RESEARCH RESEARCH DESIGNDESIGN

Research design is a set of advance decisions that make

up the master plan specifying the methods and

procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed

information.

A research design is an arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with an economy in procedure In fact research design is a conceptual structure with in which the research is conducted

BlueprintBlueprint

PlanPlan

GuideGuide

FrameworkFramework

FACTOR DEFINING FACTOR DEFINING RESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH DESIGN

What is the study aboutWhat is the study about

Why is the study being made Why is the study being made

Where will be the study carried outWhere will be the study carried out

What type of data is to be collectedWhat type of data is to be collected

Where can be require data found Where can be require data found

What period of time would the will the What period of time would the will the study includestudy include

Which technique of data collection to be Which technique of data collection to be usedused

How will be the data anlyseHow will be the data anlyse

In what style will the report prepred In what style will the report prepred

What will be the sample sideWhat will be the sample side

FACTOR DEFINING FACTOR DEFINING RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN

(cont…)(cont…)

PARTS PARTS

The sample designThe sample design

The observational design The observational design

The statistical design The statistical design

The operational designThe operational design

FEATURE FEATURE

Specifies the source and type of information Specifies the source and type of information relevant to the research problemrelevant to the research problem

Specifies the approach to be used to gather Specifies the approach to be used to gather & analyze the data& analyze the data

It include the time and cust budgetingIt include the time and cust budgeting

(the boundry for everything )(the boundry for everything )

NEEDNEED

To have an efficient research operation To have an efficient research operation

To be economicalTo be economical

To have an plan in advanceTo have an plan in advance

To have a back up ideaTo have a back up idea

FEAURE OF A GOOD FEAURE OF A GOOD DESIGNDESIGN

Good is usually characterised by the Good is usually characterised by the adjective likeadjective like AppropriateAppropriate Efficient Efficient EconomicalEconomical FlexibleFlexible

FEAURE OF A GOOD FEAURE OF A GOOD DESIGNDESIGN

(cont…)(cont…) The design must minimize bias and The design must minimize bias and

maximize the reliability maximize the reliability

The design providing less experimental The design providing less experimental errorerror

The design which yield maximum The design which yield maximum informationinformation

The design provide an opportunity to The design provide an opportunity to consider many different aspect of problem consider many different aspect of problem

RELATING CONCEPTRELATING CONCEPT

Dependent & Independent variable Dependent & Independent variable Extraneous variableExtraneous variable ControlControl Confounded relationshipConfounded relationship Reseach hypothesisReseach hypothesis Experimental & non-experimental hypothesis-Experimental & non-experimental hypothesis-

testing researchtesting research

RELATING CONCEPT RELATING CONCEPT (cont..)(cont..)

Experimental & control groupExperimental & control group

TreatmentTreatment

Experiment Experiment

Experimental unitExperimental unit

DIFFERENT RESEARCH DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNDESIGN

ExploratoryExploratory

Descriptive/DiagnosticDescriptive/Diagnostic

CausalCausal

Please note that research does not necessarily Please note that research does not necessarily follow the order (1) exploratory, (2) descriptive, follow the order (1) exploratory, (2) descriptive, and (3) causal designs.and (3) causal designs.

EXPLAATORY RESEARCH

• Exploratory research is unstructured, informal research undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem.

• Uses of exploratory research include:1. Gain background information.2. Define terms.3. Clarify problems and hypotheses.4. Establish research priorities.

METHOD USED

• Secondary data analysis. Secondary data refers to the process of searching for and interpreting existing info relevant to the research problem (e.g., census data, articles in journals, newspapers, etc.).

• Experience (Expert) surveys. Refers to gathering info from those thought to be knowledgeable on the issues relevant to the problem (i.e., ask experts).

• Case Analysis. Uses past situations that are similar to the present research problem.

• Focus groups. Involves small (8-12) groups of people brought together and guided by a moderator through unstructured, spontaneous discussion.

IN SUCH CASES IN SUCH CASES

The sample size is smallThe sample size is small

Non probability sampling design are usedNon probability sampling design are used

Data requirement are vagueData requirement are vague

The objective is general rather than specificThe objective is general rather than specific

No definite recommendation are there as a No definite recommendation are there as a result of analysisresult of analysis

There is inbuilt flexibility in the designThere is inbuilt flexibility in the design

DESCIPTIVE OR DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH

Descriptive research provides answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and how.

Note that we cannot conclusively ascertain answers to WHY using descriptive studies.

Diagnostic research determine the frequency with which somethingn occur or its association with something else

IN SUCH CASES

Formulating objective of the studyFormulating objective of the study

Designing mythos of data collectionDesigning mythos of data collection

Selecting the sample Selecting the sample

Collecting the dataCollecting the data

Processing and analyzing the dataProcessing and analyzing the data

Reporting the finding Reporting the finding

The design is rigidThe design is rigid

COMPARISIONCOMPARISION

Research Design Exploratory Studies

Descriptive/diagnostic studies

i. Sampling design Non-probability sampling design

Probability sampling design

i. Statistical design No pre-planned design for analysis

Pre-planned design for analysis

i. Observational design

Unstructured instruments for collection of data

Structured or well throughout instruments for collection of data

i. Operational design

No fixed decisions about the operational procedure.

Advanced decisions about operational procedure.

CASUAL RESEARCH

• Causality may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in terms of conditional statements of the form, “If X, then Y.” Conditions for Causality are:

• Concomitant Variation: For variable X to cause a change in variable Y, the two must be highly related in that changes in Y are always associated with changes in X.

• Temporal Precedence: Refers to the time sequence of occurrence. For variable X to cause Y, it must always occur before or precede Y.

• Absence of Competing Explanations: For X to cause Y, other possible causes must be ruled out.

Here the researcher studies the hypothesis Here the researcher studies the hypothesis of casual relationship between variable of casual relationship between variable

It require procedure of It require procedure of

Reduce biasReduce bias

Increased reliabilityIncreased reliability

Relationship between variable Relationship between variable

One or more extraneous variable of dependent One or more extraneous variable of dependent variablevariable

PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHRESEARCH

Principle of accuracyPrinciple of accuracy

Principle of randomizationPrinciple of randomization

Principle of local controlPrinciple of local control

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