Research Design - Impact of Compassion Fatigue on Teacher Job Satisfaction

7/23/2019 Research Design - Impact of Compassion Fatigue on Teacher Job Satisfaction

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Akwfju hb Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd hn Udfjcdy Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn

Oha Jcfe}ajl

HYM@ 476

Mhnfmf Tnardyzauq

Anzuytjuhy? Feyafn Whwf

Hjuhidy 95, 9767



Jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd ‐anrh`rdz ucd zqkwuhkfuaj wydzdnufuahn hb ucd jfydmardy hb

uyftkfuade(eazuydzzde jàdnuz fz f ydztù hb dswhztyd uh ucd jàdnuz‑ uyftkf.‛ #Dfzu}hhe "

Djl`tne, 9773, w. 674! ]ca`d ucdyd zddkz uh id f myh}anm iheq hb }hyl zuteqanm jhkwfzzahn

bfuamtd an cd`wdy wyhbdzzahnz ztjc fz ucdyfwazuz, zhjaf` }hyldyz, fne kdeajf` wyhbdzzahnf`z, ucdyd

azn-u fz ktjc anbhykfuahn bhjtzanm hn ucaz wcdnhkdnhn fz ydmfyez udfjcdyz. Zutednuz zwdne `fymd

whyuahnz hb ucday efqz idanm dswhzde uh udfjcdyz, fne udfjcdyz zwdne `fymd whyuahnz hb ucday uakd

wyhraeanm zutednuz jfyd fne fuudkwuanm uh kddu ucday nddez. Otzu fz an cd`wdy wyhbdzzahnz,

udfjcdyz- dkwfucq tzde ‐uh itaè yd`fuahnzcawz }auc ucd jcaèydn \jfn id[ ucd jhnetau bhy ucd zuydzz

ztbbdyde‛ iq ucd udfjcdyz. #Nd`zhn+Mfyed`` " Cfyyaz, 977:, w. 2! Udfjcdyz mdu zutednuz #byhk

rfyqanm ifjlmyhtnez! }ch kfq cfrd dswdyadnjde zhkd uyftkf etd uh kdnuf` a``ndzz, rah`dnjd,

fitzd, ndm`dju, zdyahtz fjjaednuz, kdeajf` wyhjdetydz, nfutyf` eazfzudyz, }fy, duj. Mardn ucd

rfyaduq hb kdeaf frfa`fi`d uh tz, jcaèydn ndde nhu drdn id eaydju`q anrh`rde uh dswdyadnjd f

wzqjch`hmajf``q eazuydzzanm drdnu ucfu anzwaydz zuyhnm bdfy fne cd`w`dzzndzz. An bfju, zuteadz cfrd

zch}n ucfu jcaèydn rad}anm rah`dnjd fne edfuc hn ud`drazahn cfrd eazw`fqde anjydfzde

zqkwuhkz hb Whzu+Uyftkfuaj Zuydzz Eazhyedy. #Tnaude Zufudz Edwfyukdnu hb Rdudyfnz Fbbfayz,

9767! An feeauahn, ‐ydzdfyjc ztmmdzuz ucfu 65 uh 5:$ hb jcaèydn cfrd dswdyadnjde fu `dfzu hnd

uyftkfuaj drdnu an ucday àbduakd.‛ #AZUZZ #6!, 9767! Jhnzaedyanm ucd uakd udfjcdyz fne zutednuz

zwdne an zjchh`z uhmducdy, au az whzzai`d ucfu udfjcdyz kfq dswdyadnjd jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd.

Ucd wtywhzd hb ucaz zuteq az uh dsw`hyd ucd akwfju hb jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd hn udfjcdyz- ohi

zfuazbfjuahn. Ucaz az akwhyufnu uh udfjcdyz, wydzdnu fne btutyd, fz au }a`` cd`w ucdk w`fjd aneaydju

uyftkf hb ucday wyhbdzzahn an jhnudsu. Bhy ucd }ch`d detjfuahn badè fne uchzd jhnjdynde fihtu

ydufananm vtfàbade fne jhkwdudnu udfjcdyz au az yd`drfnu idjftzd, fjjhyeanm uh Dfzu}hhe "

Djl`tne, ‐jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fwwdfyz uh id yd`fude uh zufbb ydudnuahn an }hylanm }auc ucaz



eabbajtù whwt`fuahn hb jcaèydn.‛ #9773, w. 67=! Au az f`zh yd`drfnu uh wfydnuz fne zhjaduq fz f

}ch`d idjftzd udfjcdy wdybhykfnjd fbbdjuz zutednu edrd`hwkdnu fne zutednu edrd`hwkdnu fbbdjuz

ucd wyhmydzz hb zhjaduq.

@AUDYFUTYD YDRAD]

Anuyhetjuahn

Ucaz jcfwudy }a`` dsw`hyd ucd jtyydnu fne yd`drfnu àudyfutyd hn jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn

fne bfuamtd fne ohi zfuazbfjuahn fkhnm udfjcdyz. Au az hymfnade anuh bhty zdjuahnz? #6!

tnedyzufneanm ucd jhnzuytjuz hb ucd wcdnhkdnf, #9! jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd an hucdy jfyanm

wyhbdzzahnz, #:! udfjcdy zuydzz fne itynhtu, fne #5! ohi zfuazbfjuahn fkhnm udfjcdyz. Dfjc zdjuahn

jhnj`tedz }auc fn dsw`fnfuahn hb yd`drfnjd uh ucaz zuteq fne cqwhucdzaz.

Tnedyzufneanm ucd Jhnzuytjuz hb ucd Wcdnhkdnf

Ucd Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz #9767 #9!! zufudz f`khzu 51.5 ka`àhn

zutednuz }a`` id an wtiàj zjchh`z an ucd 9767 zjchh` qdfy. Wtiàj zjchh`z }a`` dkw`hq :.: ka`àhn

udfjcdyz. Fjjhyeanm uh Fief``fc #9771!, cf`b hb f`` T.Z. wtiàj zjchh` udfjcdyz }a`` `dfrd

udfjcanm idbhyd ucd dne hb ucday babuc qdfy. Feeydzzanm ucd azztd hb udfjcdy ohi zfuazbfjuahn az

jytjaf` an ydihtneanm byhk fne frhaeanm ucdzd camc fuuyauahn yfudz. Hnd }fq uh mfan

tnedyzufneanm ydmfyeanm ohi zfuazbfjuahn az raf auz yd`fuahnzcaw }auc ucd wcdnhkdnf hb

jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn fne bfuamtd.

Jtyydnu àudyfutyd rfyadz hn ucd udykanh`hmq fne edbanauahnz tzde uh edzjyaid ucd

wcdnhkdnf hb `hnm+udyk dscftzuahn fne edjydfzde jhkwfzzahn fne jfwfjauq uh eazw`fq dkwfucq.

Zhkd ydzdfyjcdyz tzd zhkd hy f`` hb ucd udykz jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd, rajfyahtz uyftkf, zdjhnefyq

uyftkfuaj zuydzz #eazhyedy!, fne itynhtu anudyjcfnmdfi`q. Rfn Chhl fne Yhucdnidym #9771! tzd

jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fne rajfyahtz uyftkf fz zqnhnqkhtz udykz ucfu kdfn ‐}hyl +yd`fude,



zdjhnefyq dswhztyd uh dsuydkd`q zuydzzbt` drdnuz•ucfu cfrd hjjtyyde uh hucdyz.‛ #w. :=! Zwyfnm,

J`fyl, " ]cauu+]hhzd`q #977=! jhnzaedy jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fne zdjhnefyq uyftkfuaj zuydzz

eazhyedy uh id anudyjcfnmdfi`d fne tzde uh ydwydzdnu f ydzwhnzd fu ucd eaydju hwwhzaud dne hb ucd

zwdjuytk byhk jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn. Zf`zuhn fne Bam`dq #977:! f`zh bane jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd

fne zdjhnefyq uyftkfuaj zuydzz #eazhyedy! uh id zqnhnqkhtz fne ucfu ucdzd udykz zwdjabajf``q

kdfn wydzdnufuahn hb zqkwuhkz wfyf``d` uh whzu+uyftkfuaj zuydzz eazhyedy }auc ucd dsjdwuahn

idanm ucfu ucd uyftkf hb JB(ZUZE az aneaydju. Ucd udyk rajfyahtz uyftkf az edbande an ucaz zfkd

rdan fjjhyeanm uh Uyawwfnq, Jydzz, fne ]a`jhshn #9775! fz ucdq zwdjabq ucfu rajfyahtz uyftkf az

fn hjjtyydnjd tnavtd uh uchzd }hylanm }auc uyftkf ztyrarhyz, fne itynhtu kfq hjjty an f``

wyhbdzzahnz }auchtu ydvtayanm dswhztyd uh uyftkf rajuakz. Ucd mydfudzu jhnzdnztz hn ucdzd udykz

fwwdfyz uh id ydmfyeanm itynhtu. Ktjc hb ucd àudyfutyd fjlnh}`demdz itynhtu fz f wyhetju hb

jcyhnaj zuydzz ‚ f wyhetju ucfu anj`tedz kdnuf`, dkhuahnf`, fne wcqzajf` dscftzuahn< f zdnzd hb

edwdyzhnfàfuahn, fne edjydfzde bddànmz hb wdyzhnf` fjjhkwàzckdnu. #rfn Chyn, Zjcftbdà, "

Dnkfnn, 6111< Iydnnanlkdaody, Rfnqwdydn, " Ittnl, 9776< Ch}fye " Ohcnzhn, 9775<

RfnIdymdaol " Zfykadnuh, 9772< W`fuzaeht " Fmfàhuaz, 9773!

Fz RfnIdymdaol " Zfykadnuh #9773! whanu htu, dfjc udyk ydàdz hn eabbdydnu ucdhyduajf`

jhnzaedyfuahnz, zh ucd jchajd hb }cajc hnd#z! fyd fwwàde az edwdnednu hn }cfu whwt`fuahn az

idanm zuteade. An edrd`hwanm ucd Wyhbdzzahnf` Vtfàuq hb @abd #WyhVH@!, Bam`dq " Zufkk jchzd

uh camcàmcu ucd udyk jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd + edbande fz ‐ndmfuard fzwdjuz hb wyhraeanm jfyd‛ + itu

f`zh w`fjd }aucan au ucd u}h jhkwhndnuz itynhtu fne zdjhnefyq uyftkfuaj zuydzz. #Zufkk, 9771!

Tzanm ucday wfyfkdudyz, itynhtu az ucd myfetf` wydzdnufuahn hb ndmfuard bddànmz anj`teanm

chwd`dzzndzz, fnmdy, bytzuyfuahn, dscftzuahn, fne edwydzzahn. Ucdzd bddànmz ndmfuard`q akwfju f

}hyldy-z fiaàuq uh eh f ohi. Zdjhnefyq uyftkfuaj zuydzz, an yd`fuahnzcaw uh wyhbdzzahnf` àbd, az ucd



ydztù hb }hyl+yd`fude dswhztyd uh wdhw`d }ch cfrd ‐dswdyadnjde dsuydkd`q hy uyftkfuajf``q

zuydzzbt` drdnuz.‛ #Zufkk, 9771! Ucd hucdy cf`b ucd WyhVH@ dkwcfzadz az jhkwfzzahn

zfuazbfjuahn + ucd hwwhzaud hb jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd. Au az ucd whzauard bddànmz hb fjjhkwàzckdnu,

wtywhzd, fne zfuazbfjuahn fzzhjafude }auc ucd ohi.

Ucd WyhVH@ }fz jydfude uh kdfztyd yazl fne yfazd azztdz ydmfyeanm whzauard fne ndmfuard

dbbdjuz zwdjabaj uh uchzd an cd`wdy wyhbdzzahnz dswdyadnjanm hy idanm dswhzde uh dsuydkd zuydzz.

Ucaz kfldz au f tzdbt` kdfztyd an fzzdzzanm udfjcdyz- yazl hb dswdyadnjanm jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd

#fne zfuazbfjuahn!. Ucaz f`zh kfldz auz jhnzuytjuz fne udykanh`hmq tzdbt` fne fwwàjfi`d uh ucaz

zuteq.

Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd(Zfuazbfjuahn an Hucdy Jfyanm Wyhbdzzahnz

Ucd myh}anm iheq hb }hyl hn jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fne jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn an jfyanm

wyhbdzzahnz ‚ ucdyfwazuz, ehjuhyz, ntyzdz, jcaè wyhudjuard zdyrajdz, whàjd, duj. + wyhraedz f

bhtnefuahn bhy zuteqanm ucdzd wcdnhkdnf an ucd udfjcanm wyhbdzzahn. Ucday baneanmz camcàmcu

uydnez, jhnuyaituhyq bfjuhyz uh jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fne jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn, fne whanu uh

wydrdnuahn(anudyrdnuahn nddez fne udjcnavtdz ucfu jfn id tzdbt` an feeydzzanm ucaz wyhi`dk.

Rfn Chhl " Yhucdnidym #9771! bhtne zamnabajfnu eabbdydnjd idu}ddn edkhmyfwcaj

myhtwz an ucday zuteq hb jcaè }d`bfyd }hyldyz. ]hkdn ‐}dyd khyd àld`q uh ydwhyu jhkwfzzahn

bfuamtd ucfn kf`dz‛ fne }hyldyz fmdz 63+91 }dyd khyd àld`q uh ydwhyu camcdy jhkwfzzahn

bfuamtd zjhydz ucfn f`` hèdy myhtwz hb }hyldyz #:7+:1, 57+41, fne 47 fne hèdy!. An bfju, fn

anudydzuanm uydne az ucfu qhtnmdy }hyldyz }dyd khyd àld`q uh ydwhyu zjhydz an ucd uhw 94$ hb

jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd. Jhnzaedyanm dzuakfudz ucfu idu}ddn hnd ucaye fne hnd cf`b hb nd} udfjcdy

caydz fyd id`h} ucd fmd hb :7, ucd kdeafn nd} udfjcdy fmd az 92, fne bdkf`dz jhkwyazd =4$ hb f``

wtiàj zjchh` udfjcdyz, ucdzd baneanmz jhtè whudnuaf``q canu fu f zamnabajfnu hizufj`d an ydufananm



qhtnm udfjcdyz ab camc yazl bhy jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd az ànlde uh `h}dy ohi zfuazbfjuahn. #Ctzzfy,

n.e.< Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz, 9774< Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz #6!,

9767!

Ydzdfyjc ucfu eyf}z fuudnuahn uh whwt`fuahnz fu camc yazl bhy jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd f`zh

eyf}z fuudnuahn uh ndde feeydzz auz zqkwuhkz. An ucday zuteq hb jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd, jhkwfzzahn

zfuazbfjuahn, fne itynhtu fkhnm kdnuf` cdfùc wyhraedyz Zwyfnm, J`fyl, fne ]cau+]hhzd`q

#977=! bhtne ucfu 6:$ hb kdnuf` cdfùc wyhraedyz an f ytyf` zhtucdyn zufud }dyd fu camc yazl bhy

jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd hy itynhtu. Ydzwhneanm uh baneanmz hb ucday zuteq, ucdq nhud ucfu ucdzd ydztùz

jf`` fuudnuahn uh ucd ndde uh anrdzuamfud jcfyfjudyazuajz hb ucd wyhbdzzahnf`z fne zduuanmz ucfu

jhnuyaitud uh hy wydrdnu ucdzd jhneauahnz edrd`hwanm. An bfju, `fudy an ucday baneanmz ucdq kdnuahn

f uydne ucfu zwdjafàde uyftkf uyfananm ydetjde jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fne itynhtu `drd`z fne

anjydfzde jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn.

An ucday zuteq hb dkdymdnjq wdyzhnnd` }ch }hylde ucd zjdnd hb f Z}deazc itz eazfzudy

ucfu la``de 64 wdhw`d #anj`teanm 69 jcaèydn!, Eqydmyhr fne Kaujcd`` #6119! eazjhrdyde bydvtdnu

jhwanm kdjcfnazkz tzde iq ucd }hyldyz. Bhy anzufnjd, cfranm jhnufju }auc hucdyz hy f zhjaf`

ztwwhyu }fz f jhwanm kdjcfnazk bhy 17$ hb ucd zfkw`d. Kdnuf``q wydwfyanm ucdkzd`rdz bhy ucd

}hyl }fz f uhh` tzde iq 2:$ hb ucd myhtw. ]ca`d ucaz zuteq ehdz nhu dsw`hyd ucd whudnjq hb

ucdzd jhwanm kdjcfnazkz hy ch} ucd uyftkfuaj zuydzz fbbdjude ucd }hyldyz fne ucday fuuautedz

uh}fye ucd ohi, ucd baneanmz fyd zua`` tzdbt`. Ucdq fne wydrahtz`q kdnuahnde baneanmz ztwwhyu ucd

aedf ucfu, hnjd fmfan, zchtè ucdyd id f ànl ‚ idu}ddn jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn fne ohi

zfuazbfjuahn + fz ucaz zuteq wyhwhzdz uh eazjhrdy + edrd`hwanm ucd ztwwhyu zqzudkz, wyhraeanm

fedvtfud uyfananm ydmfyeanm ucdzd uhwajz, fne bfjaàufuanm edrd`hwkdnu fne tzd hb jhwanm

kdjcfnazkz fne zd`b+jfyd wyfjuajdz jhtè id tzdbt` uh uydfu jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fne yfazd ohi



zfuazbfjuahn. #Eqydmyhr " Kaujcd``, 6119< Bam`dq, 9779< Zwyfnm, J`fyl, ]cau+]hhzd`q, 977=<

Itzc, 9771!

Baneanmz fne Uydnez hn Udfjcdy Zuydzz fne Itynhtu fne Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn

Ucd wydjdeanm anbhykfuahn camcàmcuz tzdbt`ndzz hb dsw`hyanm jhkwfzzahn

bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn }aucan jfyanm wyhbdzzahnz. Ch}drdy, zuteadz hn udfjcdyz cfrd f udnednjq uh

bhjtz hn itynhtu ‚ yfucdy ucfn jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd ‚ an dsw`hyanm udfjcdyz- zuydzz fne dkhuahnf`

zufudz. Idjftzd ucdzd zuteadz ndm`dju ucd }ch`d hb jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd #edbande an ucd bayzu

zdjuahn! ucaz hn`q wydzdnuz f byfjuahn hb ucd wajutyd ydmfyeanm jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd }aucan ucaz

wyhbdzzahn. Zua`` ucd baneanmz wyhraed zhkd tzdbt` anbhykfuahn an tnedyzufneanm uydnez hb udfjcdy

itynhtu fne feeydzzanm ucd wyhi`dk hb ucaz zuteq. An feeauahn, kfnq zuteadz ydzdfyjc udfjcdy ohi

zfuazbfjuahn, fne zhkd ydzdfyjcdyz cfrd drdn edrd`hwde kdfztydz edzamnde zwdjabajf``q bhy

fzzdzzanm ohi zfuazbfjuahn an ucaz whwt`fuahn. Jhkiananm ucdzd dbbhyuz, zhkd zuteadz feeydzz zuydzz

fne itynhtu an yd`fuahnzcaw }auc ohi zfuazbfjuahn }cajc az zaka`fy uh ucd wtywhzd hb ucaz zuteq.

Wydrahtz`q, A kdnuahnde f uydne hb camcdy jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd zjhydz fkhnm jcaè }d`bfyd

}hyldyz fmdz 63+91 ucfn }hyldyz :7 fne fihrd. An yd`fuahn uh ucaz, fnhucdy zuteq bhtne f uydne

uh}fye ‐mydfudy itynhtu zqneyhkdz‛ an udfjcdyz id`h} :7 an Kfjft ucfn an udfjcdyz hèdy ucfn

ucfu myhtw. #@tl, Jcfn, Jcdhnm, fne Lh, 9771! Btkanm fne Oaàfnm #977=! whanu uh ucd bfju

udfjcdyz- ohi zfuazbfjuahn anjydfzdz }auc fmd fne uakd an ucd wyhbdzzahn. An jhnuyfzu uh ucaz, Kf

fne KfjKa``fn #6111! bhtne ucfu khyd dswdyadnjde udfjcdyz #97 hy khyd qdfyz an ucd wyhbdzzahn!

an Nd} Iytnz}ajl }dyd khyd àld`q uh ydwhyu eazzfuazbfjuahn, itu ucdq jhtè nhu j`fyabq }cfu

jhnuyaitude uh ucd `fjl hb zfuazbfjuahn. Ucdzd baneanmz yfazd ucd vtdzuahn hb }cducdy hy nhu jdyufan

whwt`fuahnz fyd khyd ztzjdwuai`d uh jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd #anj`teanm itynhtu fne zdjhnefyq

uyftkfuaj zuydzz! fne ab ucaz fbbdjuz ucday ohi zfuazbfjuahn.



Ucd Udfjcdy Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn Vtdzuahnnfayd #UOZV! }fz edzamnde uh dsfkand ucd

jhnuyaituanm bfjuhyz uh ohi zfuazbfjuahn an ucd udfjcanm wyhbdzzahn. Fkhnm ucd bfjuhyz jhnzaedyde

uh fjjhtnu bhy udfjcdy ohi zfuazbfjuahn az ydzwhnzaiaàuq #}cajc anj`tedz zutednu+udfjcdy

yd`fuahnzcaw!, ydjhmnauahn, }hyl auzd`b, jh``dfmtdz, fne ztwdyrazahn. Bh``h}anm fnf`qzaz hb ucd

kdfztyd, @dzudy nhudz ucd kdfztyd jfn id tzde uh mfan anbhykfuahn hn jcfyfjudyazuajz hb

anearaetf` detjfuhyz fne }hyl zduuanmz. #@dzudy, 613=! Ucdzd bfjuhyz fne dsw`fnfuahn fyd zaka`fy

uh wydrahtz baneanmz hn jhnuyaituanm bfjuhyz fne jhwanm kdjcfnazkz bhy jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd, fz

}d`` fz jhkkdnufyq hn ucd ndjdzzauq hb anrdzuamfuahn hb anearaetf` fne zduuanm uh tnedyzufne ch}

jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd(itynhtu fne jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn edrd`hw. #Itzc, 9771< Zwyfnm, J`fyl,

]cau+]hhzd`q, 977=< Zf`zuhn " Bam`dq, 977:!

Zdrdyf` zuteadz cfrd bhtne f ànl ‚ f ndmfuard ànl + idu}ddn ohi zfuazbfjuahn fne

itynhtu(dkhuahnf` dscftzuahn(ohi zuydzz fne drdn mh zh bfy fz uh zufud ucfu eakdnzahnz hb itynhtu

wydeajude `h}dy ohi zfuazbfjuahn. #Zlff`ral " Zlff`ral, 9771< Zlff`ral, 9767< L`fzzdn " Jcat,

9767! L`fzzdn, Tzcdy, " Ihnm #9767! bhtne ohi zuydzz #cdyd eazuanmtazcde fz nhu zqnhnqkhtz uh

itu d`dkdnuf` hb itynhtu ! fne ohi zfuazbfjuahn }dyd ndmfuard`q jhyyd`fude bhy Nhyuc Fkdyajfn

udfjcdyz. Idjftzd itynhtu fne zuydzz fyd zhkd hb ucd d`dkdnuz hb jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd, ucdzd

zuteadz zddk uh aneajfud f whzzai`d jhyyd`fuahn idu}ddn ohi zfuazbfjuahn fne jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd.

Ch}drdy, nh zuteadz eaydju`q fne zwdjabajf``q feeydzz ucd vtdzuahn hb }cducdy hy nhu ucdzd

jhneauahnz cfrd f zamnabajfnu yd`fuahnzcaw ‚ fne ucdydbhyd, ucdq f`zh eh nhu ydzwhne uh ucaz

vtdzuahn fz ydmfyez udfjcdyz + zh ucdyd az fz qdu nh fnz}dy hn }cducdy ztjc f jhyyd`fuahn dsazuz.

Akwhyufnjd hb Zuteq

Fz zufude dfyàdy, udfjcdy ohi zfuazbfjuahn fbbdjuz 49.= ka`àhn wtiàj zutednuz fne udfjcdyz.

Ch}drdy, ucaz azztd az nhu hn`q akwhyufnu uh uchzd wdhw`d #}ch jhkwyazd 6=$ hb ucd T.Z.



whwt`fuahn!, itu f`zh ucd dnuayd nfuahn fz ucd wtiàj ktzu wfq ucd jhzu hb ydw`fjanm udfjcdyz }ch

`dfrd ucd wyhbdzzahn ‚ f jhzu hb %9.9 ia`àhn fnntf``q, fjjhyeanm uh ucd Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy

Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz #9767!. Idjftzd hb ucd wdyzhnf` #kdnuf`, dkhuahnf`, wcqzajf`, fne zhjaf`!

jhnzdvtdnjdz, dbbdjuz hn zutednu edrd`hwkdnu, fne nfuahnf` dswdneautyd, au az jytjaf` ucfu }d fzl

vtdzuahnz fne jhnuantd uh zddl zh`tuahnz ydmfyeanm ucaz wyhi`dk. Zwdjabajf``q ydmfyeanm ucaz

zuteq, au az akwhyufnu uh bane ab ucdyd az f ànl idu}ddn jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn(bfuamtd fne

udfjcdyz- ohi zfuazbfjuahn. Ab ztjc f yd`fuahnzcaw az bhtne, au jfn id tzdbt` an cd`wanm feeydzz ucd

wyhi`dk `h} ohi zfuazbfjuahn fne udfjcdy fuuyauahn yfudz.

Wydrahtz zuteadz cfrd nhu tuaàde ihuc ucd Wyhbdzzahnf` Vtfàuq hb @abd #WyhVH@!

anrdnuhyq fne ucd Udfjcdy Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn Vtdzuahnnfayd #UOZV! uh zddl dsw`fnfuahnz ydmfyeanm

jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn(bfuamtd fne ohi zfuazbfjuahn. Khyd uh ucd whanu, ucd jtyydnu àudyfutyd ehdz

nhu tzd ucdzd kdfztydz uh fzzdzz udfjcdyz- yazl bhy ucd bayzu zdu hb wcdnhkdnf fne eazjhrdy

fzzhjafuahn #hy `fjl hb fzzhjafuahn! idu}ddn ucfu yazl fne ohi zfuazbfjuahn. Ch}drdy, ucdzd uhh`z

}dyd edzamnde zwdjabajf``q bhy ucd wtywhzd hb wyhraeanm anbhykfuahn ydmfyeanm ucday ydzwdjuard

wcdnhkdnf, fne tzde jhanjaeanm jhtè wyhraed khyd anzamcuz anuh vtdyadz ydmfyeanm ihuc. Ucaz

zuteq az jytjaf` idjftzd au ehdz iyanm ucdzd anrdnuhyadz uhmducdy uh fzl ab ztjc f ànl dsazuz.

Wtywhzd hb Zuteq

Ucaz zuteq }a`` dsw`hyd ucd akwfju hb ucd jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn zwdjuytk hn

udfjcdyz- ohi fuuautedz. Ucd wtywhzd hb ucaz zuteq az uh yfazd f}fydndzz ydmfyeanm f whzzai`d

yd`fuahnzcaw idu}ddn jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn fne udfjcdyz- ohi zfuazbfjuahn fne

akwàjfuahnz hb ztjc f yd`fuahnzcaw. Ucaz zuteq fzlz ucd bh``h}anm vtdzuahn?

6. ]cfu az ucd yd`fuahnzcaw idu}ddn jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd fne ohi zfuazbfjuahn fkhnm

udfjcdyz8



KDUCHEH@HMQ

Ucaz zuteq }a`` tzd vtfnuaufuard kduchez hb ztyrdq ydzdfyjc idjftzd au az dbbajadnu fne

fi`d uh ‐qadè ucd khzu efuf byhk ucd `fymdzu ntkidy hb wdhw`d bhy ucd `dfzu jhzu‛ fne au cd`wz ucd

ydzdfyjcdy ‐frhae kfnq hb ucd ducajf` wyhi`dkz jydfude iq eaydju hizdyrfuahn.‛ #Rfjcf, 977=!

]ca`d eaydju hizdyrfuahn jhtè whudnuaf``q jcfnmd ch} udfjcdyz ydwhyu hn ucday dswdyadnjdz,

ztyrdq ydzdfyjc f``h}z bhy `dzz hiuytzard efuf jh``djuahn. Fz ucdyd kfq id zuamkfz ydmfyeanm ucd

fuuautedz fne jhneauahnz idanm zuteade ‚ ohi zfuazbfjuahn fne jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn ‚

ucaz kduche wyhraedz f w`fubhyk bhy wfyuajawfnuz uh fjjtyfud`q ydwhyu hn ucday dswdyadnjdz fne

ucdzd wcdnhkdnf }ca`d `dzzdnanm yazl bhy kfnq ndmfuard jhnzdvtdnjdz ‚ ztjc fz zuamkfuafuahn

hy ohi `hzz ‚ ucfu kfq fyazd etd ucday ydzwhnzdz fne }cfu ucdq ydwydzdnu #hy fwwdfy uh ydwydzdnu!.

Zfkw`d Zd`djuahn

Ucaz zuteq }a`` ufld ferfnufmd hb j`tzudy zfkwànm. J`tzudy zfkwànm az tzdbt` ‐}cdn ucd

mhf` az uh edzjyaid ucd whwt`fuahn fz f }ch`d bhy ucd `dfzu jhzu, fne ucd jhzu zfranmz fyd dzwdjaf``q

`fymd ab ucd whwt`fuahn az zwydfe htu mdhmyfwcajf``q.‛ #Rfjcf, 977=! Ucaz bauz ucd mhf` hb ucaz

zuteq idjftzd ucd ydzdfyjc anudnez uh kfld mdndyfàfuahnz ydmfyeanm fuuautedz hb udfjcdyz fjyhzz

ucd Tnaude Zufudz.

Ucdyd fyd 6:,=4= zjchh` eazuyajuz an ucd Tnaude Zufudz, fne ucdzd }a`` id earaede anuh bhty

myhtwz iq T.Z. mdhmyfwcaj ydmahn? Nhyucdfzu, Zhtuc, Kae}dzu, fne ]dzu. U}dnuq eazuyajuz byhk

dfjc ydmahn }a`` id jchzdn uh wfyuajawfud raf yfnehk ntkidy mdndyfuahn. Ucd u}dnuq yfnehk

ntkidyz mdndyfude }a`` bhyk dfjc ydmahnf` j`tzudy. Ucaz az uh dswfne idqhne ucd àkaufuahnz hb

@dzudy-z }hyl edrd`hwanm ucd UOZV, }cajc hn`q zuteade f whwt`fuahn an bhty Nd} Qhyl jhtnuadz.

Ucaz }a`` f``h} bhy f wajutyd khyd ydwydzdnufuard hb ucd jhtnuyq-z udfjcdyz. Idjftzd ucd frdyfmd

ntkidy hb udfjcdyz wdy zjchh` eazuyaju az 957, A dzuakfud f zfkw`d hb 61,977 wfyuajawfnuz #hy



N;61,977! }cajc zchtè wyhraed bhy f ztizufnuaf` zfkw`d bhy fnf`qzaz fbudy ztiuyfjuanm bhy dyyhyz

fne anjhkw`dud vtdzuahnnfaydz. Ztjc f `fymd fne mdhmyfwcajf``q eardyzd zfkw`d }a`` id tzdbt` uh

frhae zfkwànm iafz, fne fmfan, uh wyhraed f ifzaz uh bhyk mdndyfàfuahnz fihtu ucd }ch`d

whwt`fuahn.

Anzuytkdnufuahn

Ucd àudyfutyd ydrad}de tuaàdz f rfyaduq hb kdfztydz uh dsw`hyd ucd uhwajz hb jhkwfzzahn

bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn #JB(JZ! fne udfjcdy ohi zfuazbfjuahn. Zhkd hb ucd ydzdfyjc drdn tzdz ucd

Wyhbdzzahnf` Vtfàuq hb @abd #WyhVH@! kdfztyd hy ucd Udfjcdyz- Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn Vtdzuahnnfayd

#UOZV! }cajc }dyd zwdjabajf``q edzamnde uh mfan efuf ydmfyeanm JB(JZ an cd`wdy wyhbdzzahnz fne

ohi zfuazbfjuahn fkhnm udfjcdyz, ydzwdjuard`q. Ch}drdy, ucd àudyfutyd eazw`fqz f edbajadnjq iq nhu

uflanm ferfnufmd hb ihuc ucdzd kdfztydz zaktùfndhtz`q uh fnz}dy vtdzuahnz ydmfyeanm fnq

yd`fuahnzcaw idu}ddn JB(JZ fne ohi zfuazbfjuahn. Ucaz zuteq anudnez uh feeydzz ucfu edbajadnjq.

Ucd WyhVH@ fne UOZV, fz kdnuahnde wydrahtz`q, }dyd edzamnde fne cfrd iddn tzde an

wyahy ydzdfyjc uh zuteq ucdzd jhneauahnz fne fuuautedz. Ucaz `dnez uh ucday fwwyhwyafudndzz uh ucd

ydzdfyjc vtdzuahnz hb ucaz zuteq. Ihuc uhh`z fyd ztyrdqz }cajc fyd tzdbt` an fzzdzzanm ztiodjuard

dswdyadnjdz ztjc fz fuuautedz. F wyhi`dk }auc tzanm ztyrdqz uh kdfztyd ztjc az eazydmfye bhy ucd

bfju ucfu ‐fuuautedz fyd hbudn jhkw`ds fne ktùaeakdnzahnf`.‛ #Chq`d, Cfyyaz, " Otee, 9779!

Ztyrdqz kfq ndm`dju jayjtkzufnjdz hy anudnzauq hb fuuautedz. Ihuc hb ucdzd kdfztydz kfanufan

ucday ztaufiaàuq, uchtmc, an ucfu ucdq fyd ktùaw`d+audk kdfztydz. Ucaz f``h}z ucd WyhVH@ fne

UOZV uh tzd zdrdyf` audkz uh edband fne kdfztyd ucd wyhwhzde jhnzuytjuz kdfnanmbt``q.

Feeauahnf``q, ihuc fyd ztkkfude ‚ hy @aldyu+uqwd ‚ zjf`dz }cajc faez an kdfztyanm anudnzauq hb

ucd rfyafi`dz. Ucaz faez an dzufiàzcanm #hy ednqanm! f yd`fuahnzcaw idu}ddn ucd jhnzuytjuz ifzde

hn ch} zuyhnm`q ztiodjuz ydwhyu dfjc rfyafi`d. Banf``q, vtdzuahnnfaydz fyd tzdbt` an feeydzzanm



ucaz zuteq-z ydzdfyjc wyhi`dk etd uh jhnrdnadnjd ‚ ucdq jfn id dfza`q fekanazudyde uh f `fymd

myhtw fu hnjd, wyhraeanm bhy f `fymd zfkw`d hb efuf ucfu jfn id tzdbt` an bhykanm mdndyfàfuahnz

ydmfyeanm ucd ydzu hb ucd whwt`fuahn #udfjcdyz!.

Wyhbdzzahnf` Vtfàuq hb @abd Zjf`d #WyhVH@! Rdyzahn 4

Ucd WyhVH@ \Fwwdneas F[ ‚ }cajc }a`` id tzde uh kdfztyd yazl bhy jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd

fne jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn + az f :7+audk zd`b+ydwhyu vtdzuahnnfayd ucfu az ‐ucd khzu jhkkhn`q

tzde kdfztyd hb ucd whzauard fne ndmfuard dbbdjuz hb }hylanm }auc wdhw`d }ch cfrd dswdyadnjde

dsuydkd`q zuydzzbt` drdnuz.‛ #Zufkk, 9771! Fu ucd uakd hb wtiàjfuahn hb Ucd Jhnjazd WyhVH@

Kfntf` 9771, 52 hb 677 wfwdyz an ucd Wtiàzcde @audyfutyd an Whzuuyftkfuaj Zuydzz Eazhyedy tzde

f rdyzahn hb ucd WyhVH@. #Zufkk, 9771! Ucd WyhVH@, hyamanf``q uau`de ucd Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd

Zd`b Udzu, myd} byhk ucd }hyl hb Jcfy`dz Bam`dq. Iduc Zufkk ohande Bam`dq an ucd `fud 6137z fne

feede jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn uh ucd kdfztyd jcfnmanm ucd nfkd hb ucd udzu uh Jhkwfzzahn

Zfuazbfjuahn fne Bfuamtd Udzu. Ucd kdfztyd + }cajc cfe iddn Bam`dq-z, Bam`dq-z fne Zufkk-z, ucdn

Zufkk-z fne Bam`dq-z ‚ idjfkd zh`d`q Zufkk-z an ucd `fud 6117z fne ucd nfkd }fz jcfnmde uh

ucd Wyhbdzzahnf` Vtfàuq hb @abd Zjf`d.

Ucd WyhVH@ kdfztydz ihuc ‐ucd whzauard fzwdjuz hb wyhraeanm jfyd‛ #jhkwfzzahn

zfuazbfjuahn! fne ‐ucd ndmfuard fzwdjuz hb wyhraeanm jfyd‛ #jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd!. #Zufkk, 9771!

Uh kdfztyd ucdzd ucdzd au tzdz ucydd zjf`dz ucfu anrdnuhyq JZ fne ucd u}h jhkwhndnuz hb JB ‚

itynhtu fne zdjhnefyq uyftkfuaj zuydzz ‚ dswdyadnjde iq ydzwhnednuz }aucan ucd `fzu :7 efqz hb

fnz}dyanm ucd vtdzuahnnfayd. Dfjc zjf`d jhnzazuz hb 67 @aldyu+uqwd audkz fne cfz f tnavtd

eazuyaituahn udnednjq. Zufkk #9771! }yaudz ucfu ‐jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn zjf`d uqwajf``q az

zld}de uh}fye ucd whzauard zaed, \•[ itynhtu az nhykf``q eazuyaitude,‛ fne ‐zdjhnefyq uyftkfuaj

zuydzz az zld}de uh}fye ucd fizdnu zaed.‛ ]cfu ucaz kdfnz az mydfudy udnednjadz hb wdhw`d uh



ydwhyu whzauard`q fihtu jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn< camc fne `h} `drd`z hb itynhtu idanm ydwhyude

fihtu drdn`q }auc khzu ydwhyude ‐f ndtuyf` fkhtnu hb itynhtu<‛ fne `h} anjaednjd hb zdjhnefy q

uyftkfuaj zuydzz idanm ydwhyude. #Zufkk, 9771!

Fjjhyeanm uh Zufkk #9771!, f`` zjf`dz hn ucd WyhVH@ cfrd ‐mhhe uh dsjd``dnu ydàfiaàuq-

‚ ucd Itynhtu zjf`d cfranm ucd `h}dzu ydàfiaàuq hb ζ ; .=4, Jhkwfzzahn Zfuazbfjuahn cfranm ucd

camcdzu ydàfiaàuq hb ζ ; .33, fne Zdjhnefyq Uyftkfuaj Zuydzz bf` anm idu}ddn ucd u}h }auc f

ydàfiaàuq hb ζ ; .36. Uh anjydfzd ydàfiaàuq, au }a`` id ndjdzzfyq uh zhàjau ydzwhnzdz byhk f `fymd

fne anj`tzard whwt`fuahn hb udfjcdyz byhk rfyahtz zjchh`z fne mdhmyfwcaj ydmahnz. Ucaz jydfudz f

zfkw`d ucfu zchtè anj`ted f kdfnanmbt` yfnmd hb rfyafuahn hn jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn,

`dfeanm uh camcdy ydàfiaàuq. Feeauahnf``q, au }a`` id ndjdzzfyq uh dzufiàzc f udzuanm dnrayhnkdnu

bydd byhk eazuyfjuahnz uh edjydfzd ucd àldàchhe hb yfnehk dyyhyz fne jfyd`dzz kazufldz ‚ uctz

jhnuyaituanm uh ydàfiaàuq hb ucd kdfztyd.

Udfjcdyz- Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn Vtdzuahnnfayd #UOZV!

Edzamnde an 6134 iq Wft`f @dzudy, ucd UZVO ‚ àld ucd WyhVH@ ‚ az f ztkkfude ktùaw`d+

audk kdfztyd. Ucd UOZV \Fwwdneas I[ az == audkz fne anj`tedz nand zjf`dz, hy bfjuhyz, au

fnf`qdz uh kdfztyd ucd jhnzuytju hb ohi zfuazbfjuahn fkhnm udfjcdyz. Ucd kdfztyd az ifzde an

wfyu hn Cdyidym fne Kfz`h}-z ucdhyadz hn khuarfuahn uh }hyl fne cadyfyjcq hb nddez

#ydzwdjuard`q!, }cajc }dyd tzde idjftzd hb jhnjdwuz ucfu fyd jhkwfuai`d uh bfjuhyz ‐bhtne an ucd

detjfuahnf` zduuanm fne aednuabade an ucd jhnzuytjuahn hb ucaz anzuytkdnu.‛ #@dzudy, 613=! Ucd nand

bfjuhyz fnf`qde fyd ztwdyrazahn, jh``dfmtdz, }hylanm jhneauahnz, wfq, ydzwhnzaiaàuq, }hyl auzd`b,

ferfnjdkdnu, zdjtyauq, fne ydjhmnauahn. ]ca`d zhkd hb ucdzd bfjuhyz zddk ayyd`drfnu uh ucd

wtywhzd hb ucaz zuteq, ucdq fyd hrdy`fwwanm fne anudyedwdnednu }aucan ucd jhnjdwu hb udfjcdy ohi

zfuazbfjuahn fne fjlnh}`demd ucd jhkw`dsauq hb ucd jhnzuytju. Ucdydbhyd, ucd anudmyauq hb ucd



kdfztyd }a`` id kfanufande uh drf`tfud ohi zfuazbfjuahn.

RF@AEAUQ FNE DUCAJZ

Ydàfiaàuq

Ucd WyhVH@, fz wydrahtz`q kdnuahnde az f }aed`q tzde kdfztyd. Fjjhyeanm uh Zufkk

#9771!, f`` zjf`dz hn ucd WyhVH@ cfrd ‐mhhe uh dsjd``dnu ydàfiaàuq- ‚ ucd Itynhtu zjf`d cfranm

ucd `h}dzu ydàfiaàuq hb ζ ; .=4, Jhkwfzzahn Zfuazbfjuahn cfranm ucd camcdzu ydàfiaàuq hb ζ ; .33,

fne Zdjhnefyq Uyftkfuaj Zuydzz bf`ànm idu}ddn ucd u}h }auc f ydàfiaàuq hb ζ ; .36. Uh anjydfzd

ydàfiaàuq, au }a`` id ndjdzzfyq uh zhàjau ydzwhnzdz byhk f `fymd fne anj`tzard whwt`fuahn hb

udfjcdyz byhk rfyahtz zjchh`z fne mdhmyfwcaj ydmahnz. Ucaz jydfudz f zfkw`d ucfu zchtè anj`ted

f kdfnanmbt` yfnmd hb rfyafuahn hn jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd(zfuazbfjuahn, `dfeanm uh camcdy ydàfiaàuq.

Feeauahnf``q, au }a`` id ndjdzzfyq uh dzufiàzc f udzuanm dnrayhnkdnu bydd byhk eazuyfjuahnz uh

edjydfzd ucd àldàchhe hb yfnehk dyyhyz fne jfyd`dzz kazufldz ‚ uctz jhnuyaituanm uh ydàfiaàuq

hb ucd kdfztyd.

Ucd UOZV az `dzz lnh}n ucfn ucd WyhVH@ fne cfz iddn tzde khzu`q an ehjuhyf`

eazzdyufuahnz. #@dzudy " Iazchw, 9777! @dzudy ydwhyuz ucd hrdyf`` ydàfiaàuq hb ucd UZOV az rdyq

camc }auc fn anudynf` jhnzazudnjq hb .1:. #@dzudy, 613=< @dzudy " Iazchw, 9777! Ydàfiaàuq hb ucd

anearaetf` zjf`dz #bfjuhyz! hb ucd kdfztyd fyd fz bh``h}z?

Bfjuhy F`wcf

Ztwdyrazahn 7.19

Jh``dfmtdz 7.39

]hylanm jhneauahnz 7.3:



Wfq 7.3

Ydzwhnzaiaàuq 7.=:

]hyl auzd`b 7.39

Ferfnjdkdnu 7.36

Zdjtyauq 7.=6

Ydjhmnauahn 7.=5

]auc ucd `h}dzu anudynf` jhnzazudnjq idanm .=6, fne ucd hrdyf`` jhdbbajadnu idanm zh camc, ucaz

yfnmd hb f`wcf ydàfiaàuadz az fjjdwufi`d bhy kdfztyanm ucd jhnzuytju hb ohi zfuazbfjuahn.

Jhnzuytju rfàeauq

Zufkk j`fakz ucd WyhVH@ cfz ‐mhhe jhnzuytju rfàeauq }auc hrdy 977 wtiàzcde wfwdyz‛

fne ‐khyd ucfn 677,777 fyuaj`dz hn ucd Anudyndu.‛ #Zufkk, 9771! Ch}drdy, zhkd ucydfuz uh

jhnzuytju rfàeauq hb ucd WyhVH@ fne ucaz wfyuajt`fy zuteq fyd kdfztydkdnu hb jhnzuytjuz hb

eazanudydzu fne yfnehk dyyhy. Jhnzuytjuz hb eazanudydzu ucd zjf`d kamcu kdfztyd anj`ted udzu

fnsaduq #anj`teanm mtaù hy zcfkd ydmfyeanm ucd ydzdfyjc uhwaj!, khuarfuahn, eazuyfjuahn, fne audk

jhkwydcdnzahn. Uh kanakad ucd dbbdjuz hb ucd jhnzuytjuz hb eazanudydzu hn rfàeauq, au }a`` id

ndjdzzfyq uh dsw`fan uh wfyuajawfnuz ucd wtywhzd hb ucd zuteq, ucfu ucdyd fyd nh yamcu hy }yhnm

fnz}dyz, ucfu ucday ydzwhnzdz }a`` id fnhnqkhtz, fne j`fyabq fnq kaztnedyzufneanmz ucdq kfq

cfrd fihtu udzu audkz hy ucd kdfztydz an mdndyf`. Fz kdnuahnde wydrahtz`q, f zufnefyeade udzuanm

dnrayhnkdnu }a`` id tzde uh `dzzdn eazuyfjuahnz. Uh kanakad yfnehk dyyhy, wfyuajawfnuz }a`` id

dnjhtyfmde uh ufld ucday uakd hn audkz fne ydzwhne chndzu`q, fne ucdq }a`` nhu id mardn f uakd

àkau.



Zwdjabaj ucydfuz uh ucd jhnzuytju rfàeauq hb ucd UOZV fyd 66 vtdzuahnz ucfu fyd tnndjdzzfyq

uh kdfztyd ucd jhnzuytju hb ohi zfuazbfjuahn. Audkz 5, 69, 92, :2, :3, 56, 52, 51, 47, 22, fne 23, iq

@dzudy-z fekazzahn, ‐cfe bfjuhy `hfeanmz id`h} 7.:7‛ fne fyd ‐ba``dy audkz‛ ucfu ‐}dyd nhu

anj`tede an fnq btyucdy zufuazuajf` fnf`qzaz. #@dzudy " Iazchw, 977! Ucdydbhyd, uh anjydfzd

jhnzuytju rfàeauq an ucaz zuteq, uchzd audkz }a`` id hkauude byhk ucd vtdzuahnnfayd wfyuajawfnuz

ydjdard `dfranm 22 audkz bhy efuf jh``djuahn fne fnf`qzaz. Ucd ydrazde kdfztyd }a`` id wa`hude uh f

zfkw`d hb 677 idbhyd kfzz fekanazuyfuahn.

Anudynf` Rfàeauq

Ucaz zuteq ehdz nhu zddl uh edudykand }cducdy hy nhu jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd jftzdz `h} ohi

zfuazbfjuahn hy jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn jftzdz camc ohi zfuazbfjuahn. Ab au eae, au }htè id

rt`ndyfi`d uh f jhyyd`fuahnf` bf``fjq ‚ bhy anzufnjd, fzztkanm ucfu jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd az ucd jftzd

hb `h} ohi zfuazbfjuahn idjftzd ucdq jhanjaed. Ucaz zuteq, uh frhae zwtyahtzndzz fne ztjc f

bf``fjq, wyhwhzdz nh cqwhucdzaz itu yfucdy fzlz vtdzuahnz ‚ az ucdyd f yd`fuahnzcaw idu}ddn ucd u}h

jhnzuytjuz8 + fne jh``djuz efuf fz f w`fubhyk bhy btutyd zuteadz uh edrd`hw cqwhucdzdz.

Feeauahnf``q, ucd Cf}uchynd dbbdju az f ucydfu uh anudynf` rfàeauq. Udfjcdyz, lnh}anm ucdq

fyd idanm zuteade, kfq bdd` wydzztyd uh ydzwhne an dswdjude }fqz yfucdy ucfn chndzu`q uh frhae

ydwdyjtzzahnz. Ucaz }htè id khyd hb f wyhi`dk tzanm wfyuajawfnu hizdyrfuahn hy bhjtz myhtwz.

Bhy ucaz wtywhzd, ucd `dzz hiuytzard kduche hb ztyrdq ydzdfyjc }fz jchzdn. Fnhnqkauq }a`` f`zh

id dkwcfzade uh ucd wfyuajawfnuz fne tzde iq ucd ydzdfyjcdy uh dnjhtyfmd ydzwhnzdz ucfu fyd

chndzu fne fjjtyfud ifzde hn ucday dswdyadnjdz.

Dsudynf` rfàeauq

Ucaz zuteq akwyhrdz twhn @dzudy-z dsudynf` rfàeauq iq feeydzzanm zd`djuahn iafz fne



whwt`fuahn+zfkw`d eabbdydnjd. Au }a`` tuaàd f `fymdy wfyuajawfnu whwt`fuahn byhk f `fymdy

mdhmyfwcaj ydmahn. ]cdydfz ucd hyamanf` yfnehk zfkw`d tzde an edrd`hwanm ucd UOZV }fz N ;

297 fne 492 hb uchzd }dyd tzde uh fnf`qd bfjuhyz fne ydàfiaàuq hb ucd kdfztyd, bhy ucd wtywhzd

hb ucaz zuteq f `fymdy zfkw`d }a`` id tzde uh anjydfzd ydàfiaàuq. #@dzudy, 613=! Ucd hyamanf`

zfkw`d }fz f`zh eyf}n byhk f whwt`fuahn hb udfjcdyz byhk bhty jhtnuadz an Nd} Qhyl. Fmfan, uh

anjydfzd rfàeauq fne ydàfiaàuq, ucaz zuteq }a`` dswfne uh anj`ted wfyuajawfnuz byhk hucdy ydmahnz

an Fkdyajf. Ucdzd iyhfedy ihtnefyadz }a`` anjydfzd hty fiaàuq uh bhyk mdndyfàfuahnz ydmfyeanm

ucd dnuayd Fkdyajfn udfjcdy whwt`fuahn.

Ducajf` Jhnzaedyfuahnz

Anbhykde Jhnzdnu

F`` wfyuajawfuahn }a`` id rh`tnufyq. Wyahy uh udzuanm, udfjcdyz }a`` id wydzdnude }auc

anbhykfuahn ydmfyeanm ucd nfutyd hb ucd zuteq, dsw`fananm ucfu au az f zjch`fy`q wyhodju bhy ucd

wtywhzd hb dsw`hyanm udfjcdyz- wyhbdzzahnf` vtfàuq hb àbd fne ohi zfuazbfjuahn, fne ucfu f`` efuf

jh``djude kfq id tzde uh anbhyk wyfjuajdz fne whàjadz ucfu dncfnjd ucdzd jhneauahnz. Udfjcdyz

}a`` id uhè ucdq kfq hwu uh wfyuajawfud hy nhu, fne iq ba`ànm htu ucd vtdzuahnnfaydz ucdq fyd

wyhraeanm ucday anbhykde jhnzdnu bhy ucday efuf uh id tzde an ucd ydzdfyjc. Ucdq kfq jchhzd uh

hwu htu fne nhu cfrd ucday efuf anj`tede an ucd zuteq fu fnq uakd idbhyd ztikauuanm ucday udzu

wfjlduz uh ucd wyhjuhy. Ucaz anbhykfuahn }a`` id wydzdnude an fnnhtnjanm ucd zuteq fne an

rdyif`(}yauudn jhkktnajfuahn hn ucd udzu efud wyahy uflanm ucd ztyrdqz.

Wfyuajawfnu Wyhudjuahn, Yazlz, fne Ferdyzd Dbbdjuz

Ucd khzu wydzzanm jhnjdynz an wyhudjuanm ucd wfyuajawfnuz fyd hb ucd wzqjch`hmajf` nfutyd.

Wydzdnuanm ucd jhnzuytjuz idanm dsw`hyde ‚ wfyuajt`fy`q uchzd hb ucd WyhVH@ + kfq jftzd



eazuydzzanm zd`b+drf`tfuahn hy drdn drf`tfuahn hb hucdyz. Ztjc drf`tfuahnz jhtè ydztù an ndmfuard

hy edzuytjuard idcfrahyz. Bhy ucaz ydfzhn au az wtywhzdbt` uh wydzdnu ucd WyhVH@ an auz dnuayduq ‚ fz

ucd edrd`hwdy ydvtaydz ‚ uh wyhraed f jfydbt``q byfkde dsw`fnfuahn ucfu kanakadz zuamkfuafuahn

udfjcdyz kfq bdd` an ydzwhneanm uh ucd audkz hy ucd }ch`d kdfztyd. Au }a`` id akwhyufnu uh kfld

wfyuajawfnuz f}fyd ucfu nhnd hb ucd zjf`dz tzde an ucaz zuteq fyd eafmnhzuaj. An feeauahn, fbudy

udzuanm udfjcdyz }a`` id wyhraede }auc ucd WyhVH@ cd`wdy whjldu jfye \Fwwdneas B[ fne ucd

feeydzz hb ucd zjf`d-z }dizaud #}}}.wyhvh`.hym! }cajc wyhraedz anbhykfuahn fihtu ucd zjf`d fne

ucd jhnjdwuz au kdfztydz. Idjftzd ucaz }dizaud anj`tedz ucd }ch`d zjf`d fne auz kfntf`, udfjcdyz

kfq anearaetf``q fekanazudy ucd udzu fu ucday eazjyduahn, zd`b+zjhyd, fne ydjdard cd`w anudywyduanm

ucd zjhydz fne w`fjanm ucdk anuh jhnudsu.

Yazlz fne ferdyzd dbbdjuz hb ucaz zuteq anj`ted zuamkfuafuahn, bdfy hb ydwdyjtzzahnz #ydf`

hy akfmande!, dnjhtyfmanm jhyyd`fuahnf` bf``fjq ucfu kfq anzwayd whàjadz fne wyfjuajdz ucfu fbbdju

ucd whwt`fuahn, fne wzqjch`hmajf` dbbdjuz wydrahtz`q eazjtzzde. Ucd kfan kduchez uh kanakad

zuamkfuafuahn fne bdfy hb ydwdyjtzzahnz fyd anbhykanm udfjcdyz idbhyd fne fbudy ucday

wfyuajawfuahn fne wyhraeanm fnhnqkauq zh ydzwhnzdz fyd nhu ànlde uh ucdk. Uh eazjhtyfmd

jhyyd`fuahnf` bf``fjq au az akwhyufnu uh zuydzz an ucd wydzdnufuahn hb baneanmz ucfu ucaz zuteq az bhy

ucd wtywhzd hb fzlanm f vtdzuahn fne yfazanm f}fydndzz nhu bhy wydzdnuanm fn jhnj`tzahn

ydmfyeanm jftzfuahn. F`zh, az zchtè id dkwcfzade ucfu ktjc btyucdy ydzdfyjc zchtè id ehnd an

ucaz fydf.

Idndbauz

Ucaz zuteq kfq ‚ fz ucd ydzdfyjcdy chwdz ‚ mdndyfud anudydzu fne btyucdy ydzdfyjc

ydmfyeanm yd`fuahnzcawz hb jhkwfzzahn zfuazbfjuahn+bfuamtd fne hucdy wcdnhkdnf uh ohi

zfuazbfjuahn. Ztjc anudydzu fne btyucdy zuteq jhtè `dfe uh cqwhucdzdz fne baneanmz ucfu cd`w hty

http://www.proqol.org/






zjchh`z fne nfuahn akw`dkdnu jcfnmdz ucfu dnyajc udfjcdyz- }hyl àrdz, anjydfzd ohi zfuazbfjuahn,

fne fae an udfjcdy ydudnuahn. Fu ucd `dfzu, udfjcdyz }a`` `dfrd ucd zuteq }auc anbhykfuahn fne

ydzhtyjdz ucdq kfq tzd uh cd`w ucdk fne(hy hucdyz iduudy byfkd fne ydzwhne uh wzqjchzhjaf`

azztdz ucdq dnjhtnudy.

Jhnbaednuafàuq " Fnhnqkauq

Jhnbaednuafàuq }htè wyhraed zhkd anjdnuard bhy udfjcdyz uh wfyuajawfud fne ydzwhne

chndzu`q fz hn`q ucd ydzdfyjcdy }htè lnh} }ch jhnuyaitude }cfu uh ucd zuteq. Ch}drdy,

fnhnqkauq wyhraedz f mydfudy anjdnuard idjftzd hb fzztyfnjdz ucfu nhu drdn ucd ydzdfyjcdy lnh}z

ucaz anbhykfuahn. Zchtè fnq dnuauq ‚ }cducdy au id f ztwdyrazhy, wyanjawf`, ztwdyanudnednu, hy

hucdy anearaetf` hy fmdnjq ‚ ydvtdzu hy fuudkwu uh yduyadrd anbhykfuahn zwdjabaj uh f wfyuajawfnu

ucdq }htè nhu id fi`d uh eh zh. Drdn ab ucdq jhdyjde ucd ydzdfyjcdy, ucdq }htè nhu id fi`d uh

lnh} }ch mfrd }cfu efuf idjftzd drdn ucd ydzdfyjcdy }htè nhu lnh}. Ucaz cd`wz wyhudju ucd

wfyuajawfnuz fne ucday efuf fne anjydfzdz àldàchhe ucfu ydzwhnzdz }a`` id fjjtyfud.

NDSU ZUDWZ FNE FNUAJWFUDE JHNUYAITUAHNZ

g Ucaz zuteq anudnez uh cd`w uchzd an ucd badè hb detjfuahn iduudy feeydzz fne id wydwfyde

bhy jdyufan azztdz. Fjvtayanm ztwwhyu #banfnjaf`, wdyzhnnd`, duj.! byhk edjazahn+kfldyz fne

fekanazuyfuard iheadz an ucd badè }htè cd`w `dne jydeaiaàuq uh ucd ydzdfyjc fne dnjhtyfmd

wfyuajawfuahn. An fjjhyefnjd }auc ucaz jhnjdyn, ucd ndsu zudw fbudy ydrazahnz hy twefudz az uh

fjvtayd anzuautuahnf`(hymfnafuahnf` ztwwhyu byhk f tnardyzauq, anudydzu myhtw, nhn+mhrdynkdnu

hymfnafuahn, hy drdn f mhrdynkdnu dnuauq ‚ d.m. ucd T.Z. Edwfyukdnu hb Detjfuahn. Etd uh ucd

whudnuaf` akwfjuz ucaz zuteq kamcu cfrd hn ucd badè hb detjfuahn, A fnuajawfud iheadz anudydzude an



zcfwanm detjfuahnf` whàjq fne wyfjuajdz }a`` id }a`ànm uh jhnuyaitud uh ucaz wyhwhzde ydzdfyjc

dbbhyu. Ucd wyhjdzz hb mfananm ztwwhyu byhk ucdzd zhtyjdz kfq anj`ted myfnu wyhwhzf`z, kdduanmz,

fne wydzdnufuahnz uh zhàjau ndjdzzfyq ifjlanm. Fbudy ztwwhyu az fjvtayde, ucd ydzdfyjc edzamn kfq

ndde uh id feotzude uh fecdyd uh ucd ydvtaydkdnuz fne mtaedàndz hb ucd ifjlanm hymfnafuahn.

Fbudy ucdzd feotzukdnuz, ucd zuteq }htè id akw`dkdnude fz htuànde an ucd wyhjdetydz zdjuahn.

YDBDYDNJDZ

Fief``fc, O. #9771!. @h}dyanm Udfjcdy Fuuyauahn Yfudz ucyhtmc Jh``dmafàuq. Ohtynf` hb Fjfedkaj

@dfedyzcaw, = #6!. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 99, 9767, byhk

cuuw?((}}}.fjfedkaj`dfedyzcaw.hym(dkwyajf`Xydzdfyjc(4:6.zcuk`

Ifyfnh}zlq, F. I., Mdnuyq, O. D., " Mhè, K. #9767!. Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd Wyd+]hylzchw

Kfudyaf`z.Uyftkfuh`hmq Anzuautud #Jfnfef!. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 66, 9767, byhk

cuuw?((}}}.wzqjcanl.jhk(yba`dz(97=Wyd}lzcwZjf`dz.67.web

Iydnnanlkdaoday, R., Rfnqwdydn, N., " Ittnl, I. #9776!. A fk nhu f iduudy udfjcdy, itu hucdyz fyd

ehanm }hyzd? itynhtu fne wdyjdwuahnz hb ztwdyahyauq fkhnm udfjcdyz. Zhjaf` Wzqjch`hmq

hb Detjfuahn, 5, 941+9=5. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 4, 9767, byhk DYAJ.

Iyaed, I. D., " Bam`dq, J. Y. #977=!. Ucd Bfuamtd hb Jhkwfzzahnfud Zhjaf` ]hyldyz? Fn

Anuyhetjuahn uh ucd Zwdjaf` Azztd hn Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd. Jànajf` Zhjaf` ]hyl Ohtynf`,

:4, 646+64:. Yduyadrde byhk ZhjANEDS }auc Bt`` Udsu.

Itzc, N. #9771!. Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd? Fyd Qht fu Yazl8 Hnjh`hmq Ntyzanm Bhytk, :2 #6!, 95+93.

Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 6, 9767, byhk ZhjANEDS }auc Bt`` Udsu.

Eqydmyhr, F., " Kaujcd``, O. #6119!. ]hyl }auc Uyftkfuade Jcaèydn + Wzqjch`hmajf` Dbbdjuz

fne Jhwanm Zuyfudmadz. Ohtynf` hb Uyftkfuaj Zuydzz, 4#6!, 4+6=. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 66,



9767, byhk WzqjANBH.

Dfzu}hhe, J. E., " Djl`tne, L. #9773!. Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd Yazl fne Zd`b+Jfyd Wyfjuajdz

Fkhnm Ydzaednuaf` Uydfukdnu Jdnudy Jcaèjfyd ]hyldyz. Ydzaednuaf` Uydfukdnu hb

Jcaèydn fne Qhtuc, 94, 67:+699. Yduyadrde byhk ZhjANEDS }auc Bt`` Udsu.

Bam`dq, J. #9779!. Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd? Wzqjchucdyfwazuz- Jcyhnaj @fjl hb Zd`b Jfyd. Ohtynf` hb

Jànajf` Wzqjch`hmq? An Zdzzahn, 43 #66!, 65::+6556. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 4, 9767, byhk

Wzqjch`hmq fne Idcfrahyf` Zjadnjdz Jh``djuahn.

Btkanm, S., " Oaàfnm, Z. #977=!. Ydzdfyjc hn Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn hb D`dkdnufyq fne Camc Zjchh`

Udfjcdyz fne Zuyfudmadz uh Anjydfzd Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn. Jcandzd Detjfuahn fne Zhjaduq,

57#4!, 32+12. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 97, 9767, byhk DYAJ.

Ctzzfy, ]. #n.e.!. Wydeajuanm ucd Ndde bhy Nd}`q Cayde Udfjcdyz an ucd Tnaude Zufudz uh 9773 ‚ 1

#Ydw.!. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 92, 9767, byhk Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz

}dizaud? cuuw?((njdz.de.mhr(wtiz11(6111792.web

Anudynfuahnf` Zhjaduq bhy Uyftfkfuaj Zuydzz Zuteadz. #9767!. Jcaèydn fne Uyftkf. AZUZZ .

Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 69, 9767, byhk

cuuw?((}}}.azuzz.hym(FK(Udkw`fud.jbk8Zdjuahn;YdzhtyjdzbhyWyhbdzzahnf`z"Udkw`fud;(

JK(JhnudnuEazw`fq.jbk"JhnudnuAE;6292

Anudynfuahnf` Zhjaduq bhy Uyftfkfuaj Zuydzz Zuteadz. #9767!. Aneaydju Uyftkfuafuahn an

Wyhbdzzahnf`z ]hylanm }auc Uyftkf Ztyrarhyz. AZUZZ . Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 69, 9767,

byhk

cuuw?((}}}.azuzz.hym(FK(Udkw`fud.jbk8Zdjuahn;YdzhtyjdzbhyWyhbdzzahnf`z"Udkw`fud;(

JK(JhnudnuEazw`fq.jbk"JhnudnuAE;6294

L`fzzdn, Y., " Jcat, K. #9767!. Dbbdjuz hn Udfjcdyz- Zd`b+Dbbajfjq fne Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn? Udfjcdy



Mdnedy, Qdfyz hb Dswdyadnjd, fne Ohi Zuydzz. Ohtynf` hb Detjfuahnf` Wzqjch`hmq, 679#:!,

=56+=42. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 94, 9767, byhk DYAJ.

L`fzzdn, Y., Tzcdy, D., " Ihnm, K. #9767!. Udfjcdyz‑Jh``djuard Dbbajfjq, Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn, fne

Ohi Zuydzz an Jyhzz+Jtùtyf` Jhnudsu. Ucd Ohtynf` hb Dswdyakdnuf` Detjfuahn, =3 , 525+

532. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 97, 9767, byhk DYAJ W`tzUdsu.

Lydtmdy, @., " Zuydujc, O. #977:!. Aednuabqanm fne cd`wanm `hnm udyk jcaè fne feh`dzjdnu eazfzudy

rajuakz? Khed` fne kduche. Ohtynf` hb Zhjaf` Zdyrajd Ydzdfyjc, :7#9!, 1:+673. Yduyadrde

byhk WzqjANBH.

@dzudy, W. #613=!. Edrd`hwkdnu fne Bfjuhy Fnf`qzaz hb ucd Udfjcdy Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn

Vtdzuahnnfayd #UOZV!. Detjfuahnf` fne Wzqjch`hmajf` Kdfztydkdnuz, 5= , 99:+9::.

Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 94, 9767, byhk DYAJ.

@dzudy, W., " Iazchw, @. #9777!. Cfneihhl hb Udzuz fne Kdfztydkdnu an Detjfuahn fne ucd Zhjaf`

Zjadnjdz #9ne de.!. @fncfn, KE? Zjfydjyh} Wydzz.

@tl, F., Jcfn, I., Jcdhnm, Z., " Lh, Z. #9767!. Fn Dsw`hyfuahn hb ucd Itynhtu Zautfuahn hn

Udfjcdyz an U}h Zjchh`z an Kfjft. Zhjaf` Aneajfuhyz Ydzdfyjc, 14#:!, 531+479.

Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 94, 9767, byhk DYAJ.

Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz. #9774!. Zwdjaf` Fnf`qzaz 9774+Khiaàuq an ucd Udfjcdy

]hylbhyjd. Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz #NJDZ! Chkd Wfmd, f wfyu hb ucd

T.Z. Edwfyukdnu hb Detjfuahn. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 92, 9767, byhk

cuuw?((njdz.de.mhr(wyhmyfkz(jhd(9774(fnf`qzaz(zf76.fzw

Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz. #9767!. Bfzu Bfjuz. Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn

Zufuazuajz #NJDZ! Chkd Wfmd, f wfyu hb ucd T.Z. Edwfyukdnu hb Detjfuahn. Yduyadrde

Zdwudkidy 99, 9767, byhk cuuw?((njdz.de.mhr(bfzubfjuz(eazw`fq.fzw8ae;:=9



Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz. #9767!. Ufi`d F+94. Wdyjdnufmd eazuyaituahn hb bt``+uakd

fne wfyu+uakd nd}`q cayde udfjcdyz, iq fmd fne jhnuyh` hb zjchh` Zd`djude qdfyz, 613= ‚ 3

ucyhtmc 977: ‚ 5. Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy Detjfuahn Zufuazuajz #NJDZ! Chkd Wfmd, f wfyu hb

ucd T.Z. Edwfyukdnu hb Detjfuahn. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 92, 9767, byhk

cuuw?((njdz.de.mhr(wyhmyfkz(wyhodjuahnz(wyhodjuahnz9763(ufi`dz(ufi`dXF94.fzw8ydbdyydy;y

dwhyu

Nd`zhn+Mfyed``, E., " Cfyyaz, E. #977:!. Jcaèchhe Fitzd Cazuhyq, Zdjhnefyq Uyftkfuaj Zuydzz,

fne Jcaè ]d`bfyd ]hyldyz. Jcaè ]d`bfyd, 39#6!, 4+92. Yduyadrde byhk WzqjANBH.

W`fuzaeht, K., " Fmfàhuaz, A. #9773!. Itynhtu, Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn fne Anzuytjuahnf` Fzzamnkdnu+

yd`fude Zhtyjdz hb Zuydzz an Myddl Zwdjaf` Detjfuahn Udfjcdyz. Anudynfuahnf` Ohtynf` hb

Eazfiaàuq, Edrd`hwkdnu fne Detjfuahn, 44#6!, 26+=2. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 97, 9767,

byhk WzqjANBH.

Zf`zuhn, K., " Bam`dq, J. Y. #977:!. Zdjhnefyq Uyftkfuaj Zuydzz Dbbdjuz hb ]hylanm ]auc

Ztyrarhyz hb Jyakanf` Rajuakafuahn. Ohtynf` hb Uyftkfuaj Zuydzz, 62 #9!, 62=+6=5.

Yduyadrde byhk WzqjANBH.

Zlff`ral, D., " Zlff`ral, Z. #9771!. Ehdz Zjchh` Jhnudsu Kfuudy8 Yd`fuahnz }auc Udfjcdy

Itynhtu fne Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn. Udfjcanm fne Udfjcdy Detjfuahn, 94, 463+495. Yduyadrde

Zdwudkidy 94, 9767, byhk DYAJ.

Zlff`ral, D., " Zlff`ral, Z. #9767!. Udfjcdy zd`b+dbbajfjq fne udfjcdy itynhtu? F zuteq hb

yd`fuahnz. Udfjcanm fne Udfjcdy Detjfuahn, 92 , 6741+6721. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 94,

9767, byhk DYAJ.

Zwyfnm, M., J`fyl, O. O., " ]cauu+]hhz`dq, F. #977=!. Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd, Jhkwfzzahn

Zfuazbfjuahn, fne Itynhtu? Bfjuhyz Akwfjuanm f Wyhbdzzahnf`-z Vtfàuq hb @abd. Ohtynf` hb



@hzz fne Uyftkf, 69, 941+937. Yduyadrde byhk WzqjANBH.

Zufkk, I. #9771!. Ucd Jhnjazd WyhVH@ Kfntf`. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 69, 9767, byhk

cuuw?((}}}.wyhvh`.hym(tw`hfez(WyhVH@XJhnjazdX1+9771.web

Uyawwfnq, Y., Jydzz, R., " ]a`jhshn, Z. #9775!. Wydrdnuanm Rajfyahtz Uyftkf? ]cfu Jhtnzd`hyz

Zchtè Lnh} ]cdn ]hylanm }auc Uyftkf Ztyrarhyz. Ohtynf` hb Jhtnzdànm fne

Edrd`hwkdnu , 39, :6+ :=. Yduyadrde Zdwudkidy 1, 9767, byhk WzqjANBH.

Tnaude Zufudz Edwfyukdnu hb Rdudyfnz Fbbfayz. #9767, Otnd 64!. Kdeaf Jhrdyfmd hb Uyftkfuaj

Drdnuz + Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy WUZE. Nfuahnf` Jdnudy bhy WUZE Chkd. Yduyadrde

Zdwudkidy 73, 9767, byhk cuuw?((}}}.wuze.rf.mhr(wtiàj(wfmdz(kdeaf+jhrdyfmd+

uyftkfuaj+drdnu.fzw

Rfjcf, D. #977=!. Efuf Jh``djuahn Zuyfudmadz bhy Ifzaj fne Fwwàde Ydzdfyjc. @djutyd. Yduyadrde

Zdwudkidy 64, 9767, byhk

cuuw?((mt}di9.mhnfmf.det(hym`(hym`476(@djutydz(@djutyd5.ehj

Rfn Chhl, K. W., " Yhucdnidym, K. #9771!. Vtfàuq hb @abd fne Jhkwfzzahn Zfuazbfjuahn(

Bfuamtd fne Itynhtu an Jcaè ]d`bfyd ]hyldyz? F Zuteq hb ucd Jcaè ]d`bfyd ]hyldyz an

Jhkktnauq Ifzde Jfyd Hymfnafuahnz an Jdnuyf` B`hyaef. Zhjaf` ]hyl " Jcyazuafnauq,

:2 #6!, :2+45. Yduyadrde byhk ZhjANEDS.

RfnIdymdaol, D. H., " Zfykadnuh, U. @. #9772!. Ucd jhnzdvtdnjdz hb ydwhyuanm jcaè

kfùydfukdnu? Fyd zjchh` wdyzhnnd` fu yazl bhy zdjhnefyq uyftkfuaj zuydzz8 Iyadb

Uydfukdnu fne Jyazaz Anudyrdnuahn, 2 #6!, =1+13. Yduyadrde byhk WzqjANBH.

]yamcu, I. #9775!. Jhkwfzzahn bfuamtd? ch} uh frhae au. Wf``fuard Kdeajand, 63 , :+5. Yduyadrde

byhk WzqjANBH.

_anh}, C. K., Ytmmadyh, L. O., Ydznajl, C., Cfnzhn, Y., Zkauc, E., Zftnedyz, I., " La`wfuyajl,

http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/media-coverage-traumatic-event.asp








E. #9771!. Wydrf`dnjd fne kdnuf` cdf`uc jhyyd`fudz hb }aundzzde wfydnuf` fne jhkktnauq

rah`dnjd an f nfuahnf` zfkw`d hb feh`dzjdnuz. Ohtynf` hb Jca`e Wzqjch`hmq " Wzqjcafuyq,

47#5!, 556+547. Yduyadrde byhk Wzqjch`hmq fne Idcfrahyf` Zjadnjdz Jh``djuahn.



FWWDNEAS F

Wyhbdzzahnf` Vtfàuq hb @abd Zjf`d #WyhVH@!

Jhkwfzzahn Zfuazbfjuahn fne Jhkwfzzahn Bfuamtd #WyhVH@! Rdyzahn 4 #9771!

]cdn qht \cd`w[ wdhw`d qht cfrd eaydju jhnufju }auc ucday àrdz. Fz qht kfq cfrd bhtne, qhty

jhkwfzzahn bhy uchzd qht \cd`w[ jfn fbbdju qht an whzauard fne ndmfuard }fqz. Id`h} fyd zhkd

vtdzuahnz fihtu qhty dswdyadnjdz, ihuc whzauard fne ndmfuard, fz f \cd`wdy[. Jhnzaedy dfjc hb ucd

bh``h}anm vtdzuahnz fihtu qht fne qhty jtyydnu }hyl zautfuahn. Zd`dju ucd ntkidy ucfu chndzu`q

ydb`djuz ch} bydvtdnu`q qht dswdyadnjde ucdzd ucanmz an ucd `fzu :7 efqz.

6;Ndrdy 9;Yfyd`q :;Zhkduakdz 5;Hbudn 4;Rdyq Hbudn

XXX6. A fk cfwwq.

XXX9. A fk wydhjjtwade }auc khyd ucfn hnd wdyzhn A \cd`w[.

XXX:. A mdu zfuazbfjuahn byhk idanm fi`d uh \cd`w[ wdhw`d.

XXX5. A bdd` jhnndjude uh hucdyz.

XXX4. A otkw hy fk zufyu`de iq tndswdjude zhtnez.

XXX2. A bdd` anramhyfude fbudy }hylanm }auc uchzd A \cd`w[.

XXX=. A bane au eabbajtù uh zdwfyfud kq wdyzhnf` àbd byhk kq àbd fz f \cd`wdy[.

XXX3. A fk nhu fz wyhetjuard fu }hyl idjftzd A fk `hzanm z`ddw hrdy uyftkfuaj dswdyadnjdz

hb f wdyzhn A \cd`w[.

XXX1. A ucanl ucfu A kamcu cfrd iddn fbbdjude iq ucd uyftkfuaj zuydzz hb uchzd A \cd`w[.

XXX67. A bdd` uyfwwde iq kq ohi fz f \cd`wdy[.

XXX66. Idjftzd hb kq \cd`wanm[, A cfrd bdù )hn demd) fihtu rfyahtz ucanmz.

XXX69. A àld kq }hyl fz f \cd`wdy[.

XXX6:. A bdd` edwydzzde idjftzd hb ucd uyftkfuaj dswdyadnjdz hb ucd wdhw`d A \cd`w[.



XXX65. A bdd` fz uchtmc A fk dswdyadnjanm ucd uyftkf hb zhkdhnd A cfrd \cd`wde[.

XXX64. A cfrd idàdbz ucfu ztzufan kd.

XXX62. A fk w`dfzde }auc ch} A fk fi`d uh lddw tw }auc \cd`wanm[ udjcnavtdz fne wyhuhjh`z.

XXX6=. A fk ucd wdyzhn A f`}fqz }fnude uh id.

XXX63. Kq }hyl kfldz kd bdd` zfuazbade.

XXX61. A bdd` }hyn htu idjftzd hb kq }hyl fz f \cd`wdy[.

XXX97. A cfrd cfwwq uchtmcuz fne bddànmz fihtu uchzd A \cd`w[ fne ch} A jhtè cd`w ucdk.

XXX96. A bdd` hrdy}cd`kde idjftzd kq jfzd \}hyl[ `hfe zddkz dne`dzz.

XXX99. A idàdrd A jfn kfld f eabbdydnjd ucyhtmc kq }hyl.

XXX9:. A frhae jdyufan fjuarauadz hy zautfuahnz idjftzd ucdq ydkane kd hb byamcudnanm

dswdyadnjdz hb ucd wdhw`d A \cd`w[.

XXX95. A fk wyhte hb }cfu A jfn eh uh \cd`w[.

XXX94. Fz f ydztù hb kq \cd`wanm[, A cfrd anuytzard, byamcudnanm uchtmcuz.

XXX92. A bdd` )ihmmde eh}n) iq ucd zqzudk.

XXX9=. A cfrd uchtmcuz ucfu A fk f )ztjjdzz) fz f \cd`wdy[.

XXX93. A jfn-u ydjf`` akwhyufnu wfyuz hb kq }hyl }auc uyftkf rajuakz.

XXX91. A fk f rdyq jfyanm wdyzhn.

XXX:7. A fk cfwwq ucfu A jchzd uh eh ucaz }hyl.

¡ I. Ctenf`` Zufkk, 9771. Wyhbdzzahnf` Vtfàuq hb @abd? Jhkwfzzahn Zfuazbfjuahn fne Bfuamtd

Rdyzahn 4 #WyhVH@!. (}}}.azt.det(~iczufkk hy }}}.wyhvh`.hym.

Ucaz udzu kfq id bydd`q jhwade fz `hnm fz #f! ftuchy az jydeaude, #i! nh jcfnmdz fyd kfed, fne #j!

au az nhu zhè.



Fwwdneas I

Udfjcdy Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn Vtdzuahnnfayd

#Aufàjade audkz }a`` id hkauude byhk banf` anzuytkdnu tzde an ucaz zuteq.!

Bhy ucd bh``h}anm zufudkdnuz, aneajfud qhty `drd` hb fmyddkdnu }auc dfjc. Ab qht Zuyhnm`q

Eazfmydd w`fjd f 6 ndsu uh ucd audk< Eazfmydd ; 9< Ndtuyf` #ndaucdy eazfmydd hy fmydd! ; :< Fmydd

; 5< fne Zuyhnm`q Fmydd ; 4

XXX6. Udfjcanm wyhraedz kd }auc fn hwwhyutnauq uh ferfnjd wyhbdzzahnf``q.

XXX9. Udfjcdy anjhkd az fedvtfud bhy nhykf` dswdnzdz.

XXX:. Udfjcanm wyhraedz fn hwwhyutnauq uh tzd f rfyaduq hb zla``z.

XXX5. ]cdn anzuytjuahnz fyd anfedvtfud, A eh }cfu A ucanl az idzu.

XXX4. Anztbbajadnu anjhkd lddwz kd byhk àranm ucd }fq A }fnu uh àrd.

XXX2. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy utynz hnd udfjcdy fmfanzu fnhucdy.

XXX=. Nh hnd ud``z kd ucfu A fk f mhhe udfjcdy.

XXX3. Ucd }hyl hb f udfjcdy jhnzazuz hb yhtuand fjuarauadz.

XXX1. A fk nhu mduuanm fcdfe an kq wydzdnu udfjcanm whzauahn.

XXX67. ]hylanm jhneauahnz an kq zjchh` jfn id akwyhrde.

XXX66. A ydjdard ydjhmnauahn byhk kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy.

XXX69. Ab A jhtè dfyn }cfu A dfyn nh}, A }htè ufld fnq ohi.

XXX6:. A eh nhu cfrd byddehk uh kfld kq h}n edjazahnz.

XXX65. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy hbbdyz ztmmdzuahnz uh akwyhrd kq udfjcanm.

XXX64. Udfjcanm wyhraedz bhy f zdjtyd btutyd.

XXX62. A ydjdard bt`` ydjhmnauahn bhy kq ztjjdzzbt` udfjcanm.

XXX6=. A mdu f`hnm }d`` }auc kq jh``dfmtdz.



XXX63. Ucd fekanazuyfuahn an kq zjchh` ehdz nhu j`dfy`q edband auz whàjadz.

XXX61. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy mardz kd fzzazufnjd }cdn A ndde cd`w.

XXX97. ]hylanm jhneauahnz an kq zjchh` fyd jhkbhyufi`d.

XXX96. Udfjcanm wyhraedz kd ucd hwwhyutnauq uh cd`w kq zutednuz `dfyn.

XXX99. A àld ucd wdhw`d }auc }chk A }hyl.

XXX9:. Udfjcanm wyhraedz àkaude hwwhyutnauadz bhy ferfnjdkdnu.

XXX95. Kq zutednuz ydzwdju kd fz f udfjcdy.

XXX94. A fk fbyfae hb `hzanm kq udfjcanm ohi.

XXX92. Udfjcanm anrh`rdz uhh kfnq j`dyajf` ufzlz.

XXX9=. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy ehdz nhu ifjl kd tw.

XXX93. Udfjcanm az rdyq anudydzuanm }hyl.

XXX91. ]hylanm jhneauahnz an kq zjchh` jhtè nhu id }hyzd.

XXX:7. Udfjcanm eazjhtyfmdz hyamanfàuq.

XXX:6. Ucd fekanazuyfuahn an kq zjchh` jhkktnajfudz auz whàjadz }d``.

XXX:9. A ndrdy bdd` zdjtyd an kq udfjcanm ohi.

XXX::. Udfjcanm ehdz nhu wyhraed kd ucd jcfnjd uh edrd`hw nd} kduchez.

XXX:5. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy uydfuz drdyqhnd dvtaufi`q.

XXX:4. Kq jh``dfmtdz zuakt`fud kd uh eh iduudy }hyl.

XXX:2. Kq zutednuz jhkd uh j`fzz anfedvtfud`q wydwfyde.

XXX:=. Udfjcanm wyhraedz fn hwwhyutnauq bhy wyhkhuahn.

XXX:3. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy }fujcdz kd j`hzd`q.

XXX:1. A fk ydzwhnzai`d bhy w`fnnanm kq efa`q `dzzhnz.

XXX57. Wcqzajf` ztyyhtneanmz an kq zjchh` fyd tnw`dfzfnu.



XXX56. A eh nhu cfrd ucd byddehk uh tzd kq otemkdnu.

XXX59. A fk }d`` wfae an wyhwhyuahn uh kq fiaàuq.

XXX5:. Kq jh``dfmtdz fyd camc`q jyauajf` hb hnd fnhucdy.

XXX55. A eh cfrd ydzwhnzaiaàuq bhy kq udfjcanm.

XXX54. Kq jh``dfmtdz wyhraed kd }auc ztmmdzuahnz hy bddeifjl fihtu kq udfjcanm.

XXX52. Udfjcanm wyhraedz kd fn hwwhyutnauq uh id kq h}n ihzz.

XXX5=. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy wyhraedz fzzazufnjd bhy akwyhranm anzuytjuahn.

XXX53. A eh nhu mdu jhhwdyfuahn byhk ucd wdhw`d A }hyl }auc.

XXX51. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy az nhu fbyfae uh ed`dmfud }hyl uh hucdyz.

XXX47. Idcfrahy wyhi`dkz anudybdyd }auc kq udfjcanm.

XXX46. Udfjcanm dnjhtyfmdz kd uh id jydfuard.

XXX49. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy az nhu }a`ànm uh àzudn uh ztmmdzuahnz.

XXX4:. Udfjcdy anjhkd az ifyd`q dnhtmc uh àrd hn.

XXX45. A fk aneabbdydnu uh}fye udfjcanm.

XXX44. Ucd }hyl hb f udfjcdy az rdyq w`dfzfnu.

XXX42. A ydjdard uhh kfnq kdfnanm`dzz anzuytjuahnz byhk kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy.

XXX4=. A eazàld ucd wdhw`d }auc }chk A }hyl.

XXX43. A ydjdard uhh àuu`d ydjhmnauahn.

XXX41. Udfjcanm wyhraedz f mhhe hwwhyutnauq bhy ferfnjdkdnu.

XXX27. Kq anudydzuz fyd zaka`fy uh uchzd hb kq jh``dfmtdz.

XXX26. A fk nhu ydzwhnzai`d bhy kq fjuahnz.

XXX29. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy kfldz frfa`fi`d ucd kfudyaf` A ndde uh eh kq idzu.

XXX2:. A cfrd kfed `fzuanm byadnezcawz fkhnm kq jh``dfmtdz.



XXX25. ]hylanm jhneauahnz an kq zjchh` fyd mhhe.

XXX24. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy kfldz kd bdd` tnjhkbhyufi`d.

XXX22. A wydbdy uh cfrd hucdyz fzztkd ydzwhnzaiaàuq.

XXX2=. Udfjcdy anjhkd az `dzz ucfn A edzdyrd.

XXX23. A mh htu hb kq }fq uh cd`w kq jh``dfmtdz.

XXX21. A uyq uh id f}fyd hb ucd whàjadz hb kq zjchh`.

XXX=7. ]cdn A udfjc f mhhe `dzzhn, kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy nhuajdz.

XXX=6. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy dsw`fanz }cfu az dswdjude hb kd.

XXX=9. Udfjcanm wyhraedz kd }auc banfnjaf` zdjtyauq.

XXX=:. Kq akkdeafud ztwdyrazhy wyfazdz mhhe udfjcanm.

XXX=5. A fk nhu anudydzude an ucd whàjadz hb kq zjchh`.

XXX=4. A mdu f`hnm }d`` }auc kq zutednuz.

XXX=2. Wfq jhkwfydz }auc zaka`fy ohiz an hucdy zjchh` eazuyajuz.

XXX==. Kq jh``dfmtdz zddk tnydfzhnfi`d uh kd.



Fwwdneas J

Myhtw Fekanazuyfuahn hb ucd WyhVH@

#Ufldn byhk Ucd Jhnjazd WyhVH@ Kfntf` 9771!

An ucaz uqwd hb fekanazuyfuahn, f myhtw hb wdhw`d jhkw`dud ucd WyhVH@ zaktùfndhtz`q.

Ucaz kfq id an f j`fzzyhhk zduuanm hy zhkducanm àld anearaetf` jhkwtudy }hylzufuahnz an f

jhkwtudy `fi. Ucd ldq fzwdju hb ucd myhtw fekanazuyfuahn az ucfu ucdyd fyd hucdyz wydzdnu }ch fyd

ehanm ucd zfkd fjuarauq. An f myhtw fekanazuyfuahn au az akwhyufnu uh jhnzaedy ucd myhtw dbbdju hn

zjhydz. Ab f bd} wdhw`d fyd vtaud rhjf` fihtu ucday tn}a`ànmndzz uh wfyuajawfud, ucdyd az fn dbbdju

hn f`` hb ucd wfyuajawfnuz. Ab wdhw`d bdd` ucdq fyd idanm }fujcde iq hucdyz, hy fyd dkifyyfzzde uh

id an ucd myhtw, ucd zjhydz fyd tnàld`q uh id rfàe fne wyarfjq yamcuz kfq cfrd iddn rah`fude.

Wdhw`d zchtè nhu id zanm`de htu zh fz uh jftzd dkifyyfzzkdnu. Bhy dsfkw`d, qht zchtè nhu zdu

tw f myhtw fekanazuyfuahn bhy f`` wdhw`d }ch kfed kdeajf` dyyhyz ab ucd fekanazuyfuahn az ifzde

hn ucd fzztkwuahn ucfu ucday kazufldz hjjtyyde idjftzd hb itynhtu.

An ucd jfzd hb f zd`b+udzu, wdhw`d kfq id mardn mdndyf` anbhykfuahn ztjc fz ‐hucdyz }ch

zjhyd zaka`fy`q uh qht•‛ Iq jhnuyfzu, an ucd jfzd hb anearaetf` fekanazuyfuahn, bddeifjl kfq id

ktjc khyd zwdjabaj. Bddeifjl an myhtw zduuanmz zchtè nhu id fihtu f zanm`d anearaetf` itu fihtu

ucanmz ucfu fww`q uh khyd ucfn hnd wdyzhn. Ucd khzu akwhyufnu ucanm fihtu maranm bddeifjl az uh

id wydwfyde. Id wydwfyde uh mard zwdjabaj fne j`dfy anbhykfuahn fwwyhwyafud uh ucd zduuanm fne id

wydwfyde uh fnz}dy vtdzuahnz. Qht }a`` f`}fqz mdu ucfu hnd vtdzuahn qht khzu ehn‑u }fnu uh

fnz}dy&

]cdn }hylanm an myhtw zduuanmz, au az nhu tnjhkkhn bhy hnd hy u}h anearaetf`z uh

wyhraed ydrdfànm wdyzhnf` anbhykfuahn ucfu fyd nhu fwwyhwyafud uh ucd myhtw zduuanm. An ucdzd

jfzdz au az anjtkidnu hn ucd udzu fekanazuyfuhy uh jhnufan fne ydbhjtz ucd fuudnuahn hb ucd j`fzz.



Mhhe ducajf` idcfrahy ztmmdzuz ucd udzu fekanazuyfuhy bh``h} tw }auc ucd wdyzhn an f khyd

fwwyhwyafud zduuanm. An zautfuahnz ztjc fz ucdzd, au az tztf``q fwwyhwyafud uh wyhraed f ydbdyyf` bhy

dkw`hqdd fzzazufnjd hy hucdy cd`w ztjc fz kdnuf` hy wcqzajf` cdfùc jfyd.

An ucd jfzd ucfu ucd fekanazuyfuhy idàdrdz ucfu ucdyd az fn akkandnu efnmdy, ucdq zchtè

ufld dkdymdnjq fjuahnz ztjc fz jf`ànm 166 fne wyhudjuanm ucd wdyzhn, ucdkzd`rdz, fne hucdyz

byhk cfyk an ucd idzu }fq ucfu ucdq jfn.

Jhkwfzzahn Zfuazbfjuahn Itynhtu Zdjhnefyq Uyftkfuaj

Zuydzz

Ihuuhk vtfyua`d #94uc

wdyjdnua`d!

55 5: 59

Kdfn #47uc wdyjdnua`d! 47 47 47

Uhw vtfyua`d #=4uc

wdyjdnua`d!

4= 42 42



Fwwdneas E

WyhVH@ Zjhyanm

#Ufldn byhk Ucd Jhnjazd WyhVH@ Kfntf` 9771!

Jf`jt`fuanm ucd Zjhydz hn ucd WyhVH@

Ucdyd fyd ucydd zudwz uh zjhyanm ucd WyhVH@. Ucd bayzu zudw az uh ydrdyzd zhkd audkz. Ucd

zdjhne zudw az uh ztk ucd audkz iq ztizjf`d fne ucd ucaye zudw az uh jhnrdyu ucd yf} zjhyd uh f u+

zjhyd. Ucd bayzu zdu id`h} zch}z ucd zjhyanm fjuahnz an edufa`. U}h kduchez bhy zjhyanm fyd

wydzdnude. Ucd bayzu az uh bh``h} Zudwz 6+9 fne ucdn tzd ucd ufi`d fu ucd dne hb ucaz zdjuahn uh

jhnrdyu yf} zjhydz uh u+zjhydz. Ucd zdjhne kduche tzdz jhkwtudy 62 zjhyanm. Ucd jhkwtudy jhed

wydzdnude id`h} az }yauudn bhy ZWZZ ucfu jfn id jhnrdyude iq ucd tzdy uh hucdy zufuazuajf`

wyhmyfkz ab nddede?

Zudw 6? Ydrdyzd audkz 6, 5, 64, 6=, fne 91 anuh 6y, 5y, 64y, 6=y fne 91y #6;4! #9;5! #:;:! #5;9!

#4;6!

Zudw 9? Ztk ucd audkz bhy dfjc ztizjf`d.

JZ ; ZTK#wv:,wv2,wv69,wv62,wv63,w97,wv99,wv95,wv9=,wv:7!.

IH ; ZTK#wv6y,wv5y,wv3,wv67,wv64y,wv6=y, wv61, wv96, wv92, wv91y!.

ZUZ ; ZTK#wv9,wv4,wv=,wv1,wv66,wv6:,wv65,wv9:, wv94,wv93!.

JHKKDNU? Anudywydufuahn hb zjhydz? Ucd kdfn zjhyd bhy fnq zjf`d az 47 }auc f zufnefye

edrafuahn hb 67.

JHKKDNU? Ucd jtu zjhydz bhy ucd JZ zjf`d fyd 55 fu ucd 94uc wdyjdnua`d fne 4= fu ucd =4uc

wdyjdnua`d.

JHKKDNU? Ucd jtu zjhydz bhy ucd IH zjf`d fyd 5: fu ucd 94uc wdyjdnua`d fne 42 fu ucd =4uc



wdyjdnua`d.

JHKKDNU? Ucd jtu zjhydz bhy ucd ZUZ zjf`d fyd fu 59 bhy ucd 94uc wdyjdnua`d fne 42 bhy ucd

=4uc wdyjdnua`d.



Jtu Zjhydz

Ucd WyhVH@ kdfztyd az idzu tzde an auz jhnuanthtz bhyk. Ch}drdy, kfnq wdhw`d wydbdy

uh cfrd jtu zjhydz uh aneajfud yd`fuard yazlz hy wyhudjuard bfjuhyz. Uh feeydzz ucdzd nddez, jtu

zjhydz fyd wyhraede. Ucd jtuz fyd zdu fu ucd 94uc fne =4uc wdyjdnua`dz. Ucdq fyd whudnuaf``q hrdy`q

anj`tzard ― ucfu az ucdq udne uh Uqwd 6 dyyhy. Ucaz kdfnz ucfu ucd ucdyd az f mydfudy whzzaiaàuq hb

cfranm f bf`zd whzauard ucfn kazzanm zhkdhnd }ch fjutf``q id`hnmz an f wfyuajt`fy myhtw.

Idjftzd ucaz az f zjyddnanm fne w`fnnanm uhh`, au az wyhifi`q `dzz wyhi`dkfuaj uh anj`ted zhkdhnd

}ch zchtè nhu id anj`tede ucfn uh dsj`ted zhkdhnd }cfu zchtè id anj`tede zh ucfu ztwwhyuard

hy jhyydjuard fjuahn az jhnzaedyde drdn ab au az nhu nddede. Zjhydz ndfy ucd ihfyedyz jfn id

wfyuajt`fy`q uyhti`dzhkd an ucfu ucd jtu whanu az fn fyuabajaf``q fwwàde jyaudyaf. W`dfzd nhud ucfu

}ca`d }d wyhraed jtu zjhydz ifzde hn ucd =4uc wdyjdnua`d, }d eh nhu ydjhkkdne ucfu ucd kdfztyd

id tzde bhy fnqucanm hucdy ucfn zjyddnanm, fne }d wydbdy byhk f zufuazuajf` wdyzwdjuard, uh tzd ucd

jhnuanthtz ntkidyz.



Fwwdneas D

Udfjcdy Ohi Zfuazbfjuahn Vtdzuahnnfayd Zjhyanm

Zjhyanm? Zuyhnm`q Eazfmydd ; 6< Eazfmydd ; 9< Ndtuyf` #ndaucdy eazfmydd hy fmydd! ; :< Fmydd ; 5<

fne Zuyhnm`q Fmydd ; 4. Zjhyanm az ydrdyzde bhy ucd bh``h}anm 99 tnbfrhyfi`d audkz #9=, 49, 24,

2, 42, 4=, ==, 53, 5:, 57, 63, =5, 26, :7, ::, 45, 6:, 9:, 1, 94, :9, fne 43!

Yf} zjhydz }a`` yfnmd byhk 22 #zuyhnm`q eazfmydd }auc f`` bfrhyfi`d audkz fne zuyhnm`q

fmydd }auc f`` tnbfrhyfi`d audkz! uh ::7 #zuyhnm`q fmydd }auc f`` bfrhyfi`d audkz fne zuyhnm`q

eazfmydd }auc f`` tnbfrhyfi`d audkz!. Bhy ucd wtywhzdz hb ucaz zuteq, jtu zjhydz }a`` id tzde uh

zdwfyfud wfyuajawfnuz anuh myhtwz hb `h}, frdyfmd, fne camc ohi zfuazbfjuahn uh jhyydzwhne uh ucd

jtu zjhydz hb ucd WyhVH@. Ucd myhtwanmz }a`` id `h} ohi zfuazbfjuahn ; 22+6:9 < frdyfmd ohi

zfuazbfjuahn ; 6::+925< camc ohi zfuazbfjuahn ; 924+::7. Ucdzd jtu zjhydz fyd ka`e`q hrdy`q

anj`tzard an ucd `h} ohi zfuazbfjuahn myhtw, fne fz }auc ucd WyhVH@ jtu zjhydz, au az f `dzz

wyhi`dkfuaj uh anj`ted zhkdhnd }ch zcht`e nhu id anj`tede yfucdy ucfn dsj`ted zhkdhnd }ch

htmcu uh id anj`tede }aucan ucaz myhtw.



Fwwdneas B

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Fkq J. Ctenf``, K.F., [email protected] fne Fwwf`fjcafn Zufud Tnardyzauq

Cdnyq D. Zufkk, Wc.E., [email protected]



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Research Design - Impact of Compassion Fatigue on Teacher Job Satisfaction

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