Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
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Transcript of Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Professional
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Stephanie Thomas, Florida Solar Energy CenterA Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
ThinkingGreen
Madren Center, Clemson, South CarolinaFriday, April 4, 2003 – 1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m.
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
P E R CP E R C
Presentation SynopsisPresentation Synopsis
• Overview of PERC• Process • Case Study• Why PERC?Why PERC?• Wrap upWrap up
Project
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
P E R CP E R C
Performance Enhanced Relocatable Classroom
• Department of Energy & National Association of State Energy Officials
• Improve relocatable classroom construction• Monitor side-by-side• Analyze cost effectiveness with respect to safety &
energy performance• Publish on Website
What is PERC
Funded by…
OVERVIEW
Objectives
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Premise
OVERVIEW
Reports & other research• FSEC www.fsec.ucf.edu/%7bdac/pubs/cr1272/ &
www.fsec.ucf.edu/%bdac/pubs/cr951/cr951.htm• OOE www.energy.state.or.us/school/schlhm.htm
• WSU CEEP www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings/files/ba_pinewood.pdf & www.fsec.ucf.edu/Bldg/baihp/DATA/Portables/index.htm
• LBNL http://buildings.lbl.gov/hpcbs/
• Heschong Mahone Group www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf
How we got here
P E R C
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Improvements
PROCESS
• Enhance envelope & systems performance• Improve IAQ & thermal comfort• Increase energy efficiency• Lower maintenance• Improve academic performance levels
(daylight)
P E R C
WaterfordElementarySchool,Orlando, FL
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Improvements
PROCESS
• Wall - R-11 to R-18- Add 1” e.p.s.
• Roof - White shingles- Techshield RB- R-19 to R-38
• Enhance envelope
• Windows - Double, low-e, gas- fill, vinyl frame
R-38 Formaldehyde
Free
12”
Interior Finish
R-11 Formaldehyde
Free
Non-permeable backing Carpet
Tile
R-19 Formaldehyde-Free Insulation
White Asphalt Shingles
TechShield R.B. Sheathing
1” E.P.S
T-11
P E R C
• Doors - Min. R-12 foam core
• Floor - R-14 to R-21
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Improvements
PROCESS
P E R C
• Enhance systems performance (will improve IAQ, thermal comfort, & energy efficiency)
HVAC - Upgrade 3.5 ton A/C to 3 ton heat pump w/ ERV
- Upgrade SEER 10 to SEER 12
- Add 1” R-6 duct board insulation to duct main
- Ensure duct leakage not more than 5% at 50Pa
- Controls: CS 2000 Energy monitor w/ manual override; on-demand, variable speed ventilation (CO2)
Lights - Reduce # of fixtures; decrease # of lamps; increase CRI; use more efficient lamps
- Occupancy control & photosensor; dimmable ballasts with manual override
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Daylight
PROCESS
Results of Daylighting in Schools Report
P E R C•Improve academic performance levels (daylight)
Yamato Colony Elementary School, CA
www.sunoptics.com
Capistrano Unified School District, CA. www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf
• 2nd-5th grade students• 21,000 test scores assessed– Students progressed 20% faster on math tests– Students progressed 26% faster on reading tests– Students have 7-18% higher test scores• Relocatables constituted 40% of the data set (3 districts in CA, CO & WA)
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Optimal Skylight Design
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Daylight
PROCESS
P E R C
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DaylightPROCESS
P E R C
Location = Daytona Beach, FL
2 W/ft2
Total Annual Energy Savings from SkylightsLighting, Cooling and Heating (all fuels converted to kWh)
Design
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0%Skylight to Floor Ratio (SFR)
Ann
ual E
nerg
y Sa
ving
s (k
Wh/
yr)
Update SFR Graphs 4 Skylights
10’
12’
24’
36’
SkyCalc : Skylight Design Assistant - Tabular Results
Company Name: FSECProject Description: M2-DB (4 skylights) 50fc 3 step; roof r19, U=0.052
Electric Lighting Usage kWh/yrLtg. Energy without Skylights 2,089 Lighting Fraction Saved 67%Lighting Energy w/ Skylights 691 Full daylighting (h/yr) 2,116
Savings from Design Skylighting System
SavingsAnnual Energy
Savings (kWh/yr)Annual Cost
Savings ($/yr)Lighting 1,398 $112Cooling -114 -$9Heating 49 $1Total 1,333 $104
Update Results
Optimal Skylight Design
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PROCESS
P E R COptimal Skylight Design
8 Skylights
4 Skylights
6 Skylights(8 sq. ft ea.)
Daylight
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
PROCESS
P E R COptimal Skylight Design
Daylight
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Daylight
PROCESS
P E R COptimal Skylight Design/Layout
2’ x 4” skylight
24’x 36’ Relocatable Classroom
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PROCESS
P E R COptimal Skylight Design
PERC Reflected Ceiling Plan Typical RC Reflected Ceiling Plan
2’x4’ Skylight, w/ 4’x6’ well
a.f.c.
(4) Lamp (2 step) fixture
(3) lamp dim. fixture
Daylight
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
PROCESS
P E R CSkylight Design/Detail
Improvements
Partial Section A Type IV (FL)
A-A
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Case Study
P E R CPutting it all Together
“Putting it Together”
Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
Simulated Relocatable Classroom with Skylights using Autodesk Viz (3D Studio)
Photograph of NY PERC Cornwall, New York
September 2002 (no electric lights on)
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
CASE STUDY
P E R CEnergy Modeling vs. Actual
Energy Modeling vs.
Actual (Measured)
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P E R CCASE STUDY
Energy Modeling vs.
Actual (Measured)
End Use Measured & Predicted for NY Standard (or Control) Relocatable
Wh per Square Foot per Day
End Use Measured & Predicted for NY PERC (or Experimental) Relocatable
End Use Measured Wh Predicted Wh Error(%)
Cooling n/a 8.8 n/aHeating 32.2 *43.2 +25%Lighting 3 9.6 +69%
End Use Measured Wh Predicted Wh Error(%)
Cooling n/a 6.2 n/aHeating 23.7 *21.5 +9%Lighting 3.4 5.2 +34%
* Does not include bathroom space heating
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
P E R CCASE STUDY
Energy Modeling vs.
Actual (Measured)
End Use Measured in Site Built Construction kBtu per Square Foot per Year
Avg. school
convert to kWh/sf/day
100kBtu/sf-yr=146Wh/sf-day
120 school days a year
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CASE STUDY
P E R CResults
Results
NY PERC Project:Comparative Monthly Space Conditioning Energy
Average Period Savings = 79 kWh/Day (47%)
Month: 2002 - 2003Month Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Sp
ace
Co
nd
itio
nin
g E
ner
gy
(kW
h/D
ay)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Ou
tdo
or
Tem
per
atu
re (
oF
)
20
30
40
50
60
70Standard Units (1&2): 169 kWh/dayExperimental Units: (3&4): 90 kWh/DayOutdoor Temperture (oF)
Avg. Exp.
Avg. Standard
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CASE STUDY
P E R CIncremental Cost Data
CostHVAC Equipment/Materials $4,479
*Upgraded Insulation $1,387
Lights $1,000
*Daylighting/Windows $3,300
Exhaust fans (low sonne) $58
Carpet 1,500
TOTAL $11, 724
Payback period when savings $1,600 per year = 7.32 years
* Does not include labor or overhead charges associated with option upgrades typical of manufacturers for “one-off” work orders.
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
CASE STUDY
P E R CProblems Lessons Learned
Lessons
Candy Cane Mobiles can activate occupancy sensors, December 2002
“Bump out” afterthought for aesthetic reasons, may lead to susceptible consequences
• Eliminate integrated skylight & automated controls
• Fixture layout
• Skylight wells a must – 20% increase
• “Hanging Candy Cane Theory” (HVAC controls)
• Oversized auxilary strip heat on heat pumps
• Roof deck insulation with sealed attic
• Sound measurement issue
• Educate/Inform Teachers & Maintenance Staff
• Communication & Education with
Manufacturer vital
• Aesthetics are not always a top priority
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
CASE STUDY
P E R C
Willow Avenue Middle SchoolCornwall, NY
Exterior View of Reloctable Classrooms, December 2002
As-Built Relocatable Classrooms
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CASE STUDY
P E R C
Willow Avenue Middle SchoolCornwall, NY
Rooftop view of Skylights, September 2002 Rooftop view of Skylights, September 2002
Waterproofing Repair
As-Built Relocatable Classrooms
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CASE STUDY
P E R C
Willow Avenue Middle SchoolCornwall, NY
Interior View of NY Standard RC ( no electric lights), September 2002
Interior View of NY PERC ( no electric lights), September 2002
As-Built Relocatable Classrooms
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Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools
WHY?
P E R CWhy PERC?
has
ASTHMA
Why PERC?
• 36% of the nation’s schools use relocatables• Relocatables are plagued as energy hogs
• Suspected source of health problems• Perceived as low quality learning environment• Constructed to the minimum standards• Explosive growth in public school enrollments
continuing• SC has 3,600-4,000 relocatables (Office of School Facilities, SC
Department of Energy, circa 2001)
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P E R C
A room is not a room without natural light. Natural light gives the time of day and the mood of the seasons to enter.
- Louis Kahn