IntroductionA dormitory (often shortened to dorm) in the United States is a residence hall consisting of sleeping quarters or entire buildings primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people, often boarding school, college or universitystudents. In the UK, the word has an earlier, different but related meaning: it refers specifically to an individual room in which many people sleep, typically at a boarding school. The UK equivalent of the American word as applied to university buildings is hall of residence, often shortened to halls. At some institutes, each residence hall has its own hall council. Where they exist, such individual councils are usually part of a larger organization called, variously, Residence Hall Association, Resident Students Association, or Junior Common Room Committee which typically provides funds and oversees the individual building council. These student led organizations are often connected at a national level by the National Association of College and University Residence Halls (NACURH). Collectively, these hall councils plan social and educational events, and voice student needs to their respective administration.

Most colleges and universities provide single or multiple occupancy rooms for their students, usually at a cost. These buildings consist of many such rooms, like an apartment building, and the number of rooms varies quite widely from just a few to hundreds. The largest dormitory building is Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy.

Many colleges and universities no longer use the word "dormitory" and staff are now using the term residence hall (analogous to the United Kingdom "hall of residence") or simply "hall" instead. Outside academia however, the word "dorm" or "dormitory" is commonly used without negative connotations. Indeed, the words are used regularly in the marketplace as well as routinely in advertising. College and university residential rooms vary in size, shape, facilities and number of occupants. Typically, a United States residence hall room holds two students with no toilet. This is usually referred to as a "double". Often, residence halls have communal bathroom facilities.

In the United States, residence halls are sometimes segregated by sex, with men living in one group of rooms, and women in another. Some dormitory complexes are single-sex with varying limits on visits by persons of each sex. For example, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana has a long history of Parietals, or mixed visiting hours. Most colleges and universities offer coeducational dorms, where either men or women reside on separate floors but in the same building or where both sexes share a floor but with individual rooms being single-sex. In the early 2000s, dorms that allowed people of opposite sexes to share a room became available in some public universities.[1] Some colleges and university coeducational dormitories also feature coeducational bathrooms.[citation needed]

Coeducational residential suites at Cal Poly Pomona

Most residence halls are much closer to campus than comparable private housing such as apartment buildings. This convenience is a major factor in the choice of where to live since living physically closer to classrooms is often preferred, particularly for first-year students who may not be permitted to park vehicles on campus. Universities may therefore provide priority to first-year students when allocating this accommodation.

Related LiteratureDorm’s success secret sharedBy Cris Evert LatoCebu Daily NewsFirst Posted 15:08:00 06/09/2008Filed Under: Consumer Issues, Housing & Urban Planning

CEBU CITY, Philippines - Finding the right boarding house or dormitory was one of the main concerns of then 17-year-old Jessabel Tabares when she entered Southwestern University in 2004.

Originally from Santander town in southern Cebu, Tabares saw to it that her new abode in Urgello St. in Cebu City was affordable, secure and near the university.

After asking around, she got the deal she wanted.

Her monthly rental for a three-person bedroom is at P1,000 inclusive of light, water and a clean comfort room.

She also chose a house located just across the street and not situated closely to any houses so she can immediately seek help in emergency cases.

?I stayed there for more than three years because I like it there. Our boarding house has a gate unlike other 'rooms for rent.' Our landlady does not just allow any people to enter unless we have criminals posting as visitors,? Tabares said.

Near the boarding house was an array of carinderias that sell affordable ?value meals? ranging from P20 to P35.

This allowed Tabares to maximize the allowance her parents provide every month.

With the growth of several universities in Cebu along came the establishment of dormitories and boarding

houses, which cater to students from other towns, who came to the city to study.

Giving student boarders the real value of their monthly rentals is one way to keep the business robust, said Silvana Taghoy, manager of St. Michael Dormitory in F. Ramos St.

Taghoy, 51, has managed the dormitory owned by the couple Michael and Josepha Sheehan for more than two decades.

?It is important that we give our boarders what they need. So we see to it the dormitory is equipped and as much as possible, we can help them (boarders),? she told Cebu Daily News in an interview.

The 24-year-old dormitory, which served as second home to medicine and nursing students, has a fire exit, in-house canteen, comfort rooms and an Internet cafe.

It has 24 rooms, which can accommodate 36 boarders. 

At present, Taghoy said 90 percent of their boarders are students of Velez College and around 10 percent come from other universities such as University of Cebu (UC) and University of San Carlos (USC).

Boarders come from different provinces in the Visayas and Mindanao including Cagayan De Oro, Zamboanga, Ozamis and Leyte.

From the dormitory, students can walk to Velez College and Saint Paul College. It is also near the USC main campus.

Students can likewise take a jeepney to reach UC, University of San Jose-Recoletos and University of the Visayas among others. 

Monthly rentals are between P1,625 to P2,890 depending on the size of the room, said Taghoy.

The pay is inclusive of electricity and water consumption.

Those who want to have their clothes washed and pressed need to pay an additional P550 every month.

Taghoy said new boarders enter the dormitory through recommendation from previous or existing boarders to be assured of identity.

Contact details of the parents are also obtained for direct communication.

As for food, Taghoy said the in-house canteen of the dormitory serves budget meals as low as P35 composed of rice, viand, fruits and vegetables.

Because of increasing prices of market goods, she said they were forced to increase meal price to P38 last April.

With the surging cost of almost all goods, Taghoy said they will raise the meal price to P40 this month.

She, however, clarified that despite the continued increase, cleanliness and hygiene of food served in the canteen are not compromised.

Noting that competition among dormitories is stiff, Taghoy said she conducts frequent price checks to other dormitories.

?I learned that kami ang pinakabarato (we are the cheapest). We also don't have an advance-deposit pay scheme because we can easily get boarders,? she said.

Taghoy said a personal relationship between the dorm manager and the boarders should also be established to earn trust and respect.

?As the dorm manager, they call me Ate but I am like their mother especially when they get sick. I am not the type who just leaves them alone, I take care of them,? she said.

To inculcate self-discipline on boarders, she said they brief boarders on rules and regulations of the dormitory such as no liquor, no smoking and a strict 9:30 p.m. curfew for visitors unless they are there for group study.

Taghoy said the dormitory also had fire exit in case of emergency situations in compliance with City Ordinance No. 623 or the Fire Prevention Code.

?Over the years, safety, security, affordability, proximity to school and cleanliness of the dorm have been the top considerations of parents and students. Those did not change,? she said.

***

Business Focus comes out every Monday. For this June, Business Focus highlights companies or consumer trends related to education and back-to-school concerns.

39 QC dormitories ordered shut

by Carlomar DaoanaJune 26, 2014 (updated)

Manila, Philippines — In a continuous bid to ensure public safety, the Quezon City Building Department has recommended the closure of 39 dormitories in Barangay Krus na Ligas for failure to comply with the city’s fire safety standards and building regulation.Quezon City Building Official Isagani Versoza said most of the occupants of the dormitories are students of the state-owned University of the Philippines (UP).

Aside from failing to comply with the fire safety requirements, Versoza said that some dormitories were constructed without building permits making the structure unsafe for the occupants.

Amidst the howls of protests from the owners, Versoza said that they were left with no choice but to issue the recommendation adding that the protection of human lives is their outmost priority.

“Owners who wish to conduct repairs or improvements in their buildings should secure building permits. Since the nature of our current building laws is curative and not punitive in nature we can only recommend to the office of the mayor their closure or demolition,†� Verzosa said.

Bombarded by non-stop charges of corruption, Verzosa sought the public’s assistance by reporting the corrupt ways of building inspectors or any of the personnel of the Building Official.

One of the owners of the dormitories who requested anonymity doubted the sincerity of the Building Official Department in conducting the surprise inspections saying that is just one of their ‘’ploys to milk money from them.†�

“Pera pera lang yan (It is all just about money),’’ the building owner said.

He also questioned the timing of the inspection which he described as a form of harassment as some of them might give in to the “extortion†� by errant employees from the city’s Building Department.

In response, Verzosa maintained that the city government has given them notices a month before the recommended closure orders where handed out and given to the mayor’s office.

He dared the building owners to name names if they were extortion victims of any of his men saying that their complaint will be treated with confidentiality.

8 killed in Manila dorm fireBy Edu Punay  | Updated January 9, 2006 - 12:00am

Eight people were trapped to death while four boarders were injured in a fire that gutted a two-story dormitory in Sampaloc, Manila shortly before dawn yesterday.

The cause of the two-hour fire remained unknown but initial reports from witnesses indicated it may have started in the kitchen located at the ground floor of the dormitory, said arson investigator Fire Officer 1 Guillermo Fermalino.

"We don’t know the cause as of this point. Survivors said they did not hear any explosion before the incident and we have not seen yet any sign of faulty electrical wirings in the kitchen," he said.

Fire Marshal Pablito Cordeta identified four of the casualties as Vanessa Lachica, 25, a female boarder; and Mark Lester Relente, 22; Joey Dangaran, 25; Gelmar Capati, 19, all employees of a water refilling station located at the ground floor of the building on P. Campa street in the city’s University Belt.

Firemen recovered the charred bodies of four other victims, who remained unidentified. Initial investigation showed they were just visitors who stayed for the night after drinking out.

"We are still investigating the cause," Fermalino said. "There were eight casualties – two women and six men in their early 20s." he said.

Cordeta identified the injured boarders as Ryan Pilapil, 23; Maridel Pad-ang, 25; Marilou Larango, 22; and Leda Andiun, 30.

He said many of the fatalities apparently failed to rush out of the building after a night of drinking. and some were found near the fire exit on the second floor.

Suitcases and other belongings also blocked exits, making it difficult for people to escape, he said.

"The ones who were drunk had weak reflexes and others dragged their belongings with them, slowing their evacuation," Cordeta said.

Witnesses also told arson investigators that the victims appeared to be drunk after a party Saturday night and failed to react despite efforts by other residents to wake them up when the fire broke out at 3:36 a.m.

One of the fatalities, Lachica, was initially knocked unconscious after getting electrocuted inside her room during the blaze.

Fermalino said their initial investigation showed the blaze started at the common kitchen of the 20-room dormitory.

The fire reached the fifth alarm 10 minutes after it started and spread through three adjacent houses, he said.

Authorities said the fire destroyed P2 million worth of property despite efforts of firefighters to control the flames.

The two-story dormitory, owned by a certain Juan Manahan, was occupied by 12 families and an undetermined number of boarders.

Manila, a thickly populated city, was hit by more than 400 fires last year.

Sampaloc district has many dormitories housing university students from the provinces and young urban professionals.

The worst fire that hit the country was in March 1996 when a blaze struck the Ozone disco in Quezon City that left over 160 people dead and 95 others injured.

The tragedy gained international media attention since it highlighted the alleged negligence of the club owners who were later ordered by the court to pay damages to the families of the victims and serve four years in prison for failure to provide fire exits and fire sprinklers in the building prior to the tragedy. -With AP, AFP

DORMITORY ROOM & BOARD RATES SY 2014-15

STUDENT HOUSING & RESIDENCE DIVISIONTelephone (035) 422 6002 loc 331 Fax 035-422-6588                  

Effective June 1, 2014

A. REGULAR DORMITORY                       

DORMITORY ACCOMMODATION RATE PER PERSON PER SEMESTER (Php)

Edith Carson Hall (Female Freshmen)

- Fixed Board - Required 

Aircon Rm. for 6/8 persons w/o T&B                14,400.00

Aircon Rm. for 3 persons w/ T&B      18,500.00

Aircon Rm. for 4 persons w/ T&B       18,000.00

Aircon Rm. for 2 persons w/o T&B   17,800.00

Larena Hall (Female Upper Class)       

- Fixed Board - Required

Common Room for 1 person w/o T&B 10,100.00

Private Room for 2 persons w/ T&B 10,900.00

Private Room for 4 persons w/ T&B           7,950.00

Common Room for 4 persons w/o T&B      7,100.00

Doltz Hall (Male Mix-levels & H/S)

- Fixed Board - Required

Non Aircon Room for 4 persons w/o T&B 9,500.00

Aircon Room for 4 persons w/o T&B    11,000.00*

Aircon Room for 4 persons w/ T&B 13,500.00*

Non Aircon Room for 2 persons w/o T&B _______

Aircon Room for 2 persons w/ T&B 22,000.00*

Woodward Hall  (COED-Mix Year Levels)

- Fixed Board - Per arrangement

Common Room for 6 persons  6,500.00

Rooms  for married DS students      _______

Vernon Hall  (Male Mix-levels)

- Fixed Board - Required

Non-Aircon Room for 4 persons w/o T&B 9,500.00

Aircon Room for 4 persons w/o T&B   11,000.00*

Aircon Room for 4 persons w/ T&B 13,500.00*

Aircon Room for 3 persons w/ T&B 16,300.00*

Non-Aircon Room for 2 persons w/ T&B 15,300.00

Non-Aircon Room for 2 persons w/ T&B        19,800.00

Aircon Room for 2 persons w/ T&B 22,000.00*

Davao Home (Female High School) Aircon Rm. for 2/3/4 persons w/shared T&B  16,500.00*

Non-Aircon Rm for 4 persons w/fan-w/o T&B 7,750.00

- Fixed Board - Required

Kross Kat Dorm (Coed Dorm)

- Fixed Board - Optional

Aircon Room for 1 person w/T&B 23,000.00*

Aircon Room for 2 persons w/T&B 21,000.00*

Aircon Room for 2 persons w/o T&B 18,500.00*

Channon  Hall  (Female Mix-levels)

- Fixed Board-Required

Room for 2 persons w/T&B 10,000.00

Room for 3 persons w/T&B 8,900.00

Room for 4 persons w/T&B      8,100.00

Room for 6/8 persons w/o T&B 6,500.00

Pulido Pad (Coed Dorm)

- Fixed Board - Optional

- Exclusive of light & water

- One room unit

Aircon Rm. for 2 w/T&B     40,000.00

Woodward Hall Apartment (Coed Dorm)

- Fixed Board-Optional

- Maximum of 4 residents only

- Exclusive of light & water

- Two-room unit, with dining hall & kitchenette

Aircon-Ready Room P 60,000.00

* Aircon room plus actual electric consumption

MEALS FOR REGULAR DORMS    Full Payment    1st Semester - P20,300.00

                                                                                        2nd Semester - P20,300.00

                                                                                        Summer Term - P  _______

B. COOPERATIVE DORMITORY                                                                                                            

DORMITORY ACCOMMODATION RATE PER PERSON PER SEMESTER (Php)

Male: Molave, Narra, Ipil  Common Room for 6 persons 6,500.00

Female: Asuzena, Sampaguita

MEALS FOR COOPERATIVE DORMS Female - P13,050.00/Semester  

                                                         Male  - P13,950.00/Semester                                          

SCHEDULE OF PAYMENTS FOR BOARD & LODGING

Down Payment - 25% of the full payment + (P100 processing & P1,000 surety deposit fees if new applicant)

Prelim Payment - 25% of the full payment

Midterm Payment - 25% of the full payment

Final Term Payment - 25% of the full payment

Summer Term - 40% of the full payment + (P100 processing & P1,000 surety deposit fees if new applicant)

Definition of TermsAmenities: These may be within the home, in which case they refer to baths, toilets (w.c.'s), hot water etc., or outside people's homes in which case they would include parks, shops, public transport provision, etc..

Break of Bulk Point: the place where goods have to be unloaded e.g. a port.

Bridging Point: a settlement site where a river is narrow or shallow enough to be bridged. The bridge becomes a route centre and trading centre, the natural location for a market. It is also a good defensive site. The lowest bridging point on a river is the bridge nearest to the sea; this site is ideal for a river port settlement.

Brownfield land: urban land that has previously been developed, such as a the site of a demolished building or factory.

Burgess Model: an urban land use model showing five concentric zones, based upon age of houses and wealth of their inhabitants. (See concentric ring model).

By-pass: A road built around a busy urban area to avoid traffic jams.

CBD: Central Business District or city centre; the commercial and business centre ot a town or city where land values are at the highest. This is the most accessible part of the town or city. High land values lead to intensive use of the land and buildings are built as high as possible to maximise office space and therefore rental income.

Central Place: any settlement that provides goods and services for smaller neighbouring settlements.

City: cities are urban places. They are usually large (more than 20,000 people) and are economically self- sufficient (unlike a large dormitory or suburban town).

Clustered Settlement Pattern: a settlement where buildings are clustered around a particular point.

Commuting: the process by which people living in one place, travel to another place to work.

Comparison Goods/Services: these are high-order (usually expensive) goods such as antiques, jewellery, and some clothing and electrical equipment. They are called comparison goods because people like to compare prices, quality and other features before buying them. Comparison goods are usually sold in shops in city centres or large out-of-town shopping centres. People visit comparison shops only occasionally so they need a large market area.

Comprehensive Redevelopment: an area, usually in the inner city, where the whole urban landscape was demolished before being rebuilt on a planned basis by the council or city government.

Concentric Ring Model: see Burgess model.

Congestion: overcrowding on roads causing traffic jams.

Consumer: these are people. As trade in goods and services increases, the power of the consumer increases. Industries must create what people want (or think they need).

Conurbation: a large urban settlement which is the result of towns and cities spreading out and merging together.

Convenience Goods/Services: these are low/order goods - inexpensive things that vary little in price, quality or other features that we need to buy regularly e.g. newspapers, cigarettes and bread. Convenience shops are found on most street corners where they have a small market area of people who visit the shop on most days.

Corner Shop a shop typical of the inner city zone (but also common in all zones except the CBD) found on every street corner, selling a range of every-day needs. (See convenience goods and low-order goods/services).

Counterurbanisation: The movement of people from the MEDC cities to the countryside seeking a better quality of life. Many still commute into the city to work, but increasing numbers are moving to completely change their lifestyle and work in the rural area, often by teleworking.

Cycle of Deprivation: a sequence of events experienced by disadvantaged people in which one problem e.g. lack of work, leads to other problems and so makes things worse.

Defensive Site: a settlement which usually grew at or around a fort or castle on top of a hill, although river meander bends, bridges, dry-point sites and coastal sites with cliffs were also good for defence.

Demand: the willingness and ability of consumers to pay for a particular good or service; As long as the supply of goods and services meets the demand, prices remain the same (stable). High demand for land in the CBD from businesses wishing to locate there results in very high land values because supply cannot be increased to meet the demand.

Dependant person: This is either a dependant child, or a person with long-term sickness preventing him/her from working.

Deprivation: The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities. There are many different types and levels of deprivation included poor and overcrowded housing, inadequate diet, inadequate income and lack of opportunity for employment.

Derelict: abandoned buildings and wasteland.

Detached house: a house standing alone (not joined to another) typical of the wealthy suburb zone of a city. (See Burgess).

Dispersed Settlement Pattern: where buildings in a settlement are not clustered around a particular point but are scattered in a random fashion (see linear and nucleated settlement).

Dormitory Settlement: one where many commuters 'sleep' overnight but travel to work elsewhere during the day.

Dry-point Site: a settlement site on dry land surrounded by low, wet ground; this was good for defence.

Ethnic group: This is a group which is defined by race, religion, nationality or culture.

Facilities: see amenities.

Family Life Cycle Model: a model which is based on the movements of people within a city seeking a better home as their personal circumstances (both financial and social) change over time.

Family status: This is the position of a person in the . A person's family status reflects age, whether or not the person is married and whether or not the person has children.

Favela: a Brazilian term for an informal, shanty-type settlement.

Filtering: a process by which social groups move from one residential area to another, leading to changes in the social nature of residential areas. (See Social leapfrogging).

Formal Sector: the employment sector comprising 'proper' jobs that are usually permanent, with set hours of work, agreed levels of pay, and sometimes pensions and social security rights.

Function of a Settlement: what the settlement does to 'earn its living' e.g. market town, mining town, administrative centre, tourist resort etc..

Gap Town: a town located at a gap between hills, providing a good defensive site and route centre that led to a trade and market function.

Gentrification: a process by which run-down houses in an inner city or other neglected area are improved by better off (affluent) people who move there in order to have easier access to the jobs and services of the city centre. The 'improving' social group changes attract more people of the similar wealthier social group.

Green Belt: An area around a city, composed mostly of parkland and farmland, in which development is strictly controlled. Its purpose is to prevent the outward growth of the city, preserve countryside for farming, wildlife and recreation, and, often to prevent two or more cities from merging to form one huge urban area.

Greenfield land: a term used to describe a piece of undeveloped rural land, either currently used for agriculture or just left to nature.

Hectare: this is an area equivalent to 2.471 acres.

Hierarchy: a ranking of settlements or shopping centres according to their population size or the number of services they provide.

High-order goods/services: a good or service, usually expensive, that people buy only occasionally e.g. furniture, computers and jewellery. High-order services are usually located in larger towns and cities with a large market area - accessible to large numbers of people.

Hinterland: the area served by a port (its sphere of influence).

Household: a person living alone or a group of people, not necessarily related, living at the same address with shared housekeeping. Shared housekeeping involves sharing at least one meal a day or sharing a living room or sitting room.

Hoyt Model: an urban land use model showing wedges (sectors), based upon main transport routes and social groupings.

Hypermarket: a giant shopping centre containing a very large supermarkets and other smaller shops found in an out-of-city location, close to a motorway junction. It benefits from cheap land and the new trend to shopping by car, with large carparks to cater for this. Prices are kept low by the supermarket buying in bulk which enables it to negotiate the lowest possible prices from its suppliers.

Industrial Revolution: the growth and development of manufacturing industry and the factory system which began in the UK in the eighteenth century.

Informal Sector: casual, irregular work, e.g. street selling.

Inner City: the part of the urban area surrounding the CBD; it often contains older housing and industry, in a state of poor repair and dereliction (See urban redevelopment and urban renewal).

Linear Settlement: a settlement which follows the line of, for example, a road or river.

Loose-Knit Settlement: a settlement with many gaps between its buildings and little, if any, pattern. (Seedispersed settlement pattern).

Low-order Goods/Services: a good or service, usually inexpensive, that people buy on a regular, often daily daily basis - for example, newspapers, bread and milk. Low-order goods and services are usually purchased from shops located in suburban or neighbourhood centres close to where people live. (See corner shop).

Market Area: the area served by a particular settlement, shop or service. (See sphere of influence).

Megalopolis: a continuous stretch of urban settlement which results from towns cities and conurbations merging together.

Market Town: a town whose main function is that of a shopping and service centre for the surrounding region.

Millionaire City: a city with over one million inhabitants.

Natural Harbour: where the shape of the coastline helps to provide shelter for ships from storms.

Neighbourhood Unit: the basic building unit for planned new towns, designed to provide people with a safe, traffic-free environment and access to all frequently needed services such as primary schools, shops and clinics within walking distance.

New Town: a well-planned, self-contained settlement complete with housing, employment and services.

Nucleated Settlement Pattern: a settlement where buildings are clustered around a particular point.

Out-of-town Shopping Centre: a large group of shops built either on a site on the edge of the urban area or on the site of a former large industrial area. Such centres usually have large carparks, a pedestrianised, air-conditioned environment and over 100 shops.

Overspill Town: a town that expanded by taking people who were forced to move out of cities as a result of slum clearance and redevelopment schemes.

Over-urbanisation: problems experienced by most LEDC cities e.g. Bombay, where too many people are migrating to the city resulting in housing shortages, poor housing conditions, lack of sanitation and

piped water, illness and crime, traffic congestion, pollution, over-stretched services, unemployment, underemployment, etc..

Owner-occupied: a house lived in by its owner (as opposed to renting - see tenant).

Pensionable age: a person of a pensionable age is a man aged 65 or over or a woman aged 60 or over.

Planning: attempting to carry out a programme of work, such as building a new town or protecting historic buildings, by following an agreed set of guidelines, design or plan.

Port: a settlement site located where ships could be anchored in safety, sheltered from the sea. Large ports tend to be route centres, serving a hinterland.

Primate City: some countries have one city - the primate city - which, in terms of its population size and functions, dominates all other urban places.

Professional Occupations: these comprise employers, managers and professional workers whose occupations normally require a university degree or other highly selective qualification such as doctors, civil engineers, etc..

Quality of Life: an idea which is difficult to define because it means different things to different people. Things which make for a good quality of life might include high income, good health, good housing, basic home amenities, pleasant surroundings, recreational open space, good local shops, a secure job, etc..

Range of a Good: the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel for a specific service.

Redevelopment: the rebuilding of parts of a city. Sometimes large areas are completely demolished before being rebuilt; sometimes all or some of the old buildings are retained and modernised to combine the best features of the old and the new.

Residential Preference: where people would like to live.

Retail Park: an out-of-town shopping centre with a few large warehouse-type stores, selling electrical goods, carpets, D.I.Y. goods, building supplies etc.

Retailing: the sale of goods, usually in shops, to the general public.

Re-urbanisation: the process whereby towns and cities in MEDCs which have been experiencing a loss of population are able to reverse the decline and begin to grow again. Some form of redevelopment is often required to start re-urbanisation.

Ribbon development: when housing grows out from a town along a main road.

Ring-road: a by-pass that provides a route around the CBD.

Route Centre: a settlement located at the meeting point of several roads/railways; the meeting point of two or more river valleys (which provide good road and rail routes through high land), is often the

location of a route-centre settlement. Bridging points, ports and gap towns are also natural route centres.

Rural-Urban Fringe: a zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use. It is a zone of mixed land uses, from shopping malls and golf courses to farmland and motorways.

Second Homes: homes purchased by city dwellers in country villages or areas of usually great natural beauty for holiday or weekend use only. These create problems for local communities since house prices in the area of second homes rise out of the reach of young people, and shops, schools and bus services are forced to close due to lack of customers. The newcomers also bring unwanted social changes to the villages.

Sector Model: see Hoyt model.

Self-help Housing Schemes: groups of people, especially in LEDCs, are encouraged to build their own homes, using materials provided by the local authority.

Semi-detached house: a house joined to one other. These are common in the middle-class suburb zones of a city in the MEDCs.

Semi-skilled occupations: these jobs involve skills that are quickly learnt, for example bus conductors, labourers, kitchen hands and cleaners.

Settlement Function: the main activity, usually economic e.g. tourist resort or social e.g. dormitory town, of a place.

Settlement Pattern: the shape and spacings of individual settlements, usually dispersed, nucleated or linear.

Shanty Town: an area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops spontaneously and illegally (as a squatter settlement) in a city in an LEDC.

Shopping Mall: A modern very large out-of-town shopping centre with a motorway junction location that provides a family day 'experience'. It offers a range of entertainments besides a large number of shops in an air-conditioned enclosed area of up to half a square kilometre.

Slum: a house unfit for human habitation.

Site: the actual place where a settlement (or farm or factory) is located.

Site and Service Schemes: a method of encouraging housing improvement in poor areas of cities in LEDCs. The government provides the land for a new development and installs services such as water and electricity. Local people can then obtain a plot in the scheme for a low rent and build their own houses.

Situation: the location of a settlement in relation to places (physical and human) surrounding it e.g. roads, rivers, land use etc. A settlement with a good situation is likely to grow to become a market town for the surrounding region.

Social Class: A person's social class reflects wealth, income, education, status and power. A person's occupation is generally used to indicate social class.

Social Leap-Frogging: the process by which those who can afford to do so move out of an area as it becomes older and more run down, to be replaced by less well-off people.

Socio-Economic Group: classification of people according to their occupation, e.g. professional, skilled, manual. Occupation is related to income, wealth and education. The classification is shown below:

Group 1

Professional and

managerial

Group 2

Intermediate

Group 3

Skilled (non-manual)

Group 4

Skilled manual

Group 5

Partly skilled

Group 6

Unskilled

e.g. employers, senior managers, architects, solicitors.

e.g. teachers, nurses, social workers - all jobs requiring good qualifications.

e.g. clerical workers, secretaries - jobs requiring training.

e.g. supervisors, skilled workers, bus drivers, hair stylists

e.g. fitters, machine operators - jobs requiring some training.

e.g. labourers - jobs requiring little training or experience.

Sphere of Influence: the area served by a settlement, shop or service.

Spontaneous Settlement: a squatter settlement or shanty town containing self-built houses made of scrap materials such as corrugated iron and plastic; the settlement usually lacks piped water, an electricity supply and sewage disposal facilities. Spontaneous settlements are very common in cities in LEDCs and are illegal because the residents neither own the land on which the houses are built, nor have permission to build there.

Squatter Settlement: another name for a spontaneous settlement.

Suburbs: the outer zone of towns and cities.

Suburbanisation: the process by which people, factories, offices and shops move out from the central areas of cities and into the suburbs.

Suburbanised Villages/Towns: dormitory or commuter villages/towns with a residential population who sleep in the village/town but who travel to work in the nearby large urban area. The suburbanised village has increasingly adopted some of the characteristics (new housing estates, more services) of urban areas.

Teleworking: working from home using telecommunications.

Tenant: a person who rents his/her home from a private landlord or the local council.

Tenure: the way in which property is held. A house of flat may be owned by the occupier or rented, either from the council or from a private landlord.

Tenement Blocks: Large residential blocks built in the inner cities of the MEDCs during the Industrial Revolution to house workers in high density cramped and unhygienic conditions next to the factories.

Terraced House: a house within a (usually) long line of joined housing. Terraced housing is typical of the inner city zone in the U.K.

Threshold Population: the minimum number of people required to support a particular good, shop or office. For example, large stores such as Marks & Spencer have a threshold population of over 100,000, whilst shoe shops have a threshold population of about 25,000.

Transition Zone: see Zone in Transition.

Twilight Zone: the term applied to an inner city area as it begins to change into the Zone of Transition.

Under-Class: the new urban poor who are often ill, unemployed, homeless, unqualified, and with health problems.

Underemployment: the situation where people do not have fulltime, continuous work, and are usually only employed temporarily or seasonally (e.g. during the summer months in a hotel).

Unskilled manual occupations: these jobs require no specific skills.

Urban Fringe: see rural-urban fringe.

Urban Hierarchy: see hierarchy.

Urban Redevelopment: the total clearance of parts of old inner city areas and starting afresh with new houses, especially high-rise flats.

Urban Renewal/Regeneration: the improvement of old houses and the addition of amenities in an attempt to bring new life to old inner city areas.

Urban Sprawl: the unplanned uncontrolled growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.

Urbanisation: the process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation is a feature of most LEDCs.

Wet Point Site: a settlement location where the main advantage is a water supply in an otherwise dry area e.g. at a spring where an impermeable clay valley meets the foot of permeable limestone or chalk hills.

Wholesaling: the sale of goods to retailers; wholesalers are not open to the general public.

Zone in Transition: the inner city area around the CBD. It is a zone of mixed land uses, ranging from car parks and derelict buildings to slums, cafes and older houses, often converted to offices or industrial use.

Types of DormitoryUnited States military[edit]Dormitories have replaced barracks at most U.S. military installations. Much new construction includes private bathrooms, but most unaccompanied housing as of 2007 still features bathrooms between pairs of rooms. Traditional communal shower facilities, typically one per floor, are now considered substandard and are being phased out.

U.S. military dormitory accommodations are generally intended for two junior enlisted single personnel per room, although in most cases this is slowly being phased out in favor of single occupancy in accordance with newer Department of Defense standards.

All branches of the U.S. military except the Air Force still refer to these dormitory-style accommodations as "barracks". The Air Force, in contrast, refers to all unaccompanied housing as "dormitories", including open-bay barracks used for basic training that house dozens per room, as well as unaccompanied housing for senior ranking personnel, which resemble apartments and are only found in a select number of overseas locations.

Sleeping dormitories[edit]In the U.S., UK and Canada, a dormitory has a different meaning, and is used for a room with more than one bed. Examples are found in British boarding schools and many rooming houses such as hostels but have nowadays completely vanished as a type of accommodation in university halls of residence. CADs, or cold-air dormitories, are found in multi-level rooming houses such as fraternities, sororities, and cooperative houses. In CADs and in hostels, the room typically has very few furnishings except for beds. Such rooms can contain anywhere from three to 50 beds (though such very large dormitories are rare except perhaps as military barracks). Such rooms provide little or no privacy for the residents, and very limited storage for personal items in or near the beds.

Company dormitories[edit]While the practice of housing employees in company-owned dormitories has dwindled, several companies continue this practice in the U.S. and other countries.

Cast members in the Disney College Program at the Walt Disney World Resort have the opportunity to meet and live with other cast members within their housing complexes in Lake Buena Vista, FL.[13] In the Netherlands, the law forbids companies to offer housing to their employees, because the government wants to prevent people who have just lost their job adding to their stressful situation by having to search for new housing. In Japan, many of the larger companies as well as some of the ministries still offer to their newly graduated freshmen a room in a dormitory. A room in such a

dormitory often comes with a communal cook (for the men) or rooms with furnished kitchen blocks (for the women). Usually the employees pay a very small amount of money to enable the men (especially) to save money to buy a house when they get married.

Prisons[edit]Housing units in prisons that house more than the one or two inmates normally held in cells are referred to as "dormitories" as well. Housing arrangements can vary widely. In some cases, dormitories in low-security prisons may almost resemble their academic counterparts, with the obvious differences of being locked at night, being administered by jailers, and subject to stricter institutional rules and fewer amenities. In other institutions, dormitories may be large rooms, often converted from other purposes such as gymnasiums in response to overcrowding, in which hundreds of prisoners have bunks and lockers.

Boarding schools[edit]

Boarding schools generally have dormitories as resident halls at least for junior or younger children around age 4 to 9 years of age. In classic British boarding schools these typically have bunk beds that have traditionally come to be associated with boarding schools. TheDepartment for Children, Schools and Families, in conjunction with the Department of Health of the United Kingdom, has prescribed guidelines for dormitories in boarding schools. These regulations come under what is called as the National Boarding Standards.[14]

The National Boarding Standards has prescribed minimum floor area or living space required for each student and other aspects of basic facilities. The minimum floor area of a dormitory accommodating two or more students is defined as the number of students sleeping in the dormitory multiplied by 4.2 m², plus 1.2 m².[14] A minimum distance of 0.9 m should also be maintained between any two beds in a dormitory, bedroom or cubicle.[14] In case students are provided with a cubicle, then each student must be provided with a window and a floor area of 5.0 m² at the least.[14] A bedroom for a single student should be at least of floor area of 6.0 m².[14] Boarding schools must provide a total floor area of at least 2.3 m² living accommodation for every boarder.[14] This should also be incorporated with at least onebathtub or shower for every ten students.[14] These are some of the few guidelines set by the department amongst many others. It could probably be observed that not all boarding schools around the world meet these minimum basic standards, despite their apparent appeal.

Floating dormitories[edit]A floating dormitory is a water-borne vessel that provides, as its primary function, living quarters for students enrolled at an educational institution. A floating dormitory functions as a conventional land-based dormitory in all respects except that the living quarters are aboard a floating vessel. A floating dormitory is most often moored in place near the host educational facility and is not used for water transport. Dormitory ships may also refer to vessels that provide water-borne housing in support of non-academic enterprises such as off-shore oil drilling operations. Other vessels containing living

quarters for students as ancillary support to the vessel's primary function — such as for providing maritime or other training given aboard the vessel — are more appropriately categorized as training ships.

Notable among floating dormitories is SS   Stevens , a 473-foot, 14,893-ton ship operated by Stevens Institute of Technology, a technological university, in Hoboken, New Jersey. From 1968 to 1975, Stevens served as the floating dormitory for as many as 150 students of the institute.

Traditional Traditional-style dormitories consist of a room shared by two people with access to communal

bathrooms, laundry facilities and sometimes kitchens. The buildings may house both sexes, but living spaces and communal bathrooms will be assigned to specific sexes usually by floor or by section. The benefits of this style is that all facilities except individual dorm rooms will be cleaned by janitorial staff. The downside of this style of dormitory is the lack of privacy that may occur in communal bathrooms.

Suites

Suite-style dormitories consist of two or more rooms connected by a bathroom. Usually, there are two people assigned to one room. Having a bathroom connected to your dorm room is convenient in the middle of the night or when you need to grab a quick shower. However, it falls on the occupants to clean the bathroom facilities.

Single Rooms Some colleges offer private rooms in their dormitories. These rooms will be occupied by one

person. Depending on the dormitory style, these rooms may have an attached bathroom. Others have communal bathrooms.

On-Campus Apartments On-campus apartments are another option for students who want to live on-campus. These

residences combine the convenience of living on campus with apartment amenities. Apartments should include sleeping quarters, a living area, kitchen facilities and a private bathroom. The number of bedrooms may vary, so you may have to share with roommates.

Special Housing

Some dormitories are reserved for students in special programs or designated with specific themes. Some schools will allow honor students and athletes to choose special housing. Some dormitories may

be available only to upperclassmen or be designated for a single-sex. These dormitories may be advantageous to students in these programs, and some students may prefer a living environment more in tune with their needs

Trends in DormitoriesRoom and Board Redefined: Trends in Residence Halls

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Room and Board Redefined: Trends in Residence Halls

A place to sleep, a desk for studying, and a dining hall nearby. Until recently, students at colleges and universities in the U.S. had modest expectations for dormitory life. And dormitories have lagged behind other developments on campus and in American society overall. Considering all the social, technological, economic, environmental, and political changes that have occurred in the past few decades, it’s interesting to note that many colleges and universities still have dormitories with shared restrooms.

The Social Side of Today’s College LifePeople are social creatures, and learning is a social activity that occurs in many places beyond traditional classrooms. Campuses continue to reflect this. Community areas mingled among classrooms and lecture halls, small cafés spread throughout campuses, and lounge areas in libraries all support the social nature of learning.

Because learning is a social activity, students need environments that provide both formal and informal means for socializing and learning. And yet a desire for privacy still exists. Time alone to refresh is essential. Residence halls need to respond with choices that support both community and privacy. Giving maturing college students freedom and independence continues to be an important part of the college experience. At the same time, residence halls must provide enough structure to help new and transferring students make a smooth transition to college life.

The Impact on Attracting and Keeping StudentsWhen it comes to attracting freshmen, the residence hall plays a significant role in a student's decision. APPA’s Center for Facilities Research (CFaR) recently surveyed college students across the U.S. to measure the impact of facilities on the recruitment and retention of students. Residential facilities ranked second in importance during pre-enrollment visits, second only to facilities related to specific majors.

Along with facilities related to majors, libraries, technology, and classrooms, residential facilities round out the most influential facilities in the decision process.

The Benefits of Blending Living and LearningCreating spaces that blend living and learning takes more than an emphasis on keeping upperclassmen on campus. Deborah Bickford, associate provost for Academic Affairs and Learning Initiatives at the University of Dayton puts it this way:

“When we designed Marianist Hall Learning Space and also ArtStreet, we knew that we wanted to focus on creating spaces in which students and faculty could interact with each other as co-creators of learning. We didn’t want to perpetuate the unfortunate separation of learning and living, and we didn’t want to create yet another 'living and learning' residence hall consisting of a traditional residence hall with a classroom or two attached. We wanted to create space and furnishings that represented an invitation for students and faculty to bump into each other, an invitation to work collaboratively in an environment that says, ‘We respect learners and their need for comfortable, attractive, flexible space.’”  *8

Blurring of the lines between living and learning is creating opportunities for communities to emerge that expand learning and social benefits. Some residence halls go beyond connecting students by including faculty and graduate students in the facilities as well. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) outlines its vision for creating interaction between faculty and students through a residential setting.

Amenities That Add to the AllureResidence hall living/learning spaces should comfortably fit the people who occupy them and sustain their well-being. To create these healthful spaces, colleges and universities are applying what is known about the effect of space on the mind and the body. As they renovate or build new buildings, they are providing more natural light, choosing materials that improve indoor air quality, selecting furnishings designed to support the body, and providing training on how to adjust them.

Colleges and universities are finding that these and other amenities are essential to the appeal a campus has for prospective students—and for their parents While students want a campus living experience that features the “comforts of home,” their parents are just as concerned about where their sons and daughters will live.

Baby boomer parents are more involved in their children’s lives than previous generations of parents. They insist on getting the most value—in terms of comfort, safety, and convenience—for the dollars they spend. “Parents are demanding nicer and safer campus housing for their children . . . and they expect more as bills rise.”  *12

The amenities students expect go well beyond carpeted rooms and kitchenettes on every floor. They are moving into their dorm rooms with much more than leftover furniture from home. Today, they come to campus with their own computers, printers, gaming systems, TVs, MP3 devices, cell phones, printers, and other “essentials” that they have integrated into their lives. Many of those essentials require connectivity. Internet access through wireless connections— considered an extra not long ago—is now a basic necessity. In fact, according to College Planning and Management magazine, 100 percent of residence halls built in 2000 had Internet access within students’ rooms.

Students are asking for more than just technology. Laundry facilities, air conditioning, and security systems are also givens today. Fitness rooms, satellite dining facilities, coffee shops, and convenience stores are routinely considered for new construction projects. Common spaces for socializing and studying are becoming abundant.

Sustainability and Campus HousingSustainable design will continue to be an important planning characteristic. It has become so much more than “paper, plastic, and glass” containers by the back door. There are two reasons why.

First, students and faculty alike are more aware and concerned than ever about environmental issues. In a recent study, concern for “improved health and well-being” was the most critical social reason for constructing sustainable buildings on campuses.  *15

The second reason ties to an emerging realization of the fiscal advantages of sustainable construction. In the same study, “operational cost decreases” resulting from green construction was cited as the most important trigger to faster adoption of sustainable school buildings. Slightly higher first costs are quickly recouped through energy savings.

These savings become even more important because the cost of college housing will continue to rise, particularly if student numbers decrease. But students can and will bear only so much of the rising costs. Designing efficient and cost-effective facilities will help control operational costs. According to the U.S. Green Building Council, sustainable technology can save a university “20 to 50 percent off their energy bill after heating, cooling, and lighting thousands of dorm rooms.”  *16  In addition, building codes and tax incentives will continue to drive environmentally responsible construction practices.

People + Pedagogy + Place = Possibilities

The integration of living and learning, according to Wright, has the opportunity to merge and manifest itself within the residence hall.  *25  If the learning components aren’t considered as important as the living components, the integration weakens. Residence halls can—and should—become that intersection of people, pedagogy, and place, Jeff Vredevoogd believes.

Designing residence halls that add vibrancy, energy, and build a sense of community will increase students’ energy, in Wright’s words, and enrich their living and learning experiences. How better to nurture a spirit of life-long learning than to weave living and learning into the everyday experiences of students.

Some Dorm designs that use sustainable techniques.

CASE STUDYForeign:Tietgen DormitoryLundgaard & Tranberg

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April 22, 2013 /

Copenhagen, Denmark

Lundgaard & Tranberg

Denmark

Residential

Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

By Eva Bjerring

Danish architects Lundgaard & Tranberg's circle-round, award-winning dormitory is a gentle and refined addition to the newest borough in the Danish capital Copenhagen, Orestad. An area largely dominated by square-shaped, glass and steel structures.

Holistic architecture, an equal balance between shared and private space and all the necessary facilities a student needs. A stone's throw from the popular recreational waterfront Island Brygge, grazing cows next door and prominent neighbours such the national Danish Broadcasting Corporation, Copenhagen University and the metro.

All of this Danish architects Lundgaard & Tranberg have intelligently combined in a single and elegant house accessible to students on a limited budget.

Inviting and respectfulNamed after probably the most enterprising, Danish financier through times, C.F. Tietgen (1829-1901) the building builds on a heritage from a man who did not compromise or lack the courage to break with conformity.

The Tietgen dormitory holds exactly those qualities. Even though the building is constructed on a budget making it possible for student to pay the rent, the house does not look it at all. It is a vibrant and living addition to a borough still in its child hood years.

A statement that in its own quiet fashion rebels the era of big entrepreneurial projects and standardized architecture.

The social and private villageThe Tietgen Dormitory takes its form after the traditional circle-shaped Tulou-buildings from the Chinese

south-east as a symbol, but also very functional grip, of both the common and individual life lived in a small village.

Clad in tombac with oak tree sliders, the façade has an inviting and warm feel to it underlined by the glimpses of the vibrant student life unfolding in each of the small apartment rooms. Like small bird cages waving in and out of the façade the boxes provide the building with a life on its own without exposing the residents or overstepping the private sphere.  

The façade is a story told about a so far unseen equal balance balance between the common, the circle, and the individual, the boxes. Needs that is especially outspoken in a modern dormitory. It is an elegant, simple and intelligent design that sings a song of the Tietgen Dormitory as a qualitative, considerate and confident building.

Courtyard. Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Everything a student could ask forThe dormitory holds 7 floors, intersected by 5 vertical sections, both visually and functionally dividing the building into sections that serve as passageways across the floors and provide access to the external, central courtyard.

Cafe, party area, study and computer rooms, garages, laundry room, and meeting rooms in addition to bicycle parking are placed on the ground floor. On the other floors housing units unfolds, each containing 12 extremely comfy, single or double rooms, 360 in all, common kitchen, lounge, terraces and utility room.

The housing areas face the street upkeeping the privacy in the rooms, while the common facilities overlook the enclosed courtyard linking the smaller resident groups through a glance into each other's common facilities.

Architecture at its bestThe Tietgen Dormitory is a living proof of a building with a purpose. As architect and owner of Lundgaard & Tranberg Lene Tranberg puts it:

Architecture is caring and responsibility for something very fine and fragile. We build for and around people. Imagine if it wasn't allowed to build anything unless you has something at heart.

On every level the building is the quintessence of that approach. In the thoughtful analysis of the needs of a modern student of both private and shared spaces, the façade's warm language balancing livelihood with respect of the residents and the use of tactile material and circular shape in an area in desperate need of human scaled architecture and breathing room while entrepreneurs are digging and expanding their enormous squared glass boxes. 

Aerial view. Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Facade. Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

View at night. Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Interior view. Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Facade. Photo courtesy of Tietgen Dormitory

Roof. Photo courtesy of Tietgen Dormitory

Kitchen. Photo courtesy of Tietgen Dormitory

Study Room. Photo courtesy of Tietgen Dormitory

Study Room. Photo courtesy of Tietgen Dormitory

Surroundings. Photo courtesy of Tietgen Dormitory

Concept sketch. Courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Concept sketch. Courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Process sketch. Courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Plan. Drawing courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Section. Drawing courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Model. Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Model. Photo courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg

Facts about Tietgen Dormitory

Area:

26.800 m2 / 288.000 ft2 

Architect:

Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects A/S                    

Client:

Fonden Tietgenkollegiet

Client Advisor:

Niras A/S, Hasløv & Kjærsgaard and Freja Ejendomme

Number of flats:

360

Completed:

2006

Location:

Copenhagen S, Denmark

Engineer:

COWI A/S

Contractor:

E. Pihl & Son A/S

Art consultent:

Aggebo & Henriksen

Landscape architect:

Marianne Levinsen A/S + Henrik Jørgensen A/S

Major Materials:

Concrete, American oak, tomba

LOCAL: