RESEARCH DESIGN MIXED METHODS

RESEARCH DESIGNMIXED METHODS

Sumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009

SEJARAH SINGKAT - MMR

1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell &

Fiske. (Psychologists)

1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by S.D.

Sieber.

1979: Converging or triangulating different Qualitative &

Quantitative data sources by Jick.

1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By

Tashakkori & Teddli and then Creswell.


Mengapa memakai MMR?

• Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a

large group of people

– These data often fail to provide specific answers,

reasons, explanations or examples

• Qualitative research provides data about meaning and

context regarding the people and environments of study

– Findings are often not generalizable because of the small

numbers & narrow range of participants

• Both methods have strengths and weaknesses

– When used together, these methods can be

complimentarySumber: Elham Ahmadnezhad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nov. 2009

Tipe-tipe desain penelitian

Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods

Mixed Methods Research Methods

Qualitative research Methods

Quantitative research Methods

• Sequential

•Concurrent

•Transformative

• Narratives

•Phenomenologi

es

•Ethnographies

•Grounded

theory

•Case Studies

• Experimental

designs

•Non-

Experimental

designs, such

as survey


Kriteria Untuk Memilih Strategi

Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy

Theoretical Perspective Integration Priority Implemen

tation

ExplicitAt data

collectionEqual

No Sequence Concurrent

At data analysis

QualitativeSequential- Qualitative

first

At data interpretation

Implicit Quantitative

Sequential- Qualitative

first

With some combination


• What is implementation sequence of the quantitative

and qualitative data collection in the proposed

study?

• What priority will be given to the quantitative and

qualitative data collection and analysis?

• At what stage in the research project will the

quantitative and qualitative data and finding be

integrated?

• Will an overall theoretical perspective (e.g., gender,

race/ ethnicity, lifestyle, class) be used in the study?


Kriteria Untuk Memilih Strategi

Alternatif Strategi dan Model Visual

Sequential Explanatory Design

QUAN Data Collection QUAN Data Analysis Qual Data Collection Qual Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre

analysis

QUAN qual


Sequential Exploratory Design

QUAL Data Collection QUAL Data Analysis Quan Data Collection Quan Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre

Analysis

QUAL quan



Alternative Strategies and Visual Models

Sequential Transformative Design

QUAN qualVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framwork

QUAL quanVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framework


Alternative Strategies and Visual Models

Concurrent Triangulation Strategy

QUAL Data Collection QUAN Data Collection

QUAN QUAL

Quan Data Analysis

Qual Data Analysid

Data Results Compared


Analysis of Findings

Analysis of Findings

Concurrent Nested Strategy



Concurrent Transformative Strategy



Prosedur Pengumpulan Data

• Identify and be specific about the type of data. Some forms of data such as interviews and observations can be either quantitative or qualitative. Although reduction information to numbers is the approach used in quantitative research, it is also used in qual. Research.

• Recognize that quantitative data often involve random sampling, so that each individual has no equal probability of being selected and the sample can be generalized to the larger population. In qualitative data collection, purposeful sampling is used to that individuals are selected because they have experienced the central phenomenon.


• Relate the procedures specifically to the visual model. For e.g, in a sequential explanatory model, the general procedures can be detailed even further. A discussion of this approach might include describing the use of survey data collection followed by both descriptive and infertial data analysis in the first phase. Then qualitative observations and coding and thematic analysis within an ethnographic design might be mentioned for the second phase.


Prosedur Pengumpulan Data

It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for the procedures. Some of the more popular

approaches:

Data transformation:

In the concurrent strategies involve creating codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the

number of times they occur in the text data. This quantification of qualitative data enables a

researcher to compare quantitative results with the qualitative data. For instance, in a factor

analysis of data from a scale on an instrument, the researcher may create factors or themes

that then can be compared with themes from the qualitative database.


Analisis Data & Validasinya

Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of quantitative data in the first phase can yield extreme or outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative interviews with these outlier cases can provide insight about why they diverged from the quantitative sample.

Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and specific statements from participants in an initial qualitative data collection. In the next phase, use these statements as specific items and the themes for scales to create a survey instrument that is grounded in the views of the participants. A third, final phase might be to validate the instrument with large sample representative of a population.

Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey at one level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a sample. At the same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with individuals) to explore the phenomenon with specific individuals in families.



Validasi diperlukan, baik pada fase kualitatif maupun fase kuantitatif.

Masing-masing metode mempunyai cara khusus; untuk data kualitatif, strateginya adalah menguji akurasi

temuan-temuan riset.



Mixed Methods Research: State of the Art

(What Has Developed In Mixed Methods)

by John W. Creswell, Ph.D.

Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Co-editor, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, and Co-Director, Office of Qualitative and Mixed Methods

Research

Sifat MMR• Deskripsikan pendekatan ini dalam proposal-

penelitian– Pelacakan sejarahnya– Definisi yang jelas

• Mixed methods research is an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches, and the mixing of both approaches in a study. Thus, it is more than simply collecting and analyzing both kinds of data; it also involves the use of both approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or quantitative research (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007).

– Membahas tantangan yang dihadapi pendekatan ini.

Sumber: by John W. Creswell, Ph.D. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Perencanaan MMR

Timing Weighting Mixing Theorizing

No SequenceConcurrent

Equal Integrating Explicit

Sequential - Qualitative

first

Qualitative Connecting Implicit

Sequential - Quantitative

first

Quantitative Embedding


Perencanaan MMRTiming Weighting Mixing Theorizing

No SequenceConcurrent

Equal Integrating Explicit

Sequential - Qualitative

first

Qualitative Connecting Implicit

Sequential - Quantitative

first

Quantitative Embedding


Disain Sequential dan Model Visual

• Disain Eksplanatori Sekuensial

• Disain Eksploratori Sekuensial

• Dian Transformatis Sekuensial

QUAN qual

QUAL quan

QUAL quanSocial science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview

QUAN qualSocial science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview


Disain Konkuren dan Model Visual

• Disain Triangulasi Konkuren (bersamaan) +

• Disain Embedded Konkuren

• Disain Transformatif Konkuren

QUAN QUAL

QUAN

qual

QUAN + QUAL

Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview

QUAL

quan

QUAL

Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview

quan


Pengumpulan Data

• Identifikasi tipe-tipe data quantitative dan qualitatif

• Menyusun prosedur sampling yang dapat mencakup aspek-aspek random-sampling dan purposeful-sampling

• Membuat bagan / diagram alir yang detail tentang penelitian


Analisis Data dan Validasinya

• Match data analysis to the mixed methods strategy of inquiry

• Prosedur-prosedur yang populer meliputi :– Transformasi Data– Explore outliers– Instrument development– Examine multiple levels– Membuat Matriks.

• Prosedur Validasi:– Quantitative procedures (e.g., validity and reliability of scores)– Qualitative procedures (e.g., check accuracy of findings)– Mixed methods procedures (e.g., legitimation of the mixed methods

study)


Struktur Laporan Hasil Penelitian

• Report structure follows from the mixed methods strategy of inquiry– Studi Sequential :

• Organize the report into sections ordered to match the phases of the study

– Studi Konkuren : • Organize the data collection into separate sections• The analysis and interpretation may be combined

– Studi Transformatif: • Use either a sequential or concurrent report structure• Advance the advocacy issue at the beginning and an

agenda for change at the end


RESEARCH DESIGN MIXED METHODS

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