Research developments in the on-site treatment of...
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Research developments in the on-site treatment of wastewater
Dr. Edmond O’Reilly – [email protected] Dr. Eoghan Clifford – [email protected] Mr. Shane Fox (NUI Galway) Dr. Michael Rodgers (RMEnv Ltd) http://www.nuigalway.ie/civileng/Facilities/tuam/index.html
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Overview
– Background – Nutrient removal on-site
• Nitrogen; phosphorous
– On-site disinfection – Pilot scale test facilities
• Water Research Facility; Other on-site facilities
– Technology development
– The future …
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Background – on-site wastewater treatment systems
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
Single house systems Larger on-site systems Conventional septic tank + percolation
Secondary treatment systems Secondary treatment systems
Secondary treatment with tertiary treatment Secondary treatment with tertiary treatment
Generally groundwater discharge Generally surface water discharge
Guidelines: CEN 12566; EPA Code of Practice for single houses (2010)
Guidelines: EPA Code of Practice: WWT systems for communities, business, leisure centres and hotels (1999)
Water Services (Amendment) Act 2012: Registration of domestic wastewater treatment systems
Wastewater Discharge (Amendment) regulations 2010: Discharges above 5 m3/day licensed/authorised by EPA
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Background – drivers and legislation
– Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) – “New Groundwater Directive”(2006/118/EC) – Challenges include
• Maintain or restore water bodies to “good status” – Nitrogen, phosphorous and pathogens of concern.
• Quality of drinking water abstracted; particularly from private wells
• Need for low maintenance, low energy systems that can achieve required standards
• Areas where difficult on-site conditions prevail
• Monitoring: what, how frequently and where?
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Nutrient removal - nitrogen
– Not always required though often necessary near sensitive waters – Two step removal process
• 1: Conversion of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) to nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N); – Nitrification (require low carbon and high dissolved oxygen)
• 2: Conversation of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) to nitrogen gas (N2) – Denitrification (require electron donor and low dissolved oxygen)
– Can occur in percolation systems • lack of organic carbon and subsoil permeability can be limiting factors
– Package WWTPs can be specifically designed to achieve denitrification • low cost biofilm process; where carbon is limiting ….
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Nutrient removal – nitrogen horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR)
Septic tank or primary settled influent
Step feed: • approx 33% daily flow • introduced about ⅔ down the depth of the reactor
About 67% daily flow pumped onto the top sheet
0.5 – 1.8 m deep
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Nutrient removal – nitrogen horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR)
– Minimal mechanical parts → low energy and low maintenance
– Easily upgraded from nitrification to denitrification system
– With a step feed mechanism carbon in the influent wastewater can be used as an electron donor
– Total energy costs: € 0 - 20/year
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Nutrient removal – nitrogen horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR)
– Minimal mechanical parts → low energy and low maintenance
– Easily upgraded from nitrification to denitrification system
– With a step feed mechanism carbon in the influent wastewater can be used as an electron donor
– Total energy costs: € 0 - 20/year
BOD5 (COD) TN
System Loading rate (g/m2/d) % removal Loading rate
(g/m2/d) % removal
HFBR 141.5 97.4 15.7 61.7 RF with forced aeration (5.6) 73 - -
St Sand Filter 22 99 2.4 27 Soil Filter with added
carbon layer 8.4 83 - 93 1.8 67
Constructed wetlands - - 8.1 – 14.1 55 - 80
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Nutrient removal – nitrogen where carbon is limiting
– Where carbon is limiting recent work has focused on the use of, and economics of alternative electron donors
• Organic media (woodchip, biopolymers, cardboard …)
• Autotropic denitrification – use of sulphur-based media)
Septic tank effluent/ primary settled WW
Secondary treatment system (media can be used at this stage also)
Denitrifying Reactor (carbon or sulphur based media)
Effluent / further treatment
Areas for research • Cost of media • Replacement frequency • Ease of reactor operation • Need for recirculation – and thus higher energy costs
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Nutrient removal - phosphorus
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
– Sensitive areas – Discharge to (or close to) a water source
– High up within a catchment
– Two removal mechanisms in on-site wastewater treatment • 1: Biological removal of phosphorus
– P uptake through plant growth (limited removal)
• 2: Physical/chemical removal of phosphorus – Adsorption through filter material in wetlands or sand/soil filters
– dedicated adsorption technologies
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Pathogen removal
– Not always required though can be necessary when: • discharge near drinking water sources; • discharge to surface waters; • discharge to a highly permeable soil; • discharge near bathing waters or aquaculture farms
– Challenges include: • the provision of cost effective systems, • the cost, frequency and location of monitoring (some parameters are extremely
expensive to monitor) • the necessity for high quality up stream treatment • one technology may not be effective against all pathogens
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Pathogen removal
– Technologies • UV technologies • sand and soil filtration • wetlands
– Research • Novel slow sand filters that require reduced maintenance • Use of MBRs and gamma radiation (cost effectiveness being an issue currently) • New monitoring/analysis techniques • Novel pulsed UV technologies
– Work on the maintenance and monitoring requirements that can ensure good performance but are sustainable at a domestic level is required
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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PFBR system
2 x primary settlement tanks + balance tank
Pilot scale research
Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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PFBR system
2 x primary settlement tanks + balance tank
Tertiary treatment processes
Pilot scale research
Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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PFBR system
2 x primary settlement tanks + balance tank
Tertiary treatment processes
Control cabin
Pilot scale research
Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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PFBR system
2 x primary settlement tanks + balance tank
Tertiary treatment processes
Control cabin
Pilot scale research
Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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PFBR system
2 x primary settlement tanks + balance tank
Tertiary treatment processes
Control cabin
Pilot scale research
Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Human Machine Interface
Overview of the Water Research Facility
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Human Machine Interface
Overview of the Water Research Facility
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Human Machine Interface
• Human Machine Interface • Full automation of plant • Live readings from all sensors • Data logging • Remote interrogation/operation
Overview of the Water Research Facility
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Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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• Plug and play design • Fully automated • Manual and automatic sampling • Media filtration
• Sand • Activated carbon
• Adsorption columns • Disinfection • Novel technologies – seaweed, new chlorine systems etc
Overview of the Water Research Facility
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Overview of the Water Research Facility
• Testing of new screens, filters etc. • Test secondary wastewater treatment systems
Raw/primary treated wastewater
• Test new water/wastewater tertiary treatment systems
• Development of new sensor and control equipment
Secondary treated wastewater
• Development of disinfection systems • Overall water/wastewater facility energy
management/efficiency
Tertiary treated wastewater (similar to source water for
drinking water)
• Access to primary and secondary sludge • Pilot scale trials on sludge equipment and
sludge to energy technology Sludge & biosolids
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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In-house technology development (facilitated by having a large scale research site)
Horizontal Flow Biofilm Reactor: single house treatment system – Pilot scale trials at the WRF – Commercially licensed in Europe and USA
Pumped Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – WRF enabled full scale trials – Current installations in Co. Mayo (200PE) and Moneygall Co. Offaly (750PE) – Commercial license at an advanced negotiation stage
Air Suction Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – Pilot scale trial underway @ 2 sites (1 of which is the WRF)
Samplers: novel water sampling devices – patent application underway – Work at the WRF and Newport, Co. Mayo led to this concept
Sensors/WWTP control systems – patent disclosure underway
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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In-house technology development (facilitated by having a large scale research site)
Horizontal Flow Biofilm Reactor: single house treatment system – Pilot scale trials at the WRF – Commercially licensed in Europe and USA
Pumped Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – WRF enabled full scale trials – Current installations in Co. Mayo (200PE) and Moneygall Co. Offaly (750PE) – Commercial license at an advanced negotiation stage
Air Suction Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – Pilot scale trial underway @ 2 sites (1 of which is the WRF)
Samplers: novel water sampling devices – patent application underway – Work at the WRF and Newport, Co. Mayo led to this concept
Sensors/WWTP control systems – patent disclosure underway
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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In-house technology development (facilitated by having a large scale research site)
Horizontal Flow Biofilm Reactor: single house treatment system – Pilot scale trials at the WRF – Commercially licensed in Europe and USA
Pumped Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – WRF enabled full scale trials – Current installations in Co. Mayo (200PE) and Moneygall Co. Offaly (750PE) – Commercial license at an advanced negotiation stage
Air Suction Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – Pilot scale trial underway @ 2 sites (1 of which is the WRF)
Samplers: novel water sampling devices – patent application underway – Work at the WRF and Newport, Co. Mayo led to this concept
Sensors/WWTP control systems – patent disclosure underway
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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In-house technology development (facilitated by having a large scale research site)
Pumped Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – Moneygall Co. Offaly (750PE)
– Collaboration between
• 3rd level institution
• industrial partner
• local authority
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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In-house technology development (facilitated by having a large scale research site)
Pumped Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – Moneygall Co. Offaly (750PE)
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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In-house technology development (facilitated by having a large scale research site)
Pumped Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – Moneygall Co. Offaly (750PE)
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
Advantages of the PFBR: • Low energy requirement • Low maintenance requirement • Low sludge yield • Ease of operation • Stable process
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Parameter Influent Balance Tank
Effluent Clarifier
% removal
Biochemical oxygen demand 5-day (BOD5) 163 (44.2) 4 (4.6) 98%
Suspended solids (SS) 141 (95.8) 5 (4.9) 97%
Ammonium-nitrogen –filtered (NH4-N) 10.0 (2.2) 2.9 (1.2) 71%
Nitrate-nitrogen – filtered (NO3-N) - 5.5 (1.4) -
Total Nitrogen – unfiltered (TNt) 13.6 (2.5) 10.6 (1.3) 22%
In-house technology development (facilitated by having a large scale research site)
Pumped Flow Biofilm Reactor: wastewater treatment system – Moneygall Co. Offaly (750PE)
– Initial results (after two months operation)
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
Estimated biological load: 578PE (@ 40 g BOD/PE.d) Estimated energy usage: 21 kWh/PE.yr (or € 3.60/PE.yr @ € 0.17/kWh)
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Possible focus for further research and developmental work
Nitrogen removal:
– The use of passive technologies, with step-feed mechanisms to achieve nitrogen removal
– The potential of primary settled solids as a carbon source for denitrification
– The use of biodegradable polymers as a carbon source for denitrification
– Further development of autotrophic denitrification processes
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Possible focus for further research and developmental work
Phosphorous removal:
– Significant work is required on the use of adsorption materials for on-site phosphorous removal. The logistics and cost of media replacement can be
– Biological phosphorous removal processes require further development before widespread use in single house wastewater treatment systems
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Possible focus for further research and developmental work
Pathogen removal:
– Technology combinations that could enable discharge of on-site effluents to surface waters
– Improved pre-treatment of wastewaters to ensure effective pathogen removal
– Development of cost-effective monitoring of systems where disinfection is required
– Further work on the development of filtration technologies as effective means of pathogen removal
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Examples of technology development/validation with industry
• Low temperature anaerobic digestion for wastewater treatment (NUI Galway Microbiology technology/EI Funding)
• Bioplastics and their use in the waste/water sectors (Littlefoot Ltd/NUI Galway Collaboration)
• Verification of a new wastewater technology for domestic and small scale wastewater installations (NUI Galway/Georgia Tech Ireland/Waterloop Ireland Ltd/ EI Funding)
Initial M & E testing before final deployment
Full testing for technology verification
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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• Efficiency of a new DAF system for wastewater treatment (Kensol Ltd/EI Funded) • Verification of a phosphorous adsorption system for wastewater treatment (CWT Ltd/EI
Funded) • A new rapid sand filter, that minimises down time at wastewater treatment facilities
(AquaSol Ltd/EI Funded) • A new slow sand filter for water and wastewater treatment (Lir Water Treatment Ltd/EI
Funded)
Technology design & operation optimisation
Measure and reduce energy costs, maintenance
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
Examples of technology development/validation with industry
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Examples current research projects in the water/wastewater area at NUI Galway
• Comparison of disinfection technologies with a focus on developing new methods for virus detection (NUI Galway, Marine Institute AIT – EPA Funded)
• Development of a pulsed-UV system for emphasising cryptosporidium removal (AIT, NUI Galway – EPA Funded)
• Treatment of odours and gases using a novel biological reactor (SFI Funded) • Development of new sensors with control algorithms for water & wastewater treatment
plants (EI Funded Feasibility Study)
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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• Commercial scale PFBR system at Moneygall, Co. Offaly (EI Funded) • Real time remote control of WWTPs, with an emphasis on meeting discharge limits using pH,
ORP, Conductivity and O2 sensors (IRCSET Funded) • Development of new mathematical models for the passive aeration systems such as the
PFBR and ASF-BR (NUI Galway Funded) • Dewatering and subsequent energy generation from waste biosolids; development of new
dewatering techniques (EI/NUI Galway Funded)
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
Examples current research projects in the water/wastewater area at NUI Galway
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Other ongoing projects (both fundamental research and applied commercial research)
Summary of research areas/potential collaboration
Fundamental understanding required (nutrient
removal/recovery, emerging contaminants …)
Microbial ecology/chemistry studies can enable
better engineering of reactors
Applied research and technology
development /optimisation
Meeting wastewater discharge limits while
reducing costs?
Enabling of real time control and
monitoring (e.g. Virtual sensors)
Sludge/Biosolids treatment and energy
recovery
New materials & nanomaterials with
Vast potential in water/wastewater
treatment
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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Main funding modes/research links & collaborating organisations
College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
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College of Engineering and Informatics Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine and Energy Research
Thank you