VIVA COLLEGE OF ARTS,COMMERCE AND SCIENCE

PROJECT REPORT ON

“RESEARCH DESIGN”

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE DEGREE AWARDED AT

M.COM PART-II (ACCOUNTANCY)

SEMESTER-III

SUBJECT NAME: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2014 – 2015

SUBMITTED BY

NAME: RUKMINI .V. SHUKLA

ROLL NO: 48

VIRAR (WEST)

401303

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project titled “RESEARCH DESIGN ”is an original work prepared by me and is being submitted to University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of “M.COM – PART -II SEM -III (ACCOUNTANCY)” degree for the academic year 2014-2015.

To the best of my knowledge this report has not been submitted earlier to the University of Mumbai or any other affiliated college for the fulfillment of “M.COM” degree.

Date: Name:

Place: Place:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I RUKMINI .V. SHUKLA the student of VIVA College pursuing my “M.COM PART–II (ACCOUNTANCY)”, would like to pay the credits, for all those who helped in the making of this project.

The first in accomplishment of this project is our Principal Dr. R.D Bhagat, Vice-Principal Prof. Prajakta Paranjape, Course Co-ordinator Prof. NilimaBhagwat and Guide Prof PRAJAKTA PARAJAPE& teaching & non teaching staff of VIVA college.

I would also like to thank all my college friends those who influenced my project in order to achieve the desired result correctly.

INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

Research design can be thought of as the structure of research -- it is the "glue"

that holds all of the elements in a research project together. We often describe a

design using a concise notation that enables us to summarize a complex design

structure efficiently. What are the "elements" that a design includes.

A research design is defined as a logical and systematic plan prepared for

direction a research study.it specifies plan prepared for directing a research

study. It specifies the objectives of the study the methodologies and techniques to

be adopted for achieving the objectives. The research design is the ground plan

for conducting the research to help him to keep a track of his actions and to know

that the he is moving in the right direction in collection the data. Whatever may be

the nature of research problems? Research design is vital to the research as it

enables to collect the right data to achieving the research objectives.

research design is a systematic plan to study a scientific problem. The design of

a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental,

experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-

longitudinal case study), research question, hypotheses, variables, experimental,

and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan.

Research design is the framework that has been created to seek answers to

research questions.A detailed outline of how an investigation will take place. A

research design will typically include how data is to be collected,

what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the

intended means for analyzinA detailed outline of how an investigation will take

place. A research design will typically include how data is to be collected,

what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the

intended means for analyzing data collected.

DEFINATION

Research design actually constitutes the blue print for the collection,

measurement and analysis of the data.

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to

integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical

way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem;

it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of

data.

MEANING

A research design is defined as a logical and systematic plan prepared for

direction a research study.it specifies plan prepared for directing a research

study. It specifies the objectives of the study the methodologies and techniques to

be adopted for achieving the objectives. The research design is the ground plan

for conducting the research to help him to keep a track of his actions and to know

that the he is moving in the right direction in collection the data. Whatever may be

the nature of research problems? Research design is vital to the research as it

enables to collect the right data to achieving the research objectives. research

design is a systematic plan to study a scientific problem. The design of a study

defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental,

experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-

longitudinal case study), research question, hypotheses, independent and

dependent variables,experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection

methods and a statistical analysis plan. Research design is the framework that

has been created to seek answers to research questions.

A detailed outline of how an investigation will take place. A research design will

typically include how data is to be collected, what instruments will be employed, how the

instruments will be used and the intended means for analyzinA detailed outline of how an

investigation will take place. A research design will typically include how data is to be

collected, what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the

intended means for analyzing data collected.

HISTORY

The Design Research Society was founded in the UK in 1966. The origins of the

Society lay in the Conference on Design Methods, held in London in 1962, which

enabled a core of people to be identified who shared interests in new approaches

to the process of designing.

The purpose of the DRS, as embodied in its first statement of rules, was to

promote ‘the study of and research into the process of designing in all its many

fields'. This established the intention of being an interdisciplinary, learned society.

The DRS promoted its aims through a series of one-day conferences and the

publication of a quarterly newsletter to members.

However, within a few years, fruitless attempts to establish a published journal,

and equally fruitless internal debate about the Society's goals led to inactivity. The

Society was revived by its first major international conference, on Design

Participation, held in Manchester in 1971. At that conference a meeting of DRS

members led to a call for a special general meeting of the Society, and to changes

of officers and council members. Subsequently, a series of international

conferences was held through the 1970s and 80s: in London (1973), Portsmouth

(1976, 1980), Istanbul (1978), and Bath (1984).

In the mid-1970s DRS also collaborated with the Design Methods Group, based

in the USA, including publishing a joint journal, Design Research and Methods.

By the late 1970s there was enough enthusiasm, and evidence of design research

activity around the world, for the DRS to approach IPC Press (now Elsevier) with

a successful proposal for its own journal. Design Studies, the international journal

for design research, was launched in 1979.

A new biennial series of DRS conferences began in 2002 with the 'Common

Ground' conference in London. Subsequent ones have been in Melbourne,

Australia (2004), Lisbon, Portugal (2006), Sheffield, UK (2008), Montreal,

Canada (2010).

Design Research Society - holders of the Chair:

1967-69 John Page

1969-71 William Gosling

1971-73 Chris Jones

1973-77 Sydney Gregory

1977-80 Thomas Maver

1980-82 Nigel Cross

1982-84 James Powell

1984-88 Robin Jacques

1988-90 Bruce Archer

1990-94 Sebastian Macmillan

1994-98 ConallO'Cathain

1998-06 David Durling

2006-09 Chris Rust

2009-    Seymour Roworth-Stokes

Honorary President:

1992-00 Bruce Archer

2000-06 Richard Buchanan

2006-    Nigel Cross

OBJECTIVES

1. Guidelines to the researcher :-

research design provides guidelines to the respect of when star and when

to completed the research work. The research will be able to collect the

data form the right source at the right time.

2. Organizing resources :-

Research design facilitates organizing of sources for collecting data the

resources includes

Funds required for collecting the data

The equipment and materials required to conduct the research

The manpower to collect the data

3. Direction to the research staff: _

The research design provides design necessary directions to the research

staff. This is because the research design provides necessary guidelines in

respect of:

Source of data.

Techniques for collecting data.

Resources to be utilized.

Time frame work of research work.

Due to the above factors the researcher can provided proper directions to the

research staff, so that they collect relevant data to achieve research objectives.

4. Selection of techniques :-

Research design helps to select appropriate techniques both for data an

Analysis there is various method of data collection such as:

Observation.

Survey or interview.

Experimentation.

Correlation techniques etc..

5. Collection of relevant data :-

Research design helps to collect the relevant data and that too a certain

time frame. For instance, the research design indicates :

The area of research

Universe of research

Sample size

The research or his staff will be able to collect relevant data form the right area

from the appropriate number of respondents.

6. Objective of research :-

Research design helps to achieve research objectives. This is because the

researcher will collect the right time and from the right source. Also due to

the use of proper techniques of analysis the researcher will be able to

analyses the data properly, and then take appropriate measures or action

which in turn will help to attain the research objective.

7. Monitoring of expenditure: -

Research design helps to monitor research expenditure. Research design

provides guidelines regarding the amount of resource or funds to be

utilized for research activity. Therefore there will be proper control over

the funds in respect of research activity

8. Execution of research work :-

Research design helps in timely execution of the research work. This is

because research design indicates the start time and the commotion time of

research activity.

9. Motivation to staff:-

A systematic research design motivation the staff to collect the right data

from the right source.Also due to the data from the right source. Also due

to the timely completion of research activity, the research staff may be

rewarded with monetary and non-monetary incntitives.as a result of higher

returns, the research staff may be adequately reward.

10. Improvement is decision –marking :-

Systematic research design facilitates proper collection of data. Also, the

FEATURES

1.Quantitative Design

Quantitative, or fixed, design allows the researcher to actively change the

circumstances of the experiment. In this type of research, the researcher can

control the conditions that lead to changes in behavior. This can also be

considered explanatory research, as the focus is on the question of "why."

For example, a city is experiencing an increasing crime rate. To combat this

problem the city puts more officers on the street. Suppose that this did nothing to

change the crime rate initially. The city would look at why it did not work, and

what can be done to change that outcome. After studying the problem, the city

determines they need to train officers to deal with gangs and gang activities. Once

the training is completed, crime rates begin to drop.

This shows how studying the problem, considering different solutions, deciding

on a method to solve the problem and then implementing that solution caused a

different result than the initial method of simply hiring more officers. This

provides the answer to the question of "why."

2.Qualitative Design

Qualitative, or flexible, design deals with the study aspect of solving a problem.

This is an answer to "what," and identifies the problem itself. This works hand in

hand with quantitative design, as problems cannot be tested for solutions until

they have been identified.

Using the same example, when the city initially tried to reduce crime rates, they

simply hired more officers. What was wrong with that approach is the fact that

they did not have an adequate description of what the problem was. When they

did further investigation and determined that the officers needed training in gangs

and gang activities, they had a better idea of what the problem was. Their "what"

was identified, which led to options of how to solve the problem.

3. Career Option

Research design careers are available in almost every field and sector of the

economy. For example, public opinion researchers determine the issues people are

facing; what is wrong, what is good and so on. A public opinion analyst would

then look at why these issues are occurring and propose solutions to make things

better. Another example would be a research engineer in the field of commercial

kitchen ventilation. In this case the researcher determines just how much energy is

needed for specific commercial kitchen appliances to vent cooking effluent

outside the kitchen. This knowledge can be translated into savings for the

restaurant, as well as resulting in a positive ecological outcome.

4. Who Should Consider a Career in Research Design?

This field is perfect for those who like to figure out what a problem is, or what

solutions can be had to fix a problem. Research design is the right career for

individuals who want to know more, and are not satisfied with the status quo.

ADVANTAGES

1. Addresses Specific Research Issue:-

Carrying out their own research allows the marketing organization to address

issues specific to their own situation. Primary research is designed to collect the

information the marketer wants to know (Step 2) and report it in ways that benefit

the marketer. For example, while information reported with secondary research

may not fit the marketer’s needs (e.g., different age groupings) no such problem

exists with primary research since the marketer controls the research design.

2. Greater Control :-

Not only does primary research enable the marketer to focus on specific issues, it

also enables the marketer to have a higher level of control over how the

information is collected. In this way the marketer can decide on such issues as

size of project (e.g., how many responses), location of research (e.g., geographic

area) and time frame for completing the project.

3.Efficient Spending for Information

Unlike secondary research where the marketer may spend for information that is

not needed, primary data collections’ focus on issues specific to the researcher

improves the chances that research funds will be spent efficiently.

4.Proprietary Information

Information collected by the marketer using primary research is their own and is

generally not shared with others. Thus, information can be kept hidden from

competitors and potentially offer an “information advantage” to the company that

undertook the primary research

DISADVANTAGES

1. Cost

Compared to secondary research, primary data may be very expensive since there

is a great deal of marketer involvement and the expense in preparing and carrying

out research can be high.

2. Time Consuming

To be done correctly primary data collection requires the development and

execution of a research plan. Going from the start-point of deciding to undertake a

research project to the end-point to having results is often much longer than the

time it takes to acquire secondary data.

3. Not Always Feasible

Some research projects, while potentially offering information that could prove

quite valuable, are not within the reach of a marketer. Many are just too large to

be carried out by all but the largest companies and some are not feasible at all. For

instance, it would not be practical for McDonalds to attempt to interview every

customer who visits their stores on a certain day since doing so would require

hiring a huge number of researchers, an unrealistic expense. Fortunately, as we

will see in a later tutorial there are ways for McDonalds to use other methods

(e.g., sampling) to meet their needs without the need to talk with all custome

STEPS IN RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Define the problem:

The researcher must be clearly define the problem. Clarity of the problem

will help to researcher to decide on the research objectives. For instance,

in the case of commercial research, the research problem may be stated as

“decline in sale”, the objective of the research will be to increase the sales.

In case of academic research , proper definition of the problem will enable

the research to develop hypothesis, which needs to be tested with the help

of research .

2. Sources of data :

The researched must be decide about the data. The sources of data depend

upon problem the sources of data are broadlydevein to two groups .

Primary sources

Secondary sources

3. Technique of data collection :

The researcher must be decide about the technique about the data

collection. The techniques certain factors

Nature of problem

Resources available

Time frame etc.

4. Decision of universe :

The researcher must state the universal for conducting the research work.

If the research is conduct on baby food, universe will be mothers will little

kids.

5. Sample size:

The researcher must the sample size. The simple size depend upon certain

factors such as time frame, funds availability, nature of problems etc.

The sample size may be very small, say about 500 response.

TYPES

ACTION REASEACH DESIGN

The essentials of action research design follow a characteristic cycle whereby

initially an exploratory stance is adopted, where an understanding of a problem is

developed and plans are made for some form of interventionary strategy. Then the

intervention is carried out (the "action" in Action Research) during which time,

pertinent observations are collected in various forms. The new interventional

strategies are carried out, and the cyclic process repeats, continuing until a

sufficient understanding of (or implement able solution for) the problem is

achieved. The protocol is iterative or cyclical in nature and is intended to foster

deeper understanding of a given situation, starting with conceptualizing and

particularizing the problem and moving through several interventions and

evaluations.

1. A collaborative and adaptive research design that lends itself to use in

work or community situations.

2. Design focuses on pragmatic and solution-driven research rather than

testing theories.

3. When practitioners use action research it has the potential to increase the

amount they learn consciously from their experience. The action research

cycle can also be regarded as a learning cycle.

4. Action search studies often have direct and obvious relevance to practice.

5. There are no hidden controls or preemption of direction by the researcher.

CASE STUDY DESIGN

Definition and Purpose

A case study is an in-depth study of a particular research problem rather than a

sweeping statistical survey. It is often used to narrow down a very broad field of

research into one or a few easily researchable examples. The case study research

design is also useful for testing whether a specific theory and model actually

applies to phenomena in the real world. It is a useful design when not much is

known about a phenomenon.

What do these studies tell you?

1. Approach excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue

through detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or

conditions and their relationships.

2. A researcher using a case study design can apply a vaiety of

methodologies and rely on a variety of sources to investigate a research

problem.

3. Design can extend experience or add strength to what is already known

through previous research.

4. Social scientists, in particular, make wide use of this research design to

examine contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for the

application of concepts and theories and extension of methods.

5. The design can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.

What these studies don't tell you?

1. A single or small number of cases offers little basis for establishing

reliability or to generalize the findings to a wider population of people,

places, or things.

2. The intense exposure to study of the case may bias a researcher's

interpretation of the findings.

3. Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect relationships.

4. Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret.

5. The case may not be representative or typical of the larger problem being

investigated.

6. If the criteria for selecting a case is because it represents a very unusual or

unique phenomenon or problem for study, then your intepretation of the

findings can only apply to that particular case.

CAUSAL DESIGN

Definition and Purpose

Causality studies may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in terms of

conditional statements in the form, “If X, then Y.” This type of research is used to

measure what impact a specific change will have on existing norms and

assumptions. Most social scientists seek causal explanations that reflect tests of

hypotheses. Causal effect (nomothetic perspective) occurs when variation in one

phenomenon, an independent variable, leads to or results, on average, in variation

in another phenomenon, the dependent variable.

Conditions necessary for determining causality:

Empirical association--a valid conclusion is based on finding an

association between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Appropriate time order--to conclude that causation was involved, one must

see that cases were exposed to variation in the independent variable before

variation in the dependent variable.

Nonspuriousness--a relationship between two variables that is not due to

variation in a third variable.

What do these studies tell you?

1. Causality research designs helps researchers understand why the world

works the way it does through the process of proving a causal link

between variables and eliminating other possibilities.

2. Replication is possible.

3. There is greater confidence the study has internal validity due to the

systematic subject selection and equity of groups being compared.

COHORT DESIGN

Often used in the medical sciences, but also found in the applied social sciences, a

cohort study generally refers to a study conducted over a period of time involving

members of a population which the subject or representative member comes from,

and who are united by some commonality or similarity. Using a quantitative

framework, a cohort study makes note of statistical occurrence within a

specialized subgroup, united by same or similar characteristics that are relevant to

the research problem being investigated, rather than studying statistical

occurrence within the general population. Using a qualitative framework, cohort

studies generally gather data using methods of observation. Cohorts can be either

"open" or "closed."

Open Cohort Studies [dynamic populations, such as the population of Los

Angeles] involve a population that is defined just by the state of being a

part of the study in question (and being monitored for the outcome). Date

of entry and exit from the study is individually defined, therefore, the size

of the study population is not constant. In open cohort studies, researchers

can only calculate rate based data, such as, incidence rates and variants

thereof.

Closed Cohort Studies [static populations, such as patients entered into a

clinical trial] involve participants who enter into the study at one defining

point in time and where it is presumed that no new participants can enter

the cohort. Given this, the number of study participants remains constant

(or can only decrease).

Descriptive Design

Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the questions of who, what,

when, where, and how associated with a particular research problem; a descriptive

study cannot conclusively ascertain answers to why. Descriptive research is used

to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena and to

describe "what exists" with respect to variables or conditions in a situation.

1. The subject is being observed in a completely natural and unchanged

natural environment. True experiments, whilst giving analyzable data,

often adversely influence the normal behavior of the subject.

2. Descriptive research is often used as a pre-cursor to more quantitative

research designs, the general overview giving some valuable pointers as to

what variables are worth testing quantitatively.

3. If the limitations are understood, they can be a useful tool in developing a

more focused study.

4. Descriptive studies can yield rich data that lead to important

recommendations in practice.

5. Appoach collects a large amount of data for detailed analysis.

Experimental Design

A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to maintain control over

all factors that may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher

attempts to determine or predict what may occur. Experimental Research is often

used where there is time priority in a causal relationship (cause precedes effect),

there is consistency in a causal relationship (a cause will always lead to the same

effect), and the magnitude of the correlation is great. The classic experimental

design specifies an experimental group and a control group. The independent

variable is administered to the experimental group and not to the control group,

and both groups are measured on the same dependent variable. Subsequent

experimental designs have used more groups and more measurements over longer

periods. True experiments must have control, randomization, and manipulation.

1. Experimental research allows the researcher to control the situation. In so

doing, it allows researchers to answer the question, “what causes

something to occur?”

2. Permits the researcher to identify cause and effect relationships between

variables and to distinguish placebo effects from treatment effects.

3. Experimental research designs support the ability to limit alternative

explanations and to infer direct causal relationships in the study.

4. Approach provides the highest level of evidence for single studies.

Exploratory Design

An exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few

or no earlier studies to refer to. The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for

later investigation or undertaken when problems are in a preliminary stage of

investigation.

The goals of exploratory research are intended to produce the following possible

insights:

Familiarity with basic details, settings and concerns.

Well grounded picture of the situation being developed.

Generation of new ideas and assumption, development of tentative

theories or hypotheses.

Determination about whether a study is feasible in the future.

Issues get refined for more systematic investigation and formulation of

new research questions.

Direction for future research and techniques get developed.

1. Design is a useful approach for gaining background information on a

particular topic.

2. Exploratory research is flexible and can address research questions of all

types (what, why, how).

3. Provides an opportunity to define new terms and clarify existing concepts.

4. Exploratory research is often used to generate formal hypotheses and

develop more precise research problems.

5. Exploratory studies help establish research priorities.

Historical Design

The purpose of a historical research design is to collect, verify, and synthesize

evidence from the past to establish facts that defend or refute your hypothesis. It

uses secondary sources and a variety of primary documentary evidence, such as,

logs, diaries, official records, reports, archives, and non-textual information

[maps, pictures, audio and visual recordings]. The limitation is that the sources

must be both authentic and valid.

1. The historical research design is unobtrusive; the act of research does not

affect the results of the study.

2. The historical approach is well suited for trend analysis.

3. Historical records can add important contextual background required to

more fully understand and interpret a research problem.

4. There is no possibility of researcher-subject interaction that could affect

the findings.

5. Historical sources can be used over and over to study different research

problems or to replicate a previous study.

Longitudinal Design

A longitudinal study follows the same sample over time and makes repeated

observations. With longitudinal surveys, for example, the same group of people is

interviewed at regular intervals, enabling researchers to track changes over time

and to relate them to variables that might explain why the changes occur.

Longitudinal research designs describe patterns of change and help establish the

direction and magnitude of causal relationships. Measurements are taken on each

variable over two or more distinct time periods. This allows the researcher to

measure change in variables over time. It is a type of observational study and is

sometimes referred to as a panel study.

1. Longitudinal data allow the analysis of duration of a particular

phenomenon.

2. Enables survey researchers to get close to the kinds of causal explanations

usually attainable only with experiments.

3. The design permits the measurement of differences or change in a variable

from one period to another [i.e., the description of patterns of change over

time].

4. Longitudinal studies facilitate the prediction of future outcomes based

upon earlier factors.

Meta-Analysis Design

Meta-analysis is an analytical methodology designed to systematically evaluate

and summarize the results from a number of individual studies, thereby,

increasing the overall sample size and the ability of the researcher to study effects

of interest. The purpose is to not simply summarize existing knowledge but to

develop a new understanding of a research problem using synoptic reasoning. The

main objectives of meta-analysis include analyzing differences in the results

among studies and increasing the precision by which effects are estimated. A

well-designed meta-analysis depends upon strict adherence to the criteria used for

selecting studies and the availability of information in each study to properly

analyze their findings. Lack of information can severely limit the type of analyses

and conclusions that can be reached. In addition, the more dissimilarity there is in

the results among individual studies [heterogeneity], the more difficult it is to

justify interpretations that govern a valid synopsis of results.

A meta-analysis needs to fulfill the following requirements to ensure the validity

of your findings:

Clearly defined description of objectives, including precise definitions of

the variables and outcomes that are being evaluated;

A well-reasoned and well-documented justification for identification and

selection of the studies;

Assessment and explicit acknowledgment of any researcher bias in the

identification and selection of those studies;

Description and evaluation of the degree of heterogeneity among the

sample size of studies reviewed; and,

Justification of the techniques used to evaluate the studies

CONCLUSION

From its inception, educational research has been a subject of debate. Educational

research has grown significantly over time and the variety of theoretical

approaches that have been implemented in the research has diversified greatly

over time. This essay identified many, but certainly not all, of the key

transformations in educational research from the late nineteenth century to present

day. Also, this essay is not an attempt to recommend one theoretical approach

over another in the study and research of education. Rather, it is an attempt to

provide a brief history of the types of educational research efforts and to highlight

the epistemological debates that have occurred during this time period.

Summary

Factorial design has several important features. First, it has great flexibility for

exploring or enhancing the “signal” (treatment) in our studies. Whenever we are

interested in examining treatment variations, factorial designs should be strong

candidates as the designs of choice. Second, factorial designs are efficient. Instead

of conducting a series of independent studies we are effectively able to combine

these studies into one. Finally, factorial designs are the only effective way to

examine interaction effects.

So far, we have only looked at a very simple 2 x 2 factorial design structure. You

may want to look at somefactorial design variations to get a deeper understanding

of how they work. You may also want to examine how we approach the statistical

analysis of factorial experimental designs.

REFERENCES

Bowen, J. 1981. A History of Western Education; Volume III: The Modern West.

London: Methuen.

Cohen, D.K, and C.A. Barnes. 1999. “Research and the Purposes of Education,”

in Issues in Educational Research: Problems and Possibilities, ed. E.C.

Lagemann and L.S. Shulman, 17-41. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Committee on Education. 2008. The Role of the Committee on Education.

Chicago:

The Committee on Education, University of

Chicago. http://coe.uchicago.edu/about/index.shtml.

Fuchs, E. 2004. Educational Sciences, Morality and Politics: International

Educational Congresses in the early twentieth Century. PedagogicaHistorica 40,

no. 5: 757 784.

Greenwood, D.J., and M. Levin. 2003. “Reconstructing the Relationships

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Hamilton, D. 2002. ‘Noisy Fallible and

Biased Though it be” (On the Vagaries of

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8)Yhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business

9)Yhttp://www.businessballs.com

10)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration

11)http://www.business-standard.com

12)http://www.scribd.com

13)http://www.mouthshut.com

14)http://www.mouthshut.com

Bibliography:

1) www.worthwilemag.com

2)Yhttp://www.amway.in/

3) http://www.amway.in/Articles/Article.

4)Yhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway

5)Yhttp://www.authorstream.com/

6)Yhttp://www.nutrilite.com/

7)Yhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation

8)Yhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business

9)Yhttp://www.businessballs.com

10)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration

11)http://www.business-standard.com

12)http://www.scribd.com

13)http://www.mouthshut.com

14)http://www.mouthshut.com