Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social...
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![Page 1: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Research Design Overview
Heather M. Gray, Ph.D.January 26, 2010
Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course
![Page 2: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Today’s Plan
• Lecture: The 5 basic types of research approaches in the social sciences
• Interactive exercise #1: Does watching too much TV kill you?
• Interactive exercise #2: Name that Method (time permitting)
![Page 3: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Primary Sources
• Rosenthal, R. & Rosnow, R. L. (1991). Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis
• Research Methods: The Laboratory http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/proj/res_meth/login.html
![Page 4: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
5 Basic Approaches
Experiments Everything Else
Correlation NaturalisticObservation
Survey CaseStudy
![Page 5: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Experiments
• Description: • Manipulating a variable to see if it
changes a second variable• Independent variable• Dependent variable
X Y
![Page 6: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Experiments
• Strengths: Cause-and-effect relationships, IF:• Statistical conclusion validity• Construct validity• Internal validity• External validity
![Page 7: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Experiments
• Limitations:• Necessary trade-offs• “Truth accrues, error cancels out”
(attributed to Robert Rosenthal)
Rigor Relevance
![Page 8: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Experiments
• Limitations:• Not always practical• Not always ethical
![Page 9: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
5 Basic Approaches
Experiments Everything Else
Correlation NaturalisticObservation
Survey CaseStudy
![Page 10: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Correlation
• Description: • No manipulation• Designed to determine degree and
direction of relationship between two variables
X Y
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Correlation
• Strength: • No manipulation• Useful for prediction
![Page 12: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Correlation
• Limitations: • Correlation cannot prove causation
![Page 13: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
5 Basic Approaches
Experiments Everything Else
Correlation NaturalisticObservation
Survey CaseStudy
![Page 14: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Naturalistic Observation
• Description:• Careful observation and recording of
some behavior or phenomenon• Over a prolonged time• In its natural setting• Without interference
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Naturalistic Observation
• Strengths:• Observation of behavior as it occurs
naturally• Limited opportunity for experimenter
effects• Can yield hypotheses for future
experimental investigation
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Naturalistic Observation
• Limitations:• Descriptive method, not explanatory• Time intensive• Difficulty of observing behavior without
disrupting it• Coding issues
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5 Basic Approaches
Experiments Everything Else
Correlation NaturalisticObservation
Survey CaseStudy
![Page 18: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Survey
• Description:• Descriptive study• Inferences drawn from interviews or
questionnaires• Different types of questions
• Forced-choice• Open-ended
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Survey
• Strength:• When constructs are difficult to
observe directly• Standardization• Cost-effective• Relatively quick
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Survey
• Limitations:• No cause-and-effect conclusions• Reliance on self-reports
• Deception• Poor memory• Misunderstanding of question• Lack of insight• Predicting behavior?
![Page 21: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
5 Basic Approaches
Experiments Everything Else
Correlation NaturalisticObservation
Survey CaseStudy
![Page 22: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Case Study
• Description:• In-depth descriptive record of an
individual or small group of individuals• Biographical data, medical records,
family history, observations, interviews, psychological tests
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Case Study
• Strengths:• Provide detailed, contextual view • If long term, helpful in understanding
developmental issues • Helpful in generating hypotheses for
future testing
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Case Study
• Limitations:• Not explanatory; no cause-and-effect
relationships• Behavior can be observed but not
explained• Lack of generalizability• Issues re: retrospective data
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Take-home point #1
• On choosing your own research method• Don’t be limited to just one approach• Use combination of approaches to help
correct for inherent weaknesses
![Page 26: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Take-home point #2
• On being an educated consumer of research• Are conclusions warranted by the study
design?• Example…
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![Page 28: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Interactive Exercise #1
• How else could we have addressed this question?• Naturalistic observation• Survey• Case study• Experiment?
![Page 30: Research Design Overview Heather M. Gray, Ph.D. January 26, 2010 Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introductory Course.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022020922/56649f095503460f94c1d96a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Interactive Exercise #2
• Name that Method