant difference between groups or that there isa significant relationship between variableshypothesized.


The Steps to be followed inHypothesis Testing

1. State the null and the alternate hypotheses.

2. Choose the appropriate statistical test depending onwhether the data collected are parametric ornonparametric.

3. Determine the level of significance desired.

4. See if the output results from computer analysis indicatethat the significance level is met. This critical valuedemarcates the region of rejection from the region ofacceptance of the null hypothesis.

5. When the resultant value is larger than the critical value,the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternateaccepted. If the calculated value is less than the criticalvalue, the null is accepted and the alternate rejected.


FIGURE 5.1

New Product

Success

Stock Market

Price

Independent Variable Dependent Variable


FIGURE 5.1

Managerial

values

Powerdistance

Independent Variable Dependent Variable


FIGURE 5.3a

Number of Books Reading abilities

Independent variable Dependent variable


FIGURE 5.3b

Number of Books Reading abilities


Parents’ literacy

Moderating variable


FIGURE 5.4

Workforce diversity Organizationaleffectiveness


Managerialexpertise

Moderating variable


FIGURE 5.5a

Wil

ling

ness

tole

arn

Training programsGrowth needs


FIGURE 5.5b

Wil

ling

ness

tole

arn

Training programsGrowth needs

Effects for those high

in growth needs

Effects for those low

in growth needs


FIGURE 5.6

Workforce diversity Creativesynergy

Organizationaleffectiveness

Independentvariable

Intervening

variable

Dependent

variable

Time: t1 t2 t3


FIGURE 5.7

Workforcediversity

Creativesynergy

Organizationaleffectiveness

Independentvariable

Intervening

variable

Dependent

variable

Time: t1 t2 t3

Managerialexpertise

Moderating variable


FIGURE 5.8

Communication amongcockpit members


Communication betweenground control and cockpitCommunication between

ground control and cockpit

Decentralization

Training of cockpit crew

Air-safetyviolations



FIGURE 5.9





Decentralization

Training of cockpit crew


Independent variable Intervening variable

Nervousness& diffidenceNervousness& diffidence

Dependent variable


FIGURE 5.10





Decentralization


Independent variable Intervening variable

Dependent

variable

Training


FIGURE 5.11

Sex-role stereotyping

Advancement ofwomen to the topAdvancement ofwomen to the top

Access to information



EXERCISE 5.11: SEMANTIC DIAGRAM

QUICK & CORRECT DIAGNOSIS

PEACE & QUIET

FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS

REST

RECOVERY

STAGE OFCANCER

STAGE OFCANCER

IND.V INT.V M.V D.V


EXERCISE 5.13: SEMANTIC DIAGRAM

SKILLS REQUIRED BY JOB

REWARDS

VALENCE OFREWARDS

SATISFACTION

MOTIVATION

PERFORMANCE

IND.Vs INT.V M.Vs D.V


TRANSPARENCY 5A

PAY

PHYSICALENVIRONMENT

DEDICATIONDEDICATION

TEACHERS’STRIKE

I.Vs M.V D.V


TRANSPARENCY 5B

PAY

DRINKING

ABSENTEEISM

TOLERANCEFOR LIQUORTOLERANCEFOR LIQUOR

IND.Vs INT.VsM.V D.V

HANGOVER

LETHARGY


TRANSPARENCY 5C

JOB LEVEL

PRIDE WORKINGFOR ORGANIZATION

LENGTH OFSERVICE

AGE LOYALTY

JOB HOPPINGLUST FOR

JOB HOPPING

ORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENT

IND.VsM.V

INT.V

D.V


TRANSPARENCY 5D

N. ACH

WORK ETHIC

MOTIVATIONJOB

INVOLVEMENT

IND.Vs INT.V D.V


TRANSPARENCY 5E

UNDERSTANDINGSTUDENT NEEDS

EXAM DIFFICULTY

IN-CLASS EXAMPLESAND EXERCISES

TEACHINGSTRATEGIES

STRESS

STUDENTUNDERSTANDING

EXTRA-LEVELSKILLS

EXAMPERFORMANCE

IND.Vs D.VINT.Vs

M.V


TRANSPARENCY 5FFACTORS INFLUENCING DECISION

TO PURCHASE A PRODUCT

QUALITY

BRAND NAME

FLET NEED(FOR PRODUCT)

PRICE

LOYALTYBRAND

LOYALTY

PURCHASEDECISION

IND.Vs INT.V M.V D.V

CONFIDENCECONSUMER

CONFIDENCE


TRANSPARENCY 5GFACTORS AFFECTING COUPON

REDEMPTION RATES

DISTRIBUTIONMETHOD

PACKAGING

ADVERTISING

SIZE OF PURCHASEREQUIRE TO

REDEEM COUPON

CONSUMER

PRODUCT

CONSUMERNEED FOR THE

PRODUCT

COUPONREDEMPTION

IND.Vs M.V D.V


TRANSPARENCY 5HFACTORS AFFECTING AUDITOR SELECTION

BY COMPANIES

REPUTATION OFCPA FIRM

PROXIMITYOF FIRM

SERVICEQUALITY

FEES CHARGED

INTERACTIONS

SIZE OFBUSINESS

AUDITORSELECTION

IND.Vs INT.V D.VM.V


TRANSPARENCY 5IFACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR THE VARIANCE

IN BAD DEBTS

CREDIT POLICY

MONITORING OFRECEIVABLES

PAY-OUT PERIOD(ON INSTALMENT LOANS)

CUSTOMERSCLASS OF

CUSTOMERS

SLACKING OFFON PAYMENTSSLACKING OFFON PAYMENTS

BADDEBTS

IND.VsM.V

INT.V

D.V


TRANSPARENCY 5JIMPORTANT FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE

THE NET PROFITS OF A FIRM

SALES

TAXES

INTEREST PAYMENTS

ADMINISTRATIVE &SELLING EXPENSES

MATERIALS COSTS

LABOR COSTS

IND.Vs

NETPROFIT

D.V


TRANSPARENCY 5KFACTORS INFLUENCING STOCK VALUE

SUSTAINEDEARNINGS

DIVIDENDS

MANAGERIALCOMPETENCE

GROWTH PROSPECTSBELIEF IN

GROWTH PROSPECTS

EXPECTATION THATTHE DIVIDEND POLICY

WILL BE MAINTAIN

STOCKVALUE

IND.Vs

M.V

D.V

INT.V

Research Methodology

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