Research European Commission FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 1 Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland...
-
Upload
anna-glenn -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Research European Commission FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 1 Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland...
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 1Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Requirements in the field of land use, agriculture and forestry in the context of the EU Strategy for sustainable development
Pierre Valette, European Commission
Daniel Deybe, National Detached Expert
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 2Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
The notion of sustainable development
To meet the needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 3Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Ecosystem functioning,
Health,Global Change
DamagesThresholds
(physical & monetary valuation)
Targets(e.g. % ofreduction
Humanactivity
Prevention, Adaptation:
Policies & measures: economic instruments, technologies:*Scenarios*Cost-effectiveness analysis*Cost-benefit analysis
Innovation & implementation
Monitoring(incl. Testing & Measuring)
S.D. strategy
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 4Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Sustainability
Physical
Economic Social
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 5Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
To evaluate sustainability, it is necessary to evaluate the impacts on the three main components:– environment– social– economic
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 6Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
There are no thresholds for any of them.
But if it is possible to evaluate the impact on each of them, policy makers could consider the differentiated impact and decide according to their own goals, knowing the positive and negative effects.
This justifies the Sustainable Impact Assessment of any major EU policy.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 7Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
What is expected from agriculture ? An agriculture that is competitive Production methods that are environmentally
friendly and able to supply quality products Agricultural diversity, product variety and the
provision of public goods linked to rural development and notable, the preservation and enhancement of the rural landscape.
Simplicity in agricultural policy and shared responsibility for its implementation (subsidiarity)
Justification of support through the provision of public services by farmers
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 8Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Agenda 2000 introduced payments to farmers to use their privately owned resources or production factors for activities that go beyond good farming practices.
The Göteborg Council endorsed the Commission’s pledge to carry out a “Sustainable Impact Assessment” for “major” policy initiatives and legal proposals.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 9Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Shifting resources from market support to rural development, improving agri-environment measures (transparency), assessing the coherence of zoning and increasing funds for rural development.
Specific requirements concerning the CAP:
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 10Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Conflicts and synergies with Ecology
In some cases, environmentalist would prefer that strong support (and even priority) should be given to policies that minimize the negative impacts on the environment. This would imply that the other axis (economy and social impacts) are neglected.
In some cases, this might be irrealistic.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 11Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
But in some cases, several functions might contribute to environmental, economic and social goals
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 12Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Alternative “environmentally concerned” practicesOne way to deal with this problem is to
identify and use environmentally concerned or environmentally neutral practices.
In this case, the environmental impact could be low or nihil.
But, are they economic or socially acceptable?
Is there any way to introduce them?
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 13Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Role of landscapeLandscape is a consequence of the
natural endowment as well as of the human intervention. Several changes can take place: infrastructure, industrial settings, agriculture, urban settlements, etc.
Agriculture is one of the key issues, because it occupies an important portion of the space, but it is not the only one.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 14Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Policies can influence the type of agriculture and therefore the landscape.
But landscape is also an “amenity”. It can contribute to human welfare and thus provide a positive externality (an extra function).
Can a “value” be provided to this amenity?
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 15Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Land useBesides, as mentioned before, agriculture
competes for land use. On one hand there is the incorporation of natural land into agriculture (and agro-forestry and forestry) and vice-versa. On the other hand, the trade-off with other land uses might not allow to obtain a sustainable balance.
Agriculture can contribute to the functions of Land use, but Land use functions will drive agriculture.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 16Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
How to evaluate alternative land-uses, how to promote them (eventually)?
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 17Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
EmploymentIn some cases and regions,
agriculture is the main source of labor occupation, both family and employment.
It also contributes to stabilize population on the country side.
It helps avoiding overpopulation in some urban sites.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 18Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
How can the benefits of the stabilization of the rural population be counted when undertaking SIA ?
Are the available/proposed services sufficient enough to entertain the rural population and the level of employment? This can also be linked with land use issues.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 19Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Income generationAgriculture can contribute to great
extent in some cases to (direct and indirect) local and regional income generation and therefore have an impact on the level of development.
Is this latter impact measurable in SIA? What is its role at the micro and macro-economic level?
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 20Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Carbon cycleAgriculture and forestry can
contribute to capture greenhouse gases through the use of its sinking capacity (there are mainly two sources of sinks: soil carbon and forestry) or to mitigate GHG through technological change or by replacing fossil fuels by bio-fuels
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 21Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
In the case of the sinks, an economic compensation can be estimated according to the amount of C captured and the final use of the consequent C stock.
Emission trading could also be applied to GHG emitting activities, but it will be extremely difficult to implement.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 22Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Bio-fuels should be considered in the economic valuation both as a source of energy and as a replacement for uses of non-renewable C sources
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 23Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Other outcomes of agriculture
Any other outcome of the agricultural sector, like providing for food security, social cohesion, should be taking into account in the SIA.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 24Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Multifunctional aspects
All these aspects can be summarized in what could be named as the multifunctional aspects of the sector.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 25Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Contribution of the forestry sectorForestry can contribute in at
least two ways:as a source of
diversification/income generation/employment/land use
as a C sink
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 26Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Multifunctional forest
But is also provides other functions: – hunting, fire wood, tourism,
landscape, etc.
How can these other functions be considered?
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 27Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Economic and social sustainable wood chains
Actors: industries, public authorities, civil society, international (trade, conventions, partnership) Regulation (local, regional, EU, World)
Forest,Forestry
Solid wood chainFiber chainBio energy chainBio composites chain
Societymarkets
Multifunctionalities:rural development, environment,sinks, landscape, bio-diversity
ForestryWood Chain
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 28Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
From micro to macro-economic impactsIt is very important to evaluate
the micro-economic impacts, in particular the structural effects of the different policies at the farm level. It can provide useful insights for policy makers and help in the decision making.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 29Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
However, the evaluation of the macro-economic impacts is also required. In the process of policy making, several options can be contemplated and comparing the macro-economic impacts could provide arguments for the selection or rejection of a given one.
Also, the spill-over effects to other sectors should be considered
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 30Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Relationship with externalities
The externalities are the indirect or unexpected effects of policies. They can be negative or positive.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 31Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Impact pathway analysis
Source
Dissemination
Doses-Responses
Monetary evaluation €
Dose
Response
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 32Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
In particular, externalities happen on the environment and on health. But an integrated approach can be able to point them out in other sectors, quantify them (when possible) and eventually avoid them.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 33Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
RES vs coal electricity production cost including external costs (€cents/kWh)
Coal
Coal w/ext
Wind Wind w/ext
time
Cost
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 34Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Can sustainability goals be established?
This is part of the political process. Stakeholders participation, discussion and compromise are useful processes to identify sustainability goals from a societal perspective.
In some case, some room for manoeuvre might have to be left open when the future impacts have not yet been identified (precautionary principle)
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 35Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Indicators and thresholds
A possible way to proceed is to identify main “sustainability” indicators that can help in the process of monitoring whether the goals are being achieved (or not).
For these indicators, thresholds can be identified and fixed (from the environmental, economic and social perspective) which point out the limits that can/should not be exceeded.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 36Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Is it possible to account realistically for policy impacts?
An integrated framework that takes into account, modularly, the different sectors, combining bottom-up and top-down approaches, should be able to provide insights on possible impacts of policies.
The combination of approaches (micro and macro) should be able to take into consideration the many levels (local, regional, global) concerned by the policies.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 37Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
From cost-efficiency to cost-benefit to integrated analysisThere is a need to evaluate the
(direct) efficiency according to the fixed targets and the associated private costs of any policy in the decision making. In this case, the possibility of succeeding efficiently in attaining the goals is evaluated and quantified.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 38Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
More difficult is to estimate the cost-benefit of any policy. In this case, all benefits (direct and indirect) of a policy have to be considered in the economic analysis. The outcome in this case is an internal rate of return of the policy. Usually, it is not always possible to evaluate the economic values of the indirect benefits (and cost), so usually they are only mentioned for information purposes.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 39Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
An integrated framework, in which the relationships between the different sectors and stakeholders are been explicitly considered and stated might help overcoming part of the inconveniences and provide useful insights (even if not completely accurate) of the impacts of policies and contribute to the SIA.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 40Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Some examples of how policies might not achieve their goals and how integrated approaches can detect the unexpected outcomes and help avoiding them
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 41Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Case study 1
In Africa, it is said that animals overgrazing enhance the erosion processes.
It is tested for a village what could happen if the number of animals pasturing could be limited.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 42Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Impact of a restriction in the access to a resource
0
100
200
300
400
500
Free access Max An. 30 Max An 10 No An.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Erosion
Income
1000FCFATn érodées
Strong impact on the village revenueStrong impact on erosion with a limited constrain, further constrain will not have any more impact
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 43Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
0
100
200
300
400
500
Free access Max An. 30 Max An 10 No An.
Impact of a restriction in the access to a resource
Inher
given
loan
Impact on the revenue
Betterendowed
Less endowed
Less endowed farmers might face a strong impact on their revenue
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 44Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Example 2
In a certain region of south America, rotation are excluding fallow periods.
What will happen if a subsidy is granted for fallowing?
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 45Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Impact of a compensation paid to extensify production
impact of a compensation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 30000 50000 100000
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
Crops
Fallow
Erosion
The subsidy is used to increase livestock size
100 ha
Tn érodées
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 46Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
“Sustainability issues”
protection and renewal of stocks of resources
efficiency with which resources are used equity between generations
“Measuring impacts”
quantitative, qualitative and in money terms when reliable estimates are possible
costs and benefits expressed in real terms taking into account “discounting”
Sustainability Impact Assessment:(Methodology 1)
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 47Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
SIA: Methodology (2)
Economic impacts : macro- and micro-economic impacts, notably in terms of economic growth and competitiveness, innovation and technological development, investment, market shares and trade patterns, increases or decreases in consumer prices.
Social impacts : human capital, employment levels, ethic, gender equality, social exclusion and poverty, acceptability, health, safety, consumer rights, social capital, security.
Environmental impacts : changing status of climate change, air, water, soil pollution, land-use, bio-diversity, changes in public health.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 48Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
SIA: Methodology (3)
Tools for cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis multicriteria analysis, scenario building, indicators building.
Treatment of risk and uncertainty in order to apply “precautionary principle”
macro-econometric and general equilibrium
models sectoral models : energy, transport, agriculture and forests “Impact Pathway” analysis for damage valuation multi-agent models participatory approaches, learning
methods
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 49Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Methodological challenges for SIA Some tools (models, accounting frameworks for
externalities, techno-economic databases) exist, but they are not dedicated to the SIA needs (and not sufficiently developed).
Environment:- damages of a technology or human activity on
environment and health physical damages (Environment programme)
monetary valuation (EXTERNE or GREENSENSE)
- “thresholds of sustainability” issue: a mix of natural science, economic and social aspects mainly “sites” level; transferability issue for “macro” assessment
- treatment of uncertainty for global issues (climate change)
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 50Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Economy
- “private costs” of measures (incl. technologies)- “social cost” (social cost = private + external
costs) of measures- cost-effectiveness analysis means optimisation against an objective modelling framework;
- cost-benefit analysis includes external cost- micro-economic and macro-economic impacts different types of models- regional, national, global modelling with linkages for competitiveness and trade analysis- ex-ante impacts analysis of mix of economic
instruments (e.g. emission trading + emissions ceilings)
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 51Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Society- distinction between social, legal and institutional aspects is necessary- social aspects are not explicitly taken into account in the traditional economic tools- understanding and expectations of behaviours- multi-agents models could help to represent the functioning of a social system- participatory approach and governance issue must be addressed- issue of transferability of results
Trade-offs- difficult and political process at the final stage- monetary valuation should help, but not application to societal issue
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 52Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Integration of sustainability in the land use modelingIn the land use models it is
possible to consider:– available resources – different actors– different regions
it is also possible to account for– environmental indicators
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 53Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
The last option can be used to measure and compare the impacts on environmental sustainability.
Considering different stakeholders might help identifying structural and social impacts
As these models also considers profitability, they can help measuring the economic impacts
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 54Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Some of the accounting indicators can be transformed in constrains to represent thresholds or targets
This allows to identify the “economic cost” or the “welfare impact”, according to the objective function defined and using the “dual values”, for evaluation and comparison purposes.
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 55Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Type of uses of the integrated frameworkMain types of analysis
– simulation econometric approximations until the equilibrium optimization general equilibrium
– foresight Scenario based Baseline
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 56Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Econometric
Extrapolation of past trends through the use of response elasticities– Very useful for short term analysis
– ex. Capri model
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 57Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
AproximationTrial and error mechanisms for
each sector sequentially, until the equilibrium is reached, which is not the global equilibrium– very pragmatic, gathering detail
information on the different components
– ex. Poles-gecs, Agripol
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 58Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Optimisation
Behaviour is the basis for model solving– The solution is optimal, but might not
be realistic
– ex: Mata
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 59Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
General equilibrium
All the sectors and all the reactions are considered simultaneously– very aggregated and static
– ex. GTAP, GEM-E3, Nemesis
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 60Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Scenario basedDifferent large consistent sets
of assumptions affecting science, technical schedules, environement, economy and social factors are compared in quantitative and qualitative terms. – difficult to estimate the differential
impacts of some of the measures
ResearchEuropean Commission
FP6-ERA.ppt17/06/03 61Presentation on agriculture requirements- Poland
Baseline based
The comparison is undertaken on the basis of a probable evolution and the changes in some parameters– the specific impacts can be identified