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Transcript of Research in Communications In celebration of Ronald C. Davidson’s 40 Years of Plasma Physics...
Research in Communications
In celebration of Ronald C. Davidson’s40 Years of Plasma Physics Research and
Graduate Education
Adam T. DrobotTelcordia Technologies, Inc.
Piscataway, NJ 08854
Princeton Plasma Physics LaboratoryPrinceton, NJ12 June 2007
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 2
Agenda
Introduction
Background
Technologies
Research
– Mobile Systems
– Advanced Optical
– Software
Introduction
Background
Technologies
Research
– Mobile Systems
– Advanced Optical
– Software
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 3
Introduction
The Communication Industry– Size – $2.7 Trillion worldwide, $0.9T U.S.
– Complexity Wireline, Wireless, Cable, Fiber, Satellite,
Powerline…
Voice, Data, Video…
– Pervasiveness – Global system with 1B+ subscribers
Convergence– Delivery of any service over any device or
network, to any location, using common infrastructure
The Communication Industry– Size – $2.7 Trillion worldwide, $0.9T U.S.
– Complexity Wireline, Wireless, Cable, Fiber, Satellite,
Powerline…
Voice, Data, Video…
– Pervasiveness – Global system with 1B+ subscribers
Convergence– Delivery of any service over any device or
network, to any location, using common infrastructure
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 4
Introduction
Networks – Core, Regional, Metro, LocalNetworks – Core, Regional, Metro, Local
Metro
Regional
Core
Local
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 5
Introduction
The Communication Industry
Drivers– New Services– Efficiency of Operations– Deployment of Capital
Direction– Applications and Services– IMS – IP Multimedia Subsystem– Mediating Middleware and Core Capabilities– Networks and Devices
The Communication Industry
Drivers– New Services– Efficiency of Operations– Deployment of Capital
Direction– Applications and Services– IMS – IP Multimedia Subsystem– Mediating Middleware and Core Capabilities– Networks and Devices
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 6
BackgroundBroadband Users per 100 pop. in 2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per Capita
Bro
ad
ba
nd
Us
ers
pe
r 1
00
po
p 2
00
0
Czeck.
TaiwanU.S
Lux.
ChinaIndia
Korea
Myanmar
Canada
Size shows population
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 7
BackgroundBroadband Users per 100 pop. in 2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per Capita
Bro
ad
ba
nd
Us
ers
pe
r 1
00
po
p 2
00
3
Taiwan
Japan
U.S
Denmark
Lux.
ChinaIndia
Korea
Myanmar
Niger
Estonia
Malta
Canada
QatarCzeck.
Size shows population
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 8
BackgroundBroadband Users per 100 pop. in 2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per Capita
Bro
ad
ba
nd
Us
ers
pe
r 1
00
po
p 2
00
5
Taiwan Japan
U.S
Denmark
Lux.
ChinaIndia
Korea
Myanmar
Niger
Estonia
Malta
Canada
Qatar
Czeck.
Size shows population
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 9
BackgroundInternet Users per 100 pop. in 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per Capita
Inte
rnet
Use
rs p
er 1
00 p
op
. 200
0
Size shows population
Lux.
Taiwan
Japan
U.S
Denmark
ChinaIndia
Korea
Niger
Qatar
Iceland
Czeck.
Russia
Malaysia
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 10
BackgroundInternet Users per 100 pop. in 2003
0
20
40
60
80
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per Capita
Inte
rnet
Use
rs p
er 1
00 p
op
. 200
3
Size shows population
Lux.
Myanmar
Taiwan
Japan
U.S
Denmark
ChinaIndia
Korea
Niger
Qatar
Iceland
Czeck.
Russia
Malaysia
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 11
BackgroundInternet Users per 100 pop. in 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per Capita
Inte
rnet
Use
rs p
er 1
00 p
op
. 200
5
Size shows population
Lux.
Myanmar
Taiwan
JapanU.S
Denmark
ChinaIndia
Korea
Niger
Qatar
Malaysia
Russia
Czeck.
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 12
Technologies
Basic Ingredients Computing & Processing Storage & Retrieval Networks & Interconnects
– Wired, Optical, Cable, Wireless
Software & Architectures Displays & User Devices Information & Content
Basic Ingredients Computing & Processing Storage & Retrieval Networks & Interconnects
– Wired, Optical, Cable, Wireless
Software & Architectures Displays & User Devices Information & Content
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 13
Ref: http://wi-fizzle.com/compsci/ and Intel
CPU Speed (Intel)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Maximum Intel CPU Speed (IA-32) vs. TimeC
PU
Sp
eed
(G
Hz)
Dual core
Quad core
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 14
Chip Evolution
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-012Fall2003/CourseHome/index.htm
1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
Tra
ns
isto
rs /
Ch
ip
Co
st
/ bit
(1
99
5 $
’s)
Co
st /
fun
ctio
n
DRAMcost / bitmicroprocessor
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 15
Memory:Price per Mb vs. Year (HD & RAM)
http://www.freewebs.com/adipor/Conclusion.pdf
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law
Moore’s LawDigital Cameras
Pix
els
per
Dol
lar
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
10,000
1,000
100
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 17
1.E-08
1.E-06
1.E-04
1.E-02
1.E+00
1.E+02
1890-1899
1900-1909
1910-1919
1920-1929
1930-1939
1940-1949
1950-1959
1960-1969
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-2000
2001-2010
MIPS
0.0001
0.01
1
100
10000
1000000
100000000
ComputingSpeed and Cost
CostSpeed$M per
MIP
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 18
StorageCapacity and Cost
Sources: IDC, "1999 Winchester Disk Drive Market Forecast and Review,“ Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2000*Telcordia projected capacity 1988-1994 & costs 2003-2010.
PetabytesShipped
Cost perGigabyte
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008$0.01
$0.10
$1.00
$10.00
$100.00
$1,000.00
$10,000.00
$100,000.00
Cost *
Capacity *
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 19
Moore’s Law
20051985 199019801970 1975 1995 2000
40048008
8086
8080
286
386
486
PentiumP2
P3P4
ItaniumItanium 2
# transistors
1,000,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
4004
Pentium 4
Bus Control
L2 Data Cache
L2 Data CacheOp Scheduling
Ren
amin
g
Trace Cache
DecodeFetch
Inte
ger
Cor
eFPUMMX/SSE
Moore’s Law: From single transistors to CMP
Itanium 2
Integer CoreFloating Point
MIT/IBM Raw
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 20
Content DeliveryQuantity and Cost (USA 1960 2007)
Cost of transmitting 1000 words (1972 dollars)
Trillionwords
transmittedper year
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
RadioTV
CATV
MoviesPhone
DataCommunication
FAX
Telegram
0.001¢ 0.01¢ 0.1¢ 1¢ 10¢ $1 $10 $100
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 21
Software ComplexitySize of Linux Kernel across Releases
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1995 2000 2005 2010
Meg
abyt
es
Release Date
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 22
Integration Level
1970 1980 19901960 20001950 2010 2020
SoftwareIntegration Level
Year
NumericalLibraries
WebServices
WebServices
UnixSoftware
Tools
SingleFunctions
Autonomous Software
ClassLibraries
Agents
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 23
Research•Mobility•Ubiquity
•Speed•Bandwidth
• Immediacy•Relevance
5G and 6GService Networks
3G and 4G Networks
Physical Sciences
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 24
Research
1. Wireless 1. Wireless
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 25
MIMO Systems(Multiple Input Multiple Output Antenna Arrays)
Application of signal processing expertise to achieve up to ten-fold bandwidth increase for existing wireless spectrum.
Application of signal processing expertise to achieve up to ten-fold bandwidth increase for existing wireless spectrum.
Transmitter Rx ReceiverMultipathChannel
•Feedback
Transmitter Rx ReceiverMultipathChannel
•Feedback
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 26
MIMO Systems
MIMO Basics– MIMO Capacity
– Uninformed vs Informed Transmitter MIMO
– Feedback and MIMO
Advanced MIMO Receivers– Achieving Near-ML Performance: Space Time Bit Interleaved
Coded Modulation & Iterative Detection
– Soft Cancellation
MIMO Measurements– Channel Phenomenology
– High Spectral Efficiency Communications
Cognitive Adaptive MIMO Testbed– Adaptive/Cognitive Behavior
MIMO Basics– MIMO Capacity
– Uninformed vs Informed Transmitter MIMO
– Feedback and MIMO
Advanced MIMO Receivers– Achieving Near-ML Performance: Space Time Bit Interleaved
Coded Modulation & Iterative Detection
– Soft Cancellation
MIMO Measurements– Channel Phenomenology
– High Spectral Efficiency Communications
Cognitive Adaptive MIMO Testbed– Adaptive/Cognitive Behavior
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 27
MIMOChannelTransmitter Receiver
1,10,1
1,00,0
trr
t
NNN
N
hh
hh
H
1,10,1
1,00,0
trr
t
NNN
N
hh
hh
H
Element hm,n represents the complex channel between transmit antenna n and receive antenna m. H is generally a function of frequency and time.
Nt transmit antennas
Nr receive antennas
For a narrowband transmitted signal, we can express the relationship between the signals on the transmit antennas and the received signals via the matrix H.
MIMO Systems
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 28
MIMO Systems
Develop high spectral efficiency adaptive multi-user MIMO for practical communications. Advanced signal processing enables MIMO at low-to-moderate SNR in the presence of interference and mobility.
MIMO will be will allow exchange of data at extremely high rates in bandwidth limited channels with sensitivity to power limitations and LPI/LPD constraints
Develop high spectral efficiency adaptive multi-user MIMO for practical communications. Advanced signal processing enables MIMO at low-to-moderate SNR in the presence of interference and mobility.
MIMO will be will allow exchange of data at extremely high rates in bandwidth limited channels with sensitivity to power limitations and LPI/LPD constraints
Application of signal processing expertise to achieve up to ten-fold bandwidth increase for existing wireless spectrum.
Application of signal processing expertise to achieve up to ten-fold bandwidth increase for existing wireless spectrum.
Telcordia’s MIMO measurement system – 8 element 450 MHz – 3 GHz dual polarized array is shown.
Telcordia’s MIMO measurement system – 8 element 450 MHz – 3 GHz dual polarized array is shown.
Performance curves from over-the-air measurements showing zero BER operation at 25.6 bps/Hz.
Performance curves from over-the-air measurements showing zero BER operation at 25.6 bps/Hz.
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 29
MIMO Systems
Alpha = 0.75 Alpha = 0.77
2177 MHz
Alpha = 0.63 Alpha = 0.66
Configuration A(Vert Pol to Vert Pol)
Configuration B(Compact X-Pol)
LO
S L
ink
(100
m,
Sce
nario
1)
NL
OS
Lin
k(5
8 m
, S
cena
rio 5
)
V-pol ArrayV-pol Array Compact X-pol ArrayCompact X-pol Array
Demonstration of a 25 information bps/Hz link using an 8x8 MIMO system in Spring 2005
This work was supported by the Army Research Laboratory C&N CTA
Demonstration of a 25 information bps/Hz link using an 8x8 MIMO system in Spring 2005
This work was supported by the Army Research Laboratory C&N CTA
Iterative Detection ResultsIterative Detection Results
Using Telcordia’s ST-BICOM iterative detection receiver, which incorporates soft cancellation, multiple-layer iterative detection, we were able to demonstrate very high spectral efficiency at moderate SNRs.
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 30
Research
2. Optical 2. Optical
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 31
Example: OCDMA –for Future Access Networks
Development and demonstration of prototype OCDMA hardware technologies, coding schemes and transmission systems operating up to 10 Gbit/s, with high spectral efficiency.
Anticipated application of OCDMA technologies to high security environments, and to high-bandwidth PON’s.
OCDMA-PON’s support the same maximum number of users with fewer lambdas than WDM, with the ability to gracefully add bandwidth and users to the network.
Final phase of the program is a lab demonstration of a hybrid synchronous-downstream, asynchronous upstream OCDMA PON.
Development and demonstration of prototype OCDMA hardware technologies, coding schemes and transmission systems operating up to 10 Gbit/s, with high spectral efficiency.
Anticipated application of OCDMA technologies to high security environments, and to high-bandwidth PON’s.
OCDMA-PON’s support the same maximum number of users with fewer lambdas than WDM, with the ability to gracefully add bandwidth and users to the network.
Final phase of the program is a lab demonstration of a hybrid synchronous-downstream, asynchronous upstream OCDMA PON.
• OCDMA: Optical Code Division Multiple Access• PON: Passive Optical Network• GPON: Gigabit Passive Optical Network
• OCDMA: Optical Code Division Multiple Access• PON: Passive Optical Network• GPON: Gigabit Passive Optical Network
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 32
Network operations &
control
A
B
C
Codeconverter
DxA
Compatible with existing fiber in the ground including the splitter
Programmable OCDMA Code Conversion: Central Office to Home
D
Example: OCDMA –For Beyond GPON
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 33
What makes it work– It is an overlay network operating
in an existing WDM window in harmony with other traffic
– It is robust to brute force attack: as good as electronic encryption
– It offers inexpensive passive optical means suitable for 10 Gb/s and beyond data rates.
What makes it work– It is an overlay network operating
in an existing WDM window in harmony with other traffic
– It is robust to brute force attack: as good as electronic encryption
– It offers inexpensive passive optical means suitable for 10 Gb/s and beyond data rates.
1559.0 1559.5 1560.0 1560.5
-60
-50
-40 (a)
op
tical p
ow
er (d
Bm
)
wavelength (nm)
1559.0 1559.5 1560.0 1560.5
-60
-50
-40 (a)
op
tic
al p
ow
er (
dB
m)
wavelength (nm)
1559.0 1559.5 1560.0 1560.5
-60
-50
-40 (a)
op
tic
al p
ow
er (
dB
m)
wavelength (nm)
1559.0 1559.5 1560.0 1560.5
-60
-50
-40 (a)
op
tic
al p
ow
er (
dB
m)
wavelength (nm)
1559.0 1559.5 1560.0 1560.5
-60
-50
-40 (a)
op
tic
al p
ow
er (
dB
m)
wavelength (nm)
1559.0 1559.5 1560.0 1560.5
-60
-50
-40 (a)
op
tic
al p
ow
er (
dB
m)
wavelength (nm)
1559.0 nm 1560.5 nm
Star couplerUsers within secure campusDynamic scrambling coder
How financial campuses are connected
Example: OCDMA –Physical Layer Security
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 34
Physical layer security– Optical CDMA
Compatibility with WDM systems Useful for Multiple Access, PON’s, or
enhanced security
– ‘Quantum’ networking Quantum encryption Quantum key distribution Use quantum effects to provide
‘absolute’ or very high levels of security at the physical layer
Focus on techniques compatible with real-world networks: Demonstrated coexistence of with multiple high power DWDM signals over metro-scale and greater fiber transmission links
Quantum repeaters Quantum Testbed
Optical Packet networks ‘Small buffer’ network performance Optical label switched technology
Physical layer security– Optical CDMA
Compatibility with WDM systems Useful for Multiple Access, PON’s, or
enhanced security
– ‘Quantum’ networking Quantum encryption Quantum key distribution Use quantum effects to provide
‘absolute’ or very high levels of security at the physical layer
Focus on techniques compatible with real-world networks: Demonstrated coexistence of with multiple high power DWDM signals over metro-scale and greater fiber transmission links
Quantum repeaters Quantum Testbed
Optical Packet networks ‘Small buffer’ network performance Optical label switched technology
Architectural vision for securingDWDM optical networks with QKD
Example: OCDMA –Novel Network Topologies
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 35
Compatibility with commercial WDM…this is an overlay technology
“Security” for 100 GbE possible NOW …against exhaustive & archival attacks
Optical integration…very compact technology allows wide
application
Compatibility with commercial WDM…this is an overlay technology
“Security” for 100 GbE possible NOW …against exhaustive & archival attacks
Optical integration…very compact technology allows wide
application
8/8 correct 7/8 correct 8/8 correct 7/8 correct
Phase scrambling of inverse multiplexed tributaries creates large search space and hides the eye for resilience to exhaustive and archival attacks, respectively.
Optical Integration: Low cost, weight, size, and power consumption.
Compatibility with DWDM allows deployment as a “secure” overlay network over existing networks and for multilevel security.
OC
DM
DW
DM
Example: OCDMA –Photonic Layer Security
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 36
Example: Corning – Solid-Core and Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal and Photonic Band-Gap Fiber
Hollow-Core Photonic Band-Gap Fiber (PBGF)– Losses as low as 13 dB/km (small-core),
1.5 dB/km (large-core)
– Bandwidth >400 nm
– Extremely low nonlinearity
Solid-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)– High nonlinearity
– Losses, < 1 dB/km
– All-silica, dopant-free profile
– Zero-dispersion wavelength as low as 500 nm
– Unique dispersion, high birefringence
Hollow-Core Photonic Band-Gap Fiber (PBGF)– Losses as low as 13 dB/km (small-core),
1.5 dB/km (large-core)
– Bandwidth >400 nm
– Extremely low nonlinearity
Solid-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)– High nonlinearity
– Losses, < 1 dB/km
– All-silica, dopant-free profile
– Zero-dispersion wavelength as low as 500 nm
– Unique dispersion, high birefringence
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 37
Example: Corning – Use of LEAF® fiber for a simple long-haul DWDM transmission system with no in-line dispersion compensation
Motivation– System simplicity by eliminating in-line dispersion
compensation modules reduces complexity and cost
Result– Combined three advanced technologies to produce a
simple and flexible LH transmission system requiring no optical dispersion compensation in-line or at Rx NZ-DSF (Corning® LEAF® fiber) Duobinary modulation format Receiver-based EDC
Motivation– System simplicity by eliminating in-line dispersion
compensation modules reduces complexity and cost
Result– Combined three advanced technologies to produce a
simple and flexible LH transmission system requiring no optical dispersion compensation in-line or at Rx NZ-DSF (Corning® LEAF® fiber) Duobinary modulation format Receiver-based EDC
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 38
Example: Corning – Simple and flexible 1500 km transmission system and impact for optical networks
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
1546 1548 1550 1552 1554 1556 1558 1560 1562 1564
Wavelength (nm)
20lo
g(Q
), O
SN
R (
dB)
1500 km
-3360 ps/nmpre-comp
eFEC threshold
OSNR
20log(Q)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Distance (km)
20lo
g(Q
) (d
B)
1562 nm
1550 nm
1547 nmeFEC threshold
• Simple change in system puts a fixed amount (-3360 ps/nm) of optical dispersion compensation in the transmitter. No in-line or post-compensation of dispersion required anywhere.
• Reach of 1500 km demonstrated with ~1 dB margin at longest wavelength. • Signal quality (Q) measurements at any intermediate node in 1500 km link show
equal performance with no changes needed in Rx configuration and >4 dB margin.
• Demonstrates flexible system well suited for reconfigurable optical networks.• Cost-effective system architecture enabled by LEAF® fiber, duobinary, and
MLSE-EDC Rx.
• Simple change in system puts a fixed amount (-3360 ps/nm) of optical dispersion compensation in the transmitter. No in-line or post-compensation of dispersion required anywhere.
• Reach of 1500 km demonstrated with ~1 dB margin at longest wavelength. • Signal quality (Q) measurements at any intermediate node in 1500 km link show
equal performance with no changes needed in Rx configuration and >4 dB margin.
• Demonstrates flexible system well suited for reconfigurable optical networks.• Cost-effective system architecture enabled by LEAF® fiber, duobinary, and
MLSE-EDC Rx.
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 39
Example: Corning – System testing of ultra-low attenuation fiber Vascade® EX1000
Motivation– Total span loss is the predominant
limiting factor in unrepeatered single-span submarine systems.
– System designers resort to expensive technologies such as high launch powers, advanced modulation formats, remote optically-pumped amplifiers (ROPAs), and strong FEC to achieve long distances > 300 km.
– Lower fiber attenuation may be the most efficient and cost-effective application space.
Corning’s low-attenuation fiber allows simpler system design with lower cost and/or better performance
Motivation– Total span loss is the predominant
limiting factor in unrepeatered single-span submarine systems.
– System designers resort to expensive technologies such as high launch powers, advanced modulation formats, remote optically-pumped amplifiers (ROPAs), and strong FEC to achieve long distances > 300 km.
– Lower fiber attenuation may be the most efficient and cost-effective application space.
Corning’s low-attenuation fiber allows simpler system design with lower cost and/or better performance
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 40
Example: Corning – Characterization results of Vascade® EX1000 fiber for system testing
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
1430 1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570
Wavelength (nm)
Att
enu
atio
n (d
B/k
m)
4.0E-08
4.5E-08
5.0E-08
5.5E-08
6.0E-08
6.5E-08
7.0E-08
1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600
Wavelength (nm)
Ra
yle
igh
sc
att
er
co
eff
icie
nt
(1/m
)
Vascade EX1000
Standard G.652fibre
Raman gain FOM
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510
Pump wavelength (nm)
Ram
an F
OM
(W
-1)
Average Vascade EX1000 data
Standard G.652 fibre
Measured attenuation offibers tested
Average 1550 nm loss of 0.169 dB/km. Typical A1550 even lower for current fiber.
Average reach advantage of low-attenuation Vascade® EX1000 vs. standard single-mode fiber was ~12%, measured across 4 different system configurations.
Translates into extension of an unrepeatered span of up to ~40 km.
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 41
Example: Corning – Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Switches
Switch entire data packets Fast switching: 0.1 – 2 nanoseconds. Inherent gain (~20dB) High on-off ratio Low polarization sensitivity (<0.6 dB) Low noise figure (<6.5 dB) Broadband & WDM friendly (>80 nm) Monolithic integration feasible Future ultra-fast all-optical capability
Switch entire data packets Fast switching: 0.1 – 2 nanoseconds. Inherent gain (~20dB) High on-off ratio Low polarization sensitivity (<0.6 dB) Low noise figure (<6.5 dB) Broadband & WDM friendly (>80 nm) Monolithic integration feasible Future ultra-fast all-optical capability
Optically SwitchedSOA at 80GHz
Electrically Switched SOA at 1 GHz
Discrete SOA8x40Gb/s Capacity
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Total power into SOA (dBm), 8 channels
Q fa
cto
r (d
B)
10-12 BER
20 dB dynamic range
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 42
Research
3. Software 3. Software
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 43
Software Challenge –How does one manage 130 Million Lines of Code with Acceptable Error Rates?
Problem – We typically modify approximately 20 million lines each year.
The industry average is 500 faults per million lines. This rate would make the communications systems in North America inoperable.
The highest cost is not writing code but testing that it works – over half the effort!
Increasingly, open source components are part of the software, leaving quality is in the hands of third parties.
Problem – We typically modify approximately 20 million lines each year.
The industry average is 500 faults per million lines. This rate would make the communications systems in North America inoperable.
The highest cost is not writing code but testing that it works – over half the effort!
Increasingly, open source components are part of the software, leaving quality is in the hands of third parties.
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 44
Software Challenge – ComplexityExample: Growth of Size of Linux Kernel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1995 2000 2005 2010
Meg
abyt
es
Release Date
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 45
Example: Telcordia –STRIDE (STructured Requirements & Interface Design Environment)
Code Skeletons
Test Coverage
DesignDocumentation
Unified framework forexpressing requirementsas model components
Automaticgeneration with checks for:• Consistency• Completeness• Functionality
Requirements
Modeling &Analysis
Reduced cost Better quality
Managing Development of Complex Software
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 46
Example: Telcordia –STRIDE: Improved Quality & Productivity
Led to dramatic quality improvement and cost reduction for a major B2B clearinghouse application
~25% reduction in costs
~90% reduction in requirements-related defects
Led to an order-of-magnitude improvement in quality of Service Management Layer Solution for a major provider
Potential of 30% cost reduction for future release
Order of magnitude improvement in the quality of overall solution
Reduced costs and improved quality of interfaces for a Network Activation OSS
STRIDE based test automation Dramatic improvement in coverage
Automatic generation of self-checking test cases from test and interface models
Led to dramatic quality improvement and cost reduction for a major B2B clearinghouse application
~25% reduction in costs
~90% reduction in requirements-related defects
Led to an order-of-magnitude improvement in quality of Service Management Layer Solution for a major provider
Potential of 30% cost reduction for future release
Order of magnitude improvement in the quality of overall solution
Reduced costs and improved quality of interfaces for a Network Activation OSS
STRIDE based test automation Dramatic improvement in coverage
Automatic generation of self-checking test cases from test and interface models
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 47
Example: Telcordia –STRIDE: Sample Productivity Improvements
Areas of Cost Reduction Opportunity
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0%
Metrics
Better Practices
Solutions Managem ent
Vendor Software
Outsourcing Model
Com bining Jobs
Pre-Sales
Norm alized Inform ation
Test Autom ation
Reviews & Baselining
Com m on Com ponents
Sm arter Work Artifacts
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 48
Example: Telcordia –Impact of our Initial Quality Efforts . . .
0
10
20
30
40
50
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
Fau
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Per
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san
d F
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ts
1994 1995 1996 1997
ComplianceISO 9001 Certification (Phase I)
ISO 9001 Certification(All Business Units)
CMM Level 3
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 49
Example: Telcordia –. . . And their Long-Term Effects
0
5
10
15
20
19
96
19
96
19
97
19
97
19
98
19
98
19
99
19
99
20
00
20
00
20
01
20
01
20
02
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
Fa
ult
s P
er
Th
ou
sa
nd
Fu
nc
tio
n P
oin
ts
CMM Level 3
CMM Level 5
2002 Industry Average of 17.5Source: ISBSG Report 1/2004
Fau
lts
Per
Th
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san
d F
un
ctio
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oin
ts
(new product
suite released)
Princeton, June 12, 2007 – 50
End