A view increasingly expressed bypractitioners and policy-makers is thattoday's most challenging issues cannotproperly be addressed by individualdisciplines; topics such as climate change,sustainability, migration, security, educationand health, need a range of interdisciplinaryapproaches. Support for this view is evidentin the encouragement given tointerdisciplinarity proposals by those whofund research, even if their enthusiasm is notalways followed through in their awards. It isalso apparent in the growing number ofinterdisciplinary research centres andinstitutes in academic institutions and in thedevelopment of truly interdisciplinaryacademic courses (see Times HigherEducation, 20 March 2008). While these are,in part, a response to the external researchenvironment, they also reflect the recognitionby academics that their research can beenriched by moving beyond disciplinaryboundaries and that interdisciplinarycollaborations can be interesting and fruitful.

Since 2004 the University has supportedinterdisciplinarity through the Oxford Institutefor Sustainable Development and theInstitute for Historical and Cultural Research.Their work has now been supplemented byeight cross-institutional Research Themeswhich provide exciting opportunities forinnovative approaches to research andinterdisciplinary co-operation.

Launched early in 2008, the themes areintended to be unstructured and fluid toenable them to welcome new participants,to respond to the interests of members andto external funding opportunities and, ifappropriate, to change focus and direction. rese

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008 It is early days, but it is interesting to see

that the themes are already developing in avariety of ways. As the reports featured inthis publication indicate, there is muchhappening and planned. Longer term it ishoped that at least some of the themes willbecome key areas around which theUniversity can focus, not only in terms ofpublications and grant applications but alsomaster’s courses, PhDs, visiting academicsand external collaborations.

Professor Diana WoodhousePro Vice-Chancellor (Research)

Supportingcross-institutionalresearchthemes

Professor Diana WoodhousePro Vice-Chancellor (Research)

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Sustainable Technology

Most human activities have some sort ofimpact on the environment and consumeresources. As the world population grows(see chart), the extent of such impactsincreases and human activity becomes lesssustainable in the long term. Technology hasbrought many benefits to society but thereare also penalties such as excessive use offossil fuels and mineral resources, creation ofpollution, CO2 emissions and contributions toglobal warming. In addition, despite the landfilltax imposed by government to control thewastage of resources, too much ‘scrap’material continues to be sent to landfill. Oneof the topics that has grabbed the headlinesrecently is the environmental problemscaused by plastic carrier bags. Therecognised ‘Rs’ of sustainability include:Reduce, Repair, Re-use, Re-manufacture andRecycle, and on a positive note theperception of goods made from recoveredmaterials is fortunately changing.

This theme, Sustainable Technology, bringstogether under the umbrella of theSustainable Technology Group (STG)researchers who share an interest andpassion in the development of technologicalsolutions to a wide range of challenges indifferent sectors, including some of thoseoutlined above, and in the exploitation ofcommon technical competencies and cross-cutting technologies in a multi-sectorialapproach.

Purpose and aims

The Sustainable Technology Group held itsfirst meeting on 4 February 2008 and usedthe occasion to discuss the purpose andaims of the Group and the themes relating tosustainable technology with which it intendedto engage. Discussion was followed byindividual presentations from:

• Matt Todd, Centre for Environmental Studies in the Hospitality Industry, School of Business

• Peter Jarrett, Business School

• Pat Winfield, Joining Technology ResearchCentre, School of Technology

• Stephen Samuel, Advanced Vehicle Engineering Group, School of Technology.

There are a number of known examples ofrelevant research activity at Oxford Brookes,including:

• Automotive engineering: DRIVENet Network for End-of-Life-Vehicles; alternative fuels; additives for alternative fuels; hybrid vehicles; emissions analysis

• Aircraft: use of composite materials for weight reduction in airframes

• Building and Construction: thermally-efficient building panels; repair and strengthening of existing structures using bonded composite systems

• Energy: extraction of heat from the ground

• Hospitality: composting of food waste; recycling of glass.

Engaging with the policy debate

A key objective of the Group is to define allrelevant current, and planned, activitiesrelated to sustainable technology within theUniversity. It also plans to identify commontechnical themes and research prioritiesthrough discussions/questionnaires; identifybarriers to progress for particular marketsectors and topics; and compile collaborativeresearch themes and develop some jointresearch proposals.

Some of the themes to be explored by theGroup are those identified by the Committeeon Waste Reduction (a sub-committee of theHouse of Lords Select Committee on Scienceand Technology) in December 2007. Theyinclude:

• Resource efficiency and cost: namely, the increasing scarcity of resources globally and the consequent need to use less material; increase the lifespan of products; reduce energy consumption andre-use waste; as well as the development of cost-effective processes and materials recovery and market-led resource management.

• Design: including better and environmentally sensitive design; the betterselection of materials; the light-weighting of products; design for disassembly to facilitate repair, re-manufacturing, re-use and recycling; emotionally durable design; and the use of knowledge-based engineering and extended life-cycle analysis.

• Manufacturing and production: includinglean manufacturing (because waste = extra cost); de-materialisation; reduced energy consumption; reverse manufacturing; take-back schemes, for

ProfessorAllan Hutchinson

example, Xerox, and free car take-back since January 2007.

• Consumers and owners: focusing on developing a recycling mindset and culturewhich includes buying green products; being less wasteful and abandoning the throw-away culture; accepting less packaging; using second-hand and re-manufactured goods; repairing rather than replacing; leasing rather than owning; developing markets for residual waste; andnot replacing on the grounds of fashion.

• Regulation: including Integrated Product Policy (IPP); Landfill Tax; End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive; Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive; Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive; Registration,Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACh); and the Energy Using Products (EuP) Directive.

• Retail: namely, buying a service, not just aproduct (this means purchase, repair and service), which could actually increase UK employment.

• Higher Education: creating better links between science and design, and between science and engineering; whole life and end-of-life modules in product design and engineering; and more research groups in sustainability.

The Group would be very pleased to hearfrom potential new members who would liketo discuss their ideas, make a presentation orsimply become more aware of the activities ofthis Group.

Theme Co-ordinator: Professor Allan Hutchinson, School of Technology

Global Population (millions)

MDC = More developed countries:Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Iceland, Irish Republic, Italy,Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico,Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,UK, USADVC = Developing countries: all othercountries not identified in MDC

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Welfare and Welfare Policy

Dr Virginia Crossman

At a time when there is a growing politicalconsensus around the provision of a highlevel of welfare and other services, how canwe assess the effectiveness of the welfaresystem or the ability of the state to providefor the marginalised and disadvantaged?Embracing all aspects of welfare from thehistorical context to the political, social andeconomic impact, the welfare researchtheme aims to address these questions bygenerating positive interaction betweenacademic research and welfare policy andencouraging links between scholars ofwelfare and policy makers, and betweenacademic and non-academic commentatorson welfare issues.

Research funding today is increasingly linkedto economic and end-user benefit. In thisclimate, successful research projects needto have demonstrable economic benefitsand knowledge transfer potential. Thewelfare theme will provide a crucial stimulusto new individual and collaborative researchprojects that can fulfil these criteria whilstalso constituting an important focus forinterdisciplinary research activity within theUniversity. The focus will be on recipients aswell as providers of welfare. For instance,the investigation of topics such as theexperience of ethnic minorities and migrantworkers in negotiating welfare systems isessential to the promotion of a broader andmore inclusive understanding of the impactof social and economic marginalisation.

Welfare spaces and places

An inaugural theme meeting took place inJanuary and brought together colleaguesfrom the Schools of Arts and Humanities,Social Sciences and Law, Built Environment,Health and Social Care, and WestminsterInstitute of Education. This was followed bythe formal launch of the theme on 7February. Discussion at these eventsrevealed a wide range of common interestsincluding the interface between public andprivate welfare provision, social attitudes andsocial citizenship, issues of entitlement andsocial inclusion and exclusion, negotiatingwelfare bureaucracy, and the design andutilisation of social and public space.

The next meeting on 10 June will take theform of an afternoon discussion group onwelfare spaces and places. Possible issuesfor debate include the location and design ofwelfare institutions from workhouses andasylums to old people’s homes, theconception and utilisation of space withininstitutions, negotiation of social and publicspace in a welfare context, and the

development of social housing andregeneration projects. Through an exchangeof information and research perspectives it ishoped to generate new ideas andapproaches thus identifying potential areasfor collaborative research.

Future direction

Future theme activities include a number ofnetworking events to promote collaborativeprojects and a series of interdisciplinaryresearch workshops aimed at bringingtogether welfare scholars within theUniversity and beyond. The first of theworkshops on welfare institutions is plannedfor November 2008, with a second on socialcitizenship following in March 2009.

The welfare research theme emerges out ofthe Centre for History of Welfare based inthe School of Arts and Humanities. As partof the theme, the Centre will host aninternational conference on 5-6 September2008 entitled ‘Numbers, norms and thepeople: statistics and public sphere inmodern Britain c. 1750 - the present’. Thiswill explore the role of statistics in enablingand transforming the modern public sphere.Modern governance places enormousemphasis on targets and planning, both ofwhich are dependent on data but how issuch data derived and interpreted?Addressing these issues in historical contextwill not only reveal new perspectives on thepast but will also contribute to contemporarydebates on the role of targets ingovernment. Abstracts of the conferencepapers are available athttp://ah.brookes.ac.uk/conference/presentations/statistics_in_the_public_sphere/

In addition, an interdisciplinary conference onrepresentations of poverty in Britain andIreland is planned for June 2010. Recentwork has demonstrated how interest in thepoor was stimulated as much by fascinationwith the exoticism and eroticism of povertyas by a desire either to help or control thepoorer classes. Exploration of the ways inwhich poverty was imagined, representedand experienced will afford new perspectiveson the social construction of poverty and itshistorical and contemporary resonances.

The welfare theme has already broughttogether staff from across the University todiscuss their research in what has proved tobe a stimulating and supportive environment.It is clear that the potential for excitinginterdisciplinary work is considerable anddeveloping the theme promises to be afascinating process.

Theme Co-ordinator: Dr Virginia Crossman, School of Arts and Humanities

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ProfessorKathryn Ecclestone

Theme Co-ordinator:Professor KathrynEcclestone, WestminsterInstitute of Education

Developing the emotional well-being ofchildren, young people and adultsthroughout education and social policyaddresses numerous goals: raisingeducational and social attainment; providinga better measure of social justice thannarrow targets; encouraging emotionallabour as part of human and personalcapital; remedying the emotional damage ofexclusion; encouraging engagement withpersonalised public services; and creating anemotionally literate, self-aware citizenry. Oneeffect of these diverse goals is a rapid rise inpolicy-related activity in universities, privateconsultancies, think tanks, local authorities,campaigning organisations and charities,and a growing array of assessments andinterventions.

Such activities and their diverse underlyinggoals present the human subject as alegitimate focus for state intervention andraise new questions about the purposes andactivities of state education. Interrogatingthese questions is crucial because policyplays a central role in shaping a culture’saccount of human potential and the socialrelations that follow from it.

Bringing perspectives together

The theme, emotional well-being and socialjustice in education policy and practice, isintended to bring together perspectives fromeducation, political studies, history,sociology, psychology, philosophy andtheology and to explore the conceptual andpractical relationship between emotionalwell-being and social justice and evaluatehow this relationship creates new types ofinterventions, new ideas about educationalpurposes and practices and new images ofhuman potential.

Perspectives from politics and sociology areimportant in illuminating how strategies areinfluenced by domestic policy concerns inthe United States and parts of Europe andconcerns about the emotional well-being ofpopulations influence strategies. Theseconcerns include the World Bank’s povertyreduction approaches, humanitarian aidprogrammes, and global security strategiesin the war on terror. In addition, concernsabout emotional well-being are integral tothe shift from geopolitics to bio-politics,where an emphasis on non-material aidaffects ideas about how to changesubjectivity.

A philosophical perspective shows the subtleways in which political preoccupation withemotional well-being both reflects andresponds to cultural ideas about identity andabout what it means to be human. A viewthat everyday experiences cause emotionaldistress and need psychological ortherapeutic interventions reflects underlyingimages of a victim-ised, ‘diminished’ or‘demoralised’ view of the human subject.Yet, optimistic images of the human subjecthave also long been contested in philosophy,theology and psychology, raising questionsabout appropriate health and educationalinterventions.

For their part, different psychologicalperspectives enable the exploration of howinterventions to measure and developemotional well-being draw extensively oncognitive and developmental psychology andon more recent developments in positivepsychology. Both implicitly and explicitly,these developments and their underlyingpsychological assumptions offer particularviews of identity, human development andabout ways of changing or influencing one’ssense of self. This relates cognitive, socio-cultural and psycho-analytical perspectivesto philosophical ones, thereby illustrating thetheme’s interdisciplinary nature.

Emotional Well-being and Social Justice inEducation Policy and Practice

Policy and practice

Historical insights are also informative inshowing how notions of resilience, optimism,stoicism and a positive view of life as newthemes in policies for emotional well-beingcontrast with more diminished images in thefirst manifestations of New Labour socialpolicy, and with other images in earlierperiods. Historical perspectives illuminatecontinuity and change in conceptualisationsof well-being, social justice and the humansubject, and their relationship to debatesabout moral education and moral risk,schooling’s role in children’s health andwelfare and about provision for groups withspecial educational needs.

More practically, policies which supportinterventions for emotional well-being requireschools and welfare and health agencies tocollaborate more closely than ever before.This has significant implications foreducational goals, practices and outcomesand for professional roles and theknowledge, skills and practices they require.An overriding question that therefore needsto be addressed is whether education canand should attempt to develop emotionalwell-being as a response to deep-seatedsocial problems

The relevance of an interdisciplinaryapproach to the theme was evident at thelaunch event in February 2008 whichattracted over 30 participants frompsychology, education, politics, publishing,philosophy, theology and health and socialcare and provided an opportunity fordiscussing the varied but related interests.

The key event around which the theme willinitially be located is a seminar series,entitled ‘Changing notions of the humansubject: interdisciplinary perspectives onemotional well-being and social justice ineducation policy and practice’, for which anapplication to the Economic and SocialResearch Council (ESRC) has already beenmade. Running throughout 2008-09, it willenable the perspectives outlined above to beconsidered within a structured framework.To facilitate focus the seminars will berestricted in numbers and will includepractitioner and policy-based groups andacademics from other universities as well asBrookes. However, the intention is todisseminate ideas and encourage debatemuch more widely, through, for instance,video conferencing and on-line discussions,and through a final seminar comprisingsome 50 participants.

To be put on our mailing list, please contactMargaret Pye (email mpye@brookes.ac.uk).

Theme Co-ordinators:Professor Tim Dixon, Schoolof the Built Environment andDr Samantha Miles, BusinessSchool

The roots of Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR), or what is increasingly referred to as‘Corporate Responsibility’ (CR), can betraced back to ancient Mesopotamia. Forexample, King Hammurabi of Mesopotamiain 1750 BC introduced a code in whichbuilders and innkeepers were executed iftheir negligence caused death or majorinconvenience to the general public! Furtheron in time, in 1622 disgruntled shareholdersin the Dutch East India Company are said tohave issued pamphlets complaining aboutmanagement secrecy and self enrichment.More recently, in the 19th century,entrepreneurial philanthropists such as TitusSalt and Joseph Cadbury created modelvillages for factory workers in the spirit ofwhat has become known as CSR.

CSR has a long history

Today, however, the emphasis of CSR isfocused primarily on companies and the waythey do business, and this is important in thecontext of the climate change andsustainability agendas. For example, property(or real estate) is responsible for about 40%of carbon emissions and 30% of wastematerials in the UK. The UK real estatesector (comprising developers, propertycompanies and financial institutions with realestate investments), through its involvementin urban regeneration and the developmentof 'sustainable communities', also has animportant impact on people's lives, jobs andwellbeing. Over the last five years the sectorhas therefore focused increasingly on thesustainable development agenda, whichseeks to ensure that real estate iseconomically, environmentally and sociallysustainable.

At the same time, companies are underincreasing pressure to ensure that they arefully accountable to shareholders for theiractions and the way in which they engagewith key stakeholders. Although accountingfor sustainability is currently a voluntaryactivity, the Turnbull report, UK CompanyLaw Review and related guidance from

organisations such as the Association ofBritish Insurers means that companies areincreasingly reporting their social andenvironmental performance. This has alsoevolved in the context of the mainstreamingof the twin concepts of CSR and SRI(Sustainable and Responsible Investment),and through an increased focus onFTSE4Good companies. CSR involves theincorporation of social, environmental andgovernance (to internal and externalstakeholders) into these systems andprocesses, whereas SRI involves thecombination of social, environmental,governance and financial goals in theapplication of capital ie the actual investmentprocess. In other words CSR is concernedwith ‘how the company conducts itself in thecommunity and the environments it touches'whereas SRI is about 'the manner in whichan investor applies its capital’.

Despite these improvements there has so farbeen little co-ordinated research which hasattempted to bring a multidisciplinaryapproach, combining the real estate andbusiness disciplines, to research in the realestate sector, or to link the existing researchwork in an international context.

Addressing the research gap

The theme, Corporate Social Responsibilityand Socially Responsible Investment, whichwas launched on 12 February 2008 and wasattended by researchers from planning,architecture, real estate and construction,and business, is intended to address thisresearch gap.

The key aims of the theme or network aretherefore:

• to bring together key researchers in the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (OISD) and the Business School with others at Oxford Brookes to develop a joint research agenda in the field of CSR and SRI in the real estate and construction sectors

• to develop the first steps in building an international network of researchers in thefield.

The related objectives are to:

• develop new collaborative bids for industry/research council funding from these two main activities

• develop joint papers from these two main activities.

The workshop has already led to a joint bidbetween OISD and the Business School tothe Association of Chartered CertifiedAccountants (ACCA) and Building ResearchEstablishment Trust on a proposal based ona detailed analysis of Corporate SocialResponsibility and Company Reporting in theproperty and construction sectors.

Other planned activities include a number ofworkshops, among them one entitled‘Developing a research agenda’, which willbe for selected end users and invitedresearchers and which will form the basis ofa joint proposal to the ESRC and/or anindustry funder; the development through aprogramme of joint work of further bids; andwebsite development.

Anyone interested in the topic or in theactivities of the theme should contactProfessor Tim Dixon (emailtdixon@brookes.ac.uk).

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Professor Tim Dixon

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Professor David Fell

Theme Co-ordinator: Professor David Fell, School of Life Sciences

Systems Biology represents a changingemphasis in many areas of biologicalresearch. For many decades, a dominanttendency has been the discovery of thecomponents involved in biologicalmechanisms, passing from organisms tocells, from cells to subcellular structures, andthence to molecules. Amongst the majorachievements of this approach has been thedetailed analysis of the DNA molecules ofbacteria, plants and animals - includinghumans - which transmit genetic informationfrom generation to generation. At the sametime, it has become increasingly clear thatdetailing the properties of an ever expandinglist of components is not sufficient to provideexplanations of how biological systemswork.

What is needed is a synthetic approach thatprovides explanations of how biologicalphenomena arise through the interactions ofthe many individual components, working upfrom molecules to cells, from cells tomulticellular organisms, and from organismsto populations and communities. SystemsBiology aims to provide this complementaryapproach to traditional biological research,but the complexity of the problems requiresadditional areas of expertise. There is ananalogy with engineering, where it isnecessary to understand how the propertiesand behaviours of a finished artefact dependon those of the components it contains, andthis suggests that there could beapplications in biology of the mathematicaland computing approaches used inengineering.

Research potential

It is for this reason that the Engineering andPhysical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC) and Biotechnology and BiologicalSciences Research Council (BBSRC) haveprovided substantial streams of funding in anumber of initiatives and programmes to

promote collaborations between biologists,mathematicians, computer scientists andengineers in order to develop SystemsBiology. Professor Mike Pidcock, School ofTechnology, and the writer of this piece weresuccessful last year in securing funding fromthe BBSRC for a collaborative project withcolleagues at the University of Bordeaux 2under a scheme promoting UK-Franceresearch in Systems Biology. It seemed to usthat there would be potential for othercolleagues in Life Sciences and Technologyto develop research in this area: severalresearchers in Life Sciences are pursuingtopics with unmet requirements formathematical analysis and computermodelling, and, in Technology, there areresearchers whose work has biologicalapplications but who have not been incontact with potential collaborators in LifeSciences. A major obstacle to doinganything about this has been the decreasingcontacts between staff of the two Schools,especially following the completion of themove of Technology to the Wheatleycampus. Hence the introduction of theInterdisciplinary Research Themes initiativeseemed an ideal opportunity to promoteSystems Biology and catalyse interactions.

The launch meeting of the theme, whichtook place in Headington Hill Hall on 19February was attended by about 30participants drawn from both Schools,started with an introduction to the conceptof Systems Biology. In the discussion thatfollowed, there was a general feeling thatpeople needed to be given some concreteexamples of the sorts of approaches thatwere underway in this area. Participants alsorecognised the need for researchers fromboth Schools to gain a better understandingof what the others were doing in order toidentify areas of potential collaboration. Herea major difficulty is the highly specialisedterminology used by both sides. Moreover,even when the same words are used, theirinterpretation is often different.

Systems Biology

The issues raised at the launch haveinformed the programme of events. Thus it isintended to organise some seminars toillustrate the approaches used in SystemsBiology, together with workshops in earlysummer where researchers can explain whatthey are doing and where they wouldwelcome help. This will enable participantsto gain greater insight into current researchin the University with the aim of identifyingnew directions this research could take.Even the launch meeting had somesuccesses in this respect: several colleaguesmet for the first time and found they hadinterests that could well fit together.Devoting some time to information-exchanging activities, under the auspices ofthe theme, will enable more synergies to befound and will ensure that Oxford BrookesUniversity is contributing to the developmentof Systems Biology research.

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Health

Professor Mary Boulton

This Theme builds on the success of theMultidisciplinary Health Research Network(MDHRN), established in 2003 to promoteinterdisciplinary and multidisciplinaryresearch on health, medicine and health carewithin Oxford Brookes University and morebroadly with other research institutions inOxford. The aim is to consolidate theachievements of the MDHRN, harnessevident enthusiasm for collaboration and,through securing external research funding,forward the University’s commitment todeveloping research at the interface ofbiomedicine, health care and technology.

Interest in the Health Theme has beenconsiderable, with 26 people attending thelaunch on 20 February 2008 and othersmaking contact by phone and email. Theevent provided the opportunity for people tomeet others from across the University – alleight Schools and the Research andBusiness Development Office wererepresented – and to describe their particularinterests in health research to otherparticipants. A number of areas of commoninterest quickly emerged and someimaginative links were immediately made. Asa result, the initial focus of the Health Themewill be on four related substantive areas:

• Cancer• Disability, Rehabilitation and Enablement• Food, Alcohol and Drugs• Children and Families.

There will also be two cross-cutting sub-themes: history, policy and practice; healthservices research.

Champions and collaborations

A ‘champion’ has been identified for eachsubstantive area (see below) and individualsindicating interest in a particular topic havebeen invited to one of four follow-upmeetings in May. These meetings will befacilitated by the four champions and willallow a more focused discussion of researchideas. In the meantime, a number of researchcollaborations have already been establishedand bids for funding to support thedevelopment of their work have already beenmade. The following give a flavour of therange of innovative, multi-disciplinary, cross-School research projects which the HealthTheme and the MDHRN can foster.

The Cancer Care group (champion:Professor Eila Watson, School of Health andSocial Care) is looking at the impact ofcancer on non-traditional families. While thereis a now a substantial research literature onthe impact of cancer on family members ofcancer patients and on the role of families inproviding care and support, the notion of‘family’ underpinning this is that of thetraditional married couple with children. Littleattention has been paid to the increasing

diversity of family forms characteristic of latemodern society and the issues these raise forcancer patients and their families. Inpreparing a draft grant application to theESRC, this group has applied for funding tocarry out a review of the literature on cancerand non-traditional family forms.

The group looking at Disability,Rehabilitation and Enablement (champion:Dr Helen Dawes, School of Life Sciences)has bid for funding to carry out a pilot studyto support the development of a grantapplication. The pilot work would involverecruiting nine youngsters (six withDevelopmental Coordinaton Disorder, threecontrols) to come to the Movement ScienceLab on four occasions for assessment and toattend twelve intervention sessions (twice aweek for six weeks) involving an exerciseprogramme.

The Food, Alcohol and Drugs group(champion: Professor Margaret Harris,School of Social Sciences and Law) has bidfor funding to undertake two literaturereviews. To date, most research on problemdrug use has focused on the dramaticaspects of drug users’ lives, such as high-risk injecting behaviours, HIV/AIDS, criminalactivity, drug overdosing etc. Research ondrug users’ everyday health and self-carepractices is small by comparison.Recognising this deficiency, the two separatebut related literature reviews focus on a) illicitdrug use and diet/nutrition and b) illicit druguse and exercise/physical activity. Thesereviews will form the basis of two researchproposals. It is anticipated that the firstproposal will explore the nutritional status ofdrug users in residential settings and theimplications of this for their recovery. Thesecond proposal is likely to investigate theactivity levels of problem drug users and thebarriers and factors that might enable themto participate in more exercise.

The research of the Families and Childrengroup (champion: Professor Margaret Harris,Social Sciences and Law) is underpinned bythat already being undertaken within theInstitute of Research in Child Development.

To facilitate communication amongst Healthresearchers, those who expressed aninterest in the Theme were asked to provideinformation for an online Register ofResearch Interests. There are currently 32entries on the Register, which can be foundon the MDHRN website athttp://shsc.brookes.ac.uk/content/view/73/172/. The Register provides details ofindividuals’ research interests, expertise andproposed projects and is searchable bysubstantive research area, cross-cuttingresearch theme and researcher’s name.Other information relevant to the HealthTheme – for example, conferences, coursesand research resources – will also be postedon the MDHRN website.

Theme Co-ordinator: Professor Mary Boulton, School of Health and Social Care

Professor Chris HawesSarah Taylor from Brookes’ Research and BusinessDevelopment Office, interviews Professor Chris Hawes fromthe School of Life Sciences.

Chris joined Brookes (then OxfordPolytechnic) in 1989 as a senior lecturerteaching on the then new Cell Biologydegree course. He came from theDepartment of Plant Sciences at theUniversity of Oxford where he was a RoyalSociety Research Fellow working onmicroscopy of the plant endomembranesystem (also known as the secretorypathway). This is a series of compartmentswithin the cell that is responsible for theproduction and processing of proteins andcarbohydrates that are used, for example, instorage in seeds and for making the cellwall. Prior to this he gained his PhD atBristol University working on electronmicroscopy and the development of fungalspores.

Chris currently leads the Plant Cell BiologyResearch Group in the School of LifeSciences, is Director of Research in the Schooland oversees the bioimaging unit. He has justfinished a term as President of the RoyalMicroscopical Society and is currently Vice-President. He is a Biological Editor of theJournal of Microscopy and on the editorialboard of the journal Traffic and is a member ofthe BBSRC Biochemistry and Cell BiologyCommittee. With the help of a number ofpostdoctoral and PhD students he haspublished over 150 papers and reviews andedited two books. The work of his group iscurrently funded by two BBSRC grants and aLeverhulme Trust Award. He has just finishedhis contribution to a multi-million EuropeanFramework Six project on the production oftherapeutic antibodies in plants.

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Q: What first sparked your interest in your current field of research?

I always wanted to be a Botanist (we arecalled Plant Scientists these days), but haveno idea why, but there again how manypeople have an A-level in Botany? Plants arepretty important; they are responsible for ouratmosphere, for all the food we eat, formuch of our building material, a large portionof our pharmaceuticals and increasingly as asource of energy. My interest in microscopygrew at university where we were givenaccess to electron microscopes which at thetime was a relatively new technology. Sowhen a postdoctoral research position wasadvertised at Oxford to work on the millionvolt electron microscope, a simply hugemachine, in the Department of MaterialsScience, there was no way I could resist. Itwas here I started to work on the membranesystems within plant cells as they wereparticularly amenable to this form of electronmicroscopy.

Q: What is the most recent/current project (research project, book, article etc) you are involved in and what particularly interested you about the work?

In science, research projects tend tocontinually evolve, so rarely do you evercompletely finish one piece of work and startsomething totally new. So over the past 25years my work has mainly been on theorganisation of compartments of thesecretory pathway in plant cells. Currently inthe team there are three postdoctoralstudents (Imo Sparkes, Eric Hummel andAnne Osterrieder) and one PhD student(Peng Wang) backed up by three brillianttechnicians (Barry Martin, Jan Evins andAnne Kearns), working on various aspects ofthe endomembrane system using molecularbiology, biochemistry, laser scanningconfocal microscopy and electronmicroscopy. The work that really got ourgroup known was the application offluorescent protein technology. We were oneof the first groups to observe internalmembrane systems in living plant cells bytagging proteins with a green fluorescentprotein (GFP) from jelly fish. This means thatexperiments can be carried out in real timewithin living cells. Just to observe the internalworkings of a live cell with a fluorescencemicroscope is amazing. This all started in themid-nineties when we managed to fuse GFPto a protein that acts as a marker for theGolgi apparatus. This is the key processingcompartment in the endomembrane systemwhich sends product to its final destinationin the cells and exists as hundreds of tinystacked discs of membrane each about onethousandth of a millimetre in diameter. Whenlooking at tobacco leaves with afluorescence microscope, I noticed thatthese organelles, as they are called, werenot static but were extremely mobile, rapidlymoving around inside the cell. It now turnsout that in order to move the Golgi uses acombination of the proteins actin andmyosin, which are exactly the same proteins

that produce the force generation in ourmuscles. Pretty amazing when you thinkabout it.

In terms of articles, we have just had twopapers accepted for publication onmovement of the Golgi and the productionof antibodies in plants, are currently workingon a review paper and within the group wehope to write at least another two or threethis summer on various aspects of our plantendomembrane research.

Q: How do you see research in your field developing and in what ways will this affect what you do?

My area of research is starting to becomequite popular with more and more groupsworldwide starting to work on the secretorypathway. This obviously makes obtainingfunding more competitive. However, the ideais that if we can improve the performance ofthe components of the pathway then wemay be able to make cells more efficient interms of acting as factories for theproduction of useful compounds, fromenhanced foodstuffs through to cheappharmaceuticals for the developing world.With the looming food crisis that has beenhitting the news headlines recently, one ofthe options we have is to enhance the abilityof plants to produce high value (in terms ofnutrition) food products at high yield. Itwould be nice to think that funding agenciesworldwide will start to realise that the returnsin funding basic plant science could beextremely high. Perhaps the obsession withploughing most of bioscience researchfunding into biomedical research just toincrease our ‘Western’ life expectancy by afew months will soon start to appear a bitselfish compared to the problem of feedingthe world.

Q: Multi-and interdisciplinary work is increasingly important these days – what other disciplines/subject areas would you like to work with and why?

The system (research funders anduniversities) is becoming almost obsessedwith interdisciplinary work - as if there is notenough left unknown in our own disciplines!Having got that off my chest I have to admitthat a biophysicist and a mathematician inthe group would be really useful as we arejust starting to attempt to model some of themembrane systems we are working on.

Q: What are your research plans for the next five years and how does applyingfor research funding fit within these plans?

There is plenty left to do on working out themechanics of the secretory pathway inplants to keep my team occupied for thenext five years. We have just applied for aEuropean Research Agency Plant Genomicsgrant as part of a small consortium forfunding to continue our new work onproteins that shape the first compartment of

the secretory pathway, the endoplasmicreticulum. By the time you read this we willalso have heard about the outcome of acurrent BBSRC application to work on thesesame proteins with collaborators at theUniversity of Warwick. However, my nextreally large project is to replace the electronmicroscopes in the School of Life Sciences.There are now 18 and 20+ years oldrespectively so if anyone had a spare £500Kto hand I can easily relieve you of it!

Q: How do you see your research career developing over the next ten years?

What kind of question is this Sarah? I onlyhave ten years left! Just to keep producingdata and papers at the rate we are currentlydoing will be a big enough challenge. Doesthis mean I have peaked – who knows? Idon’t think I have ever planned my career,things have just seemed to happen andopportunities have to be grasped as theyoccur. Mind you I have turned down a fewoffers as well, but it is not worth dwelling onwhat might have been. Not a very goodadvert to students who come looking forcareer advice I’m afraid!

Q: Who do you think has most shaped your research career and why?

My PhD supervisor at Bristol, Alan Beckett,kindled my love for electron microscopywhen I carried out my honours project withhim. He was obsessive about the quality ofthe micrographs (photographs frommicroscopes) produced in his lab and I hopesome of his obsession with quality hasrubbed off on me. There is an American cellbiologist that I have always admired, a guycalled Peter Hepler, who probably hascontributed more to plant microscopy thananyone else in the world and he is a verycommitted socialist as well! Again he isobsessive about the quality of hismicroscopy, a trait that is sadly missing inmuch of today’s researchers. If I wasconsidered by others to be half as good ashim I would retire happy. Finally, DavidBeadle, the last Dean of the School ofBiological and Molecular Sciences, as weused to be called, gave me the opportunityto build up a research group here at Brookesand I will always be grateful to him for that.

Q: If you did not have a job in a higher education institute, where would you like to work and why?

This is an easy one. For years I have wantedto run a microbrewery. I used to be a verynifty home brewer until the tap on the boiler Iused for mashing the malted barley jammedand I never managed to unstick it. Perhapstaking up brewing again would be a niceretirement project!

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Dr Shelley Sacks

Theme Co-ordinator:Dr Shelley Sacks, School ofArts and Humanities

Art, Culture and Sustainability is a newtransdisciplinary research group, linkingacademics and practitioners within andbeyond Brookes. Convened by ShelleySacks, Reader in Art and Director of theSocial Sculpture Research Unit (SSRU), ithas met three times since early 2008.

Foregrounding the role of culture in shapinga viable and sustainable future, the groupexplores interfaces between how we thinkand what we do, between frameworks,perspectives, values and practices. Thisrelationship between culture andsustainability, between thinking and action, isbecoming increasingly significant in manyfields of research and engagement. Theseinclude: eco-art and connective aesthetics,attitudinal change and campaign design,material culture processes and documentaryfilm; education for sustainable development;facilitating social enterprise; eco-tourism;lifestyle questions; food and farming;restorative and environmental justice;redefining wealth and progress;organisational and participatory learning;citizens’ juries and other forms of democraticparticipation; life ethics; intercultural dialogueand understanding; sustainable architectureand urban regeneration.

Building on expertise across the Universityand creating opportunities for cross sectorwork between the university, community andcultural networks, and NGOs, the group hasidentified a number of common questionssuch as:

‘How do we do connective practice andhow do these ways of working serve thesocial and ecological changes we need for amore sustainable future?’

We have also identified several commoninterests that include:

• exploring different forms of knowing that extend beyond traditional notions of expertise and facilitate local and global dialogue and reflection on the ecological crisis

• transdisciplinary working as a means of revealing new knowledge for sustainable design and evaluation

• identifying and developing non-verbal means as a way in which individuals or groups can express their concerns and aspirations about sustainability

• developing ‘new methodologies of engagement’ to facilitate new connectionsto ourselves, our environment and our future

• exploring approaches to understanding and developing ‘human well being’

• redefining ‘capital’ and rethinking money as a social form in shaping people’s actions, aspirations and futures

• employing methods (eg from anthropology and co-operative inquiry) to understand the difference between what people say they will do and what they actually do in a sustainable development context

• exploring the scope for working across Brookes’ Schools on research projects and on projects which span industry, communities and NGOs in some combination.

Motivated by such concerns andcommitments, the group – which currentlyincludes around 18 people – has embarkedon a number of initiatives as starting pointsfor exploring methodologies, exchanginginsights and developing ideas fortransdisciplinary research projects,processes and programmes of study.

Our first two initiatives

Connective Practices: a researchsymposium and networkdevelopment process

This two-day inquiry event will take place on17-18 June 2008 at Brookes. This is, ofnecessity, a small, exploratory think tanklinking transdisciplinary researchers andpractitioners within and beyond Brookes. Itspurpose will be to explore the potential forworking together; generate a proposal for afunded international network to furtherdevelop our work in the field of connective

Art, Culture andSustainability

practices; and document the researchdialogue towards a refereed journal paper.

We are using the phrase ‘connectivepractices’ to refer to forms of knowing,methodologies and practices that:

• facilitate connected thinking, respectful action and social and ecological justice

• help close the gap between information and action and work toward overcoming denial

• connect inner and outer work and explorethe relationship between aesthetics and ethics

• enable people to become internally active,overcome habitual thinking and new possibilities

• explore new forms of knowing and 'new organs of perception'

• understand responsibility as the ability-to-respond.

This first symposium is co-hosted by theSSRU and the Institute of Historical andCultural Research.

A University-NGO-Communityand Cultural Networks Forum

This is intended to facilitate new forms ofresearch and practice-based collaborationsand will begin with small group meetingsbetween university researchers, NGOs andthe wider community exploring the potentialfor working together in areas of art, cultureand sustainability. A larger group meeting willfollow to explore what kinds of collaborationare possible and sustainable; what specificareas of engagement participants cansupport; and ways of ensuring continuityand development. This initiative is convenedby Dr Graham van Wyk (SSRU/Brookes) andKathryn Tulip (Corporate Watch).

Connecting culture, transformative processand sustainability, this transdisciplinary groupsits at a particularly fascinating andimportant juncture between the social andthe more technical aspects of shaping ahumane and ecologically sustainable future.Its concern with new vision and attitudinalchange has currency in many fields, offeringopportunities to build on specialist expertisewithin and beyond Brookes, whilst enablingnew thinking and practice that we might notcome to in our separate disciplines.

The theme welcomes new members. If youare interested in participating please contactDr Shelley Sacks(email ssacks@brookes.ac.uk).

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DiaryDetails of research training events throughout the year are available on the Research and Business Development Office website:www.brookes.ac.uk/res/news/training

Details of research supervisor and student training are available on the Graduate Office website:www.brookes.ac.uk/research/Graduate/Graduate.html

Details of research seminars taking place in each of the Schools are available at: www.brookes.ac.uk/res/news/seminars

Theme Co-ordinator:Professor Hong Zhu,School of Technology

Safety technology is concerned withprotecting human life, property and the livingenvironment from actual or potentialdamage, even in adverse conditions such asearthquake, tsunamis, fire, storm and flood.The theme of safety technology stems fromresearch on the safety of critical systemswhich has been active in computer sciencesince the early 1990s, and which initiallyfocused on how to ensure the dependabilityof computer applications in safety criticalsystems, such as nuclear power plants.

Technological developments

Concerns about the safety of computercontrol systems became more widespreadas the use of complex computer software tocontrol critical systems increased and itresulted in significant funding for researchfrom the EPSRC and the DTI, as well asfrom industry in safety-related sectors, suchas nuclear energy, air and railwaytransportation, medical devices andequipment, and process control systems.While support from national and internationalgovernment funding bodies has significantlyreduced, the research on the topic remainsactive, with a number of annual internationalconferences and funding from the industrystill being pumped into research institutes,such as the Safety Critical SystemsResearch Centre at the University ofNewcastle, the Software Reliability ResearchCentre at the City University of London, andthe Safety Systems Research Centre at theUniversity of Bristol, which are more or lessself-sustainable.

In the meantime, the rapid development ofthe internet and pervasive computing meansthat a wide range of new types of systemsand applications related to safety havebecome possible through the application ofcomputer and information technology. Forexample, in the automobile industry thecombination of wireless communication andembedded systems could provide closermonitoring of motor cars/motorcycles in the

context of the road conditions to enhancetheir safety. In architecture, the combinationof sensor networks and artificial intelligencetechnologies (such as multi-agent systems)could provide much better monitoring ofbuildings to detect hazardous conditions,such as fire and structural failure (eg in anearthquake), and intelligent context-awareresponses, such as evacuation instructionsto the public when a hazard situationhappens. In healthcare, the combination ofrobotic technology and sensor networktechniques can provide more intelligentequipment and devices to ensure the safetyof the patient and to help patients to recover.

This shift in research focus from ensuring thedependability of computer systems in safetycritical systems to the uses of computer andinformation technology to enhance safety ina much wider application domain, offersopportunities for research which could havea significant and profound impact on humanlife and society and respond to the strongmarket for safety technology.

Pioneering interdisciplinaryresearch

The Safety Technology theme capitalises onthese developments. Launched on 13 March2008 and attended by ten researchers fromcomputer science and technology, electronicengineering and mechanical engineering, itsaim is to provide key technology solutionsfor monitoring, enhancing and supportingsafety in all aspects of human life, includingdeveloping better equipment and systemsfor health and social care; designingbuildings, complex systems and equipmentand devices to withstand adverseconditions; and dealing with emergentconditions more effectively and efficiently.

The idea of safety technology as aninterdisciplinary research theme is novel andexploratory. There is no branded researchactivity on this topic within Oxford BrookesUniversity or outside, although the School ofTechnology has run an honours levelmodule, Safety Critical Systems, for manyyears and the Applied Formal Methodsresearch group (Department of Computing)actively researches the formal specificationof software systems and software testing,which is closely related to the safety issue.

Safety Technology

However, it is hoped that the theme willprovide the opportunity for researchers withknowledge and expertise in areas such ascomputer science, software engineering,electronic engineering, mechanicalengineering, social science on behaviour andsociety, health and social care, and the builtenvironment and architecture to cometogether to solve practical problems.

A number of promising ideas, arising fromthe launch meeting, will be pursued througha programme of research activities whichinclude a series of research seminars, thefirst having been given on 1 May by Dr MaryZajicek who spoke on the safety issues inthe design of an in-car speech guidancesystem for older drivers; two internalworkshops and two international workshops.

A website will also be constructed, whoseaddress will be:http://tech.brookes.ac.uk/SafetyTechnology/.This will host research information, announceresearch activities and be a platform for allpeople interested in Safety Technology.Anyone interested in this research themeshould contact Professor Hong Zhu, Schoolof Technology (email: hzhu@brookes.ac.uk,tel: 01865 484580).

Professor Hong Zhu

The Editor Research Forum, The Research and Business Development OfficeOxford Brookes University Buckley Building Headington Campus Gipsy Lane Oxford OX3 0BPresearchforum@brookes.ac.uk www.brookes.ac.uk/res

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News in briefCongratulations on the conferment of the titleof Professor to Munira Kadhim, School of LifeSciences; Walter Kugler, School of Arts andHumanities; Denise Morrey, School ofTechnology; Wenhua Shan, School of SocialSciences and Law; Andrew Spicer, School ofArts and Humanities and Lucy Vickers,School of Social Sciences and Law.

Dr David Evans and Dr John Runions in theSchool of Life Sciences have been awarded£135,990 over three years by the LeverhulmeTrust to study novel proteins in the membranethat surrounds the plant nucleus. The grantbuilds on the work of their research studentKatja Graumann, who has shown the presenceof a family of proteins - the Sun Domainproteins - in plants. In animals, the SunDomain proteins are key members of the LINC(Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton)complex. This complex provides physicalconnections across the nuclear membrane thatare important in transmitting signals into andout of the nucleus and in positioning thenucleus within the cell. The work will thereforepermit exploration of a key system neverpreviously studied in plants with implicationsfor a wide range of cell functions.

Professor Jo Neale, School of Health andSocial Care and Dr Sarah Nettleton from theUniversity of York have been awarded morethan £267,000 from the Economic and SocialResearch Council (ESRC). The study - asociological investigation of the everyday livesof recovering heroin users - will be conductedover two years and will increase understandingof how everyday practices and routinesfacilitate or inhibit processes of recovery fromdependent heroin use. Findings from thisresearch will be relevant to many audiences,including academics and those working withinthe substance misuse field.

Following the success of her handwriting testpublished last year (the DASH - DetailedAssessment of Speed of Handwriting), DrAnna Barnett, School of Social Sciences andLaw, is now embarking on a project to extend

the test for use with older students. She hassuccessfully secured funding of £29,957 fromPearson Education Ltd, with which she will co-ordinate the collection of normative data for17-25 year olds in schools, colleges anduniversities across the UK. This will provide anassessment tool for quantifying handwritingperformance and identifying students withhandwriting difficulties from primary through tohigher education.

Dr David Nash, Reader in History in theSchool of Arts and Humanities, made anappearance at the Guardian Hay-on-WyeLiterary Festival at the end of May to talk abouthis book Blasphemy in the Christian World.

A collaborative research grant betweenLancaster, Leeds and Oxford Brookes worth£1.2 million over three years was recentlyawarded by the Engineering and PhysicalSciences Research Council (EPSRC) with TimJones, School of the Built Environment as theCo-Investigator for Brookes. The ways in whichtravel decisions are made remains poorlyunderstood especially in the context ofcomplex and contingent household travelarrangements. ‘Understanding walking andcycling’ seeks to fill this research gap throughan in-depth analysis of household decisionmaking with respect to short journeys in urbanareas and commences in October 2008.

Dr Constantine Sandis, Westminster Instituteof Education has accepted an RSA Fellowship.The RSA (Royal Society for the Encouragementof Arts, Manufactures & Commerce) works toremove the barriers to social progress byundertaking influential and varied researchprojects and hosting a free lecture series.

Professor Mark Saunders, Business School,has recently obtained funding for threeseparate pieces of research followingsuccessful bids to Worcestershire CountyCouncil, the University of Cambridge ESOLExaminations and, jointly with ElspethMcFarlene, the Department for Business,

Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. Theprojects concern respectively the carrying outof a staff attitude survey and related interviews,the exploration of sales support perception-expectation gaps, and a Knowledge TransferPartnership with the on-line recruitmentcompany Eteach centred around theidentification and development of online bestpractice human resource services to clients. Intotal, funding from the projects amounts toapproximately £168,000.

Dr Tina Miller, School of Social Sciences andLaw, has had her current qualitativelongitudinal research project on transition tofirst-time fatherhood accepted as an affiliatedproject to the ESRC 'Timescapes' study. Thestudy is the first major qualitative longitudinalstudy to be funded in the UK. Running overfive years, the study explores the ways inwhich personal and family relationships and theidentities that flow from these relationships,unfold over time and over the life course. Theaffiliated status will mean that Tina's researchdata will become part of a much larger dataarchive, enabling future secondary analysis andcollaborations with other researchers workingin the area.

Professor Laura Spira, Business School, hasbeen invited to co-chair the 5th EuropeanInstitute of Advanced Studies in Managementinternational workshop on corporategovernance in Brussels in November 2008.

The Medical Research Council (MRC) hasawarded Dr David Meredith, School of LifeSciences, a Doctoral Training Grant. Theaward, worth approximately £110,000 overfour years is in collaboration with AstraZeneca,one of the world’s leading pharmaceuticalcompanies, and will fund a PhD researchstudentship. as part of his researchprogramme, David will work in theAstraZeneca laboratories for six months, underDr Sarah Kelly’s supervision.

Research Forum, the research magazine of Oxford BrookesUniversity, is published three times a year.

Contributions are welcomed from all sections of the University andshould be sent to The Editor, Research Forum, The Research andBusiness Development Office, Oxford Brookes University, BuckleyBuilding, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP or byemail to researchforum@brookes.ac.uk

The University accepts no responsibility for the content of any materialin Research Forum. Readers should note in particular that theinclusion of news and editorial items does not imply endorsement bythe University of the matters reported or the views expressed. TheEditor reserves the right to edit contributions before publication and torefuse editorial items.

Published by Oxford Brookes University Corporate Affairs Directorate.

To obtain a large-print copy of (or sections of)this publication or to enquire about otherformats please contact +44 (0) 1865 484848 or email query@brookes.ac.uk.

Oxford Brookes promotes an inclusive and supportive environment,enabling all members of the University (staff and students) to reachtheir potential and celebrate their diversity. We embrace the spirit of allequalities legislation and are committed to tackling all forms of unfairdiscrimination and to the development of policies and practices toensure these objectives. We seek to make our courses as inclusive aspossible and welcome applications from all sections of thecommunity and from people at all stages of their life. For furtherinformation on the University’s commitment to equal opportunities anddiversity, please refer to the Equal Opportunities Policy for Students, theUniversity’s Race Equality Policy and the Students’ Charter – availablefrom www.brookes.ac.uk or on request from the University’s EqualOpportunities and Diversity Manager +44 (0) 1865 485929.

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