Research Designs : Research on Instructional Strategies By: Fatma & Wenshan.
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Transcript of Research Designs : Research on Instructional Strategies By: Fatma & Wenshan.
Research Designs
Research on
Instructional
Strategies
Strategies
Research on
Educational
Technologies
Technologies
Research on
Models for
Instructional
Design
Models
Research on
Design and
Development
Design and
Development
A quick Review on research methods Short Break Research on instructional strategies Activity Implication for Research approaches
Agenda
Introduction: A Quick Review on Research Methods Get A Research Method Quantitative Research
› Is the collection and analysis of numerical data to describe, explain, predict, or control phenomena of interest.
Qualitative Research is the collection, analysis, and interpretation of
comprehensive narrative and visual (i.e., non-numerical) data to gain insights into a particular phenomena of interest.
Mixed-methods research› Studies that combine qualitative and quantitative
data collection methods.
Overview of qualitative an quantitative research characteristics
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Type of Data collected Numerical data Nonnumerical data
Research Problem Hypothesis and research procedures stated before beginning the study
Research problems and methods evolve as understanding of topic deeper
Manipulation of context Yes No
Sample size Large Smaller
Research Procedures Relies on statistical procedures
Relies on categorizing organizing data into patterns to produce a descriptive synthesis.
Participant interaction Little interaction Extensive interaction
Underlying belief We live in a stable and predictable world that we can measure, understand, and generalize about.
Meaning is situated in a particular perspective or context that is different for people and groups, therefore, the world has many meanings.
An example› What are the most significant differences
in the ways Grade 3 students at K.G school interact with inert media such as books, and with active media such as computer software for learning Mandarin vocabulary?
Research on Instructional Strategies ( IS)
The rise ,fall & likely Resurgence of Experimentation on Instructional Strategies
1. The Rise What gave experimental design initial
impetus for researching IS ? Field’s behavioural roots. Experimentation as acceptable research in the
field. Promotion & tenure. Research journals preference.
Hannafin (1986)
Research on Instructional Strategies ( IS)
2. The Fall ( Hsieh et al.2005)
Intervention studies published in Educational psychology journals in 1983 & 1995-2004:
To What factors can this trend be attributed ? interest & acceptance of qualitative studies. Cost & complexity Resources & time
1983 •47%
1995 •34%
2004 •26%
Hsieh et al.2005
Research on Instructional Strategies ( IS)
3.The likely Resurgence :
- No Child Left Behind legislation (2001) What works in education.
scientific research is done as a jump off from a peer reviewed journal and applies rigorous, scientific methodologies as its focus.
Rigorous Studies
Randomized ExperimentsRigorous Regression Discontinuity Designs
Rigorous quasi-experiments
Ross and Morrison
Key words (2)
› Experiment A design that involves the comparison of one treatment to
another, using two or more different groups.
› Randomized Experiment A design that involves the comparison of one treatment to
another, using two or more different groups. In randomized experiment design, participants are randomly
assigned to treatment
› Quasi – experiment A design that involves the comparison of one treatment to
another, using two or more different groups. In Quasi-experimental design, participants are not randomly
assigned to treatment.Research Methods
Quantitative ApproachDescriptive Study Experimental StudyRandomized Experimental
DesignQuasi-Experimental Design
Qualitative Approach
“The most powerful design for maximizing internal validity is the true experiment (Slavin, 2002).
An example of randomized experiment
› Does the “Bio-Sym”, a software package that allows simulated experiments , improve the grade 11 students’ learning in Biology 20?
(adopted from Using Experimental Methods in Higher Education Research Ross and Marrison, 2005)
An example of quasi-experiment
› Does “Bio-Sym”, a software package that allows simulated experiments , improve Grade 11 students’ learning in Biology 20?
(adopted from Using Experimental Methods in Higher Education Research Ross and Marrison, 2005)
Instructional strategies
Definition : The prescribed sequences & methods of
instruction to achieve an objective ( Morrison et al.,2007,p.150)
Factors that determined which IS should be used:
Learning theories.Type of content.Desired performance.Theoretical paradigm ( student charac. ,
Resources, allotted time)
Research & Instructional Methods
Research Methods
Micro- Instructional strategies
Macro-Instructional Strategies
Message design strategies
Focus on teaching Focus on classroom-oriented Focus onSpecific content info. Strategies e.g. cooperative perception issues
e.g.e.g. facts & concepts learning, problem-based learning pictures, colors & legibility.
Randomized experimental ? Quasi-experimental?
› Rummel et al. (2003) compared usage of a visual mnemonic to free study of a list of theorists’ names and accomplishments. Participants were randomly assigned to either a visual mnemonic or a free study treatment. The visual mnemonic showed an image of one or more individuals with objects to provide the mnemonic device and delayed post-test and a measure of attitude toward the effectiveness of the method. Result showed that participants in the mnemonic group remembered more of the targeted information than the free study group. For designers, this suggests that visual mnemonics are beneficial in helping learners recall important information.
Randomized experiment? Quasi-experiment?
› The study by Cavalier et. Al. (1995) of cooperative learning in a technical training course was conducted. Intact groups were assigned to either a cooperative learning treatment or control (conventional instruction) treatment, both of which were taught by the same instructor. Assessments included a post-test, attitude survey, and group interaction behaviors. Findings showed that practice in a cooperative group environment produced superior achievement as well higher levels of social and cognitive interactions.
Small Group TaskTime allocation: 10-15 minutes
Pick a study topic.
Discuss whether you would choose true experimental design or quasi-experimental design to your study, and Why?
Briefly identify what your research process would be.
Factors Impacting the Rigor of Experiments
on Instructional Strategies
Internal & External Validity Guala (2002) defines: “an experimental result is internally valid,
if the experimenter attributes the production of an effect B to the factor A, and A really is the cause of B in the experimental setup E .
The result externally valid , if A causes B not only in E, but also in a set of other circumstances of interest F,G,H, etc.”
Validity ThreatsFactors has the potential to bias results.
Knowledge of validity threats, why is it important ?
Validity Threats
most commonly referenced threats to validity
• Selection participants in groups may be unlike in some way
• Teacher one group receive exposure to a better teacher than the other
Mortality Participants drop put of the test, making the groups unequivalent.
Interaction Two or more threats can interact
Maturation Change due to aging or development
Experimenter Bias Expectations of an outcome may inadvertently influence participant or cause the experimenter to view data in a different way
History Unexpected events occur between the pre- and posttest, affecting the dependent variable
Contemporary Issue in Instructional strategies Experimentation
1 . Balancing Internal & External Validity:
Internal validity means eliminating sources of extraneous variance in testing treatment effects; orients researchers to design experiments in which treatment manipulations can be tightly controlled.
Educational psychology researchers
External validity: - interaction of medium and method . - Realistic media applications need to be established. Educational Technology
researchers
Contemporary Issues in Instructional strategies
Experimentation
1.2 Basic-Applied Design Replications Basic designs demand high degree of control to proved valid tests of
principles of instruction and learning; once principle has been tested with consistent results, study is replicated in real-world.
Levin’s Stage Model (2004) - Model for educational intervention research . - Consist of 3 stages:
Stage 1 Formulating ideas & hypotheses + initial observation.
Stage 2 Controlled laboratory experiments on strategies of interest ( high internal validity).
Stage 3 Randomized field trials (RFTs) At student level. At classroom level. At school level.
Conducting RFTS
At the Student Level
At the Classroom Level
At the School Level
Units of Random Assignment
Implication for Research approaches
Design Research/design-based research (DBR): Brown (1992) & Collins (1992)
Definition : a systematic but flexible methodology aimed to improve
educational practices through iterative analysis, design, development, and implementation, based on collaboration among researchers and practitioners in real-world settings, and leading to contextually-sensitive design principles and theories (Wang and Hannafin, (2005) p.6 )
Some common characteristics : Interventionist :The research aims at developing an
intervention in the real world. Iterative : The research incorporates a cyclic approach of
design, evaluation, and revision. Process oriented: the focus is on understanding and
improving interventions.
Some common characteristics :
• Utility oriented : The merit of the design is measured, in part, by its practicality for users in real contexts .
• Theory oriented: The design is based on theoretical propositions,
and field testing of the design contributes to theory building.
How does DBR differ from other approaches? Design- based research vs. Laboratory experimental
research (Allan Collins 1992)
Design-based research vs. Action research (Reeves, Herrington, & Oliver 2005; Wang & Hannafin, 2005)
How do I get started with Design-Based Research:
• Begin with a meaningful problem• Collaborate with practitioners • Integrate robust theory about learning and teaching • Conduct literature review, needs analysis, etc. to
generate research questions • Design an Educational Intervention • Develop, implement, and revise the design intervention • Evaluate the impact of the intervention • Iterate the process • Report DBR
Example of DBR
Trends in Design & development Research
Trends in Product & Tool Research: Focused on non-instructional products caused
expand of the definition of the design &development research.
e.g. Nguyen(2005) EPSS needs assessment :oops, I forgot how to that! Perform. Improv.
Focus on media and technology use in the field . e.g. Lewis (1993) The effect of computer simulations on introductory thermodynamics understanding.
Focus on distance learning products &Web-based tools. e.g. Koszalka (2001) Designing synchronous distance education: a demonstration project
Instructional Technologies:A Brief History
Instructional Technology: Looking Backward, Thinking Forward
References:› Van
Richey, R. C., Klein, J. D., and Nelson, W. A. (2004). Developmental research: studies of instructional design and development. In Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 2nd ed., edited by D. H. Jonassen, pp. 1099–1130. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ross, S. M., Morrison, G. R., and Lowther, D. (2005). Using experimental methods in higher education Research. J. Comput. Higher Educ., 16(2), 39–64.*
The Rise of Behaviorism--The Psychology of Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner By Kendra Van Wagner, About.com
Hsieh, P., Acee, T., Chung, W., Hsieh, Y., Kim, H., Thomas, G., Levin, J. R., and Robinson, D. H. (2005). Is educational intervention research on the decline? J. Educ. Psychol., 97(4), 523–529.
Levin, J. R. (2004). Random thoughts on the (in)credibility of educational–psychological intervention research. Educ. Psychol., 39(3), 173–184.* http://bobhall.tamu.edu/epsy602/Topics/Articles/Levin.pdf