Research Article Dissolved Concentrations, Sources,...

Research ArticleDissolved Concentrations Sources and Risk Evaluation ofSelected Metals in Surface Water from Mangla Lake Pakistan

Muhammad Saleem Javed Iqbal and Munir H Shah

Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Munir H Shah munir qauyahoocom

Received 30 August 2013 Accepted 4 February 2014 Published 9 March 2014

Academic Editors A Gambaro D W Metge and C Vereda-Alonso

Copyright copy 2014 Muhammad Saleem et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The present study is carried out for the assessment of water quality parameters and selected metals levels in surface water fromMangla Lake Pakistan The metal levels (Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Li Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Sr and Zn) were determined by flameatomic absorption spectrophotometry Average levels of Cd Co Cr Ni and Pb were higher than the allowable concentrations setby national and international agencies Principal component analysis indicated significant anthropogenic contributions of Cd CoCr Ni and Pb in the water reservoir Noncarcinogenic risk assessment was then evaluated using Hazard Quotient (HQingderm)

and Hazard Index (HIingderm) following USEPA methodology For adults and children Cd Co Cr and Pb (HQing gt 1) emergedas the most important pollutants leading to noncarcinogenic concerns via ingestion route whereas there was no risk via dermalcontact of surface water This study helps in establishing pollutant loading reduction goal and the total maximum daily loads andconsequently contributes to preserve public health and develop water conservation strategy

1 Introduction

Lakes have important multiusage components such assources of drinking water irrigation shipping fishery land-scape entertainment and energy production [1] the ManglaLake located in Mirpur district Pakistan is no exceptionHowever the quality of water is a very sensitive issue andnumerous anthropogenic (eg urban industrial and agricul-tural activities) as well as natural processes (eg changes inprecipitation inputs erosion and weathering of crustal mate-rials) degrade surface water and impair its use for drinkingindustrial agricultural and recreation purposes [2ndash5] Waterpollution with toxic metals due to anthropogenic processesis of great concern worldwide [6ndash11] Metal pollutants inaqueous system are often recycled via physiochemical andbiological processes which continue to pose a risk of adverseeffects on human health water soil quality and the crops [12ndash14] Therefore researchers worldwide focus their attentionon quantitative investigation of the trace metals in aquaticecosystems [15ndash17]

The major objective of the present study was to assesssurface water quality from Mangla Lake and to compare

the measured levels of the studied parameters with nationaland international water quality guideline values Hence thestudy was based on the measurement of existing levels ofwater quality parameters including pH dissolved oxygen(DO) total alkalinity (TA) electrical conductivity (EC) totaldissolved solids (TDS) and chloride (Clminus) and selectedmetals (Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Li Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Srand Zn) in surface water in summer and winter fromManglaLake Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) wasemployed in order to find out the plausible contributingsources of selected metals in the water samples Humanhealth risk assessment was carried out to evaluate adversehealth risks associated with exposure to these metals via oralingestion and absorption through the skin for children andadults

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Mangla Lake (Mirpur Azad Kashmir Pak-istan) is the 12th largest lake in the world The lake is approx-imately 100 km south-east of the capital city Islamabad

Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 948396 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014948396

2 The Scientific World Journal

60 77

38

23

3343

33067347

7391

Figure 1 Location map of the study area

PakistanThe lake (longitude 7365 (73∘ 391015840 0 E) and latitude3315 (33∘ 81015840 60 N)) was constructed in 1967 across theJhelum River in Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir Pakistan(Figure 1) Other major rivers that contribute to the waterstorage are Neelum Kunhar and Poonch It has six reservoirpockets Jhelum Kanshi Poonch Main Khud and Jari Themain structures of the lake include 4 embankment lakes 2spillways 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels a 1000MWpowerstation and upper Jhelum canal The main lake is 3140mlong and 138m high (above core trench) with a reservoirof 253 km2 [18] Since its construction the water storagecapacity of Mangla Lake has been reduced from 725474to 576431 million cubic meters due to the sedimentation[18 19]

The lake has already contributed significantly towardsimprovement of the environment in terms of agriculturegrowth job opportunities and improved standard of livingMany thousands of acres of land are irrigated using thiswater Availability of additional water and hydropower willfurther enhance these positive impactsTheMangla Lake wasdesigned primarily to increase the amount of water that couldbe used for irrigation from the flowof the JhelumRiver and itstributaries Its secondary function was to generate electricalpower from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of thereservoir [18 20] Recently water from the reservoir is beingused for water supply to the surrounding areas

22 Sample Collection Processing and Analysis Triplicatesurface water samples (119899 = 150) in each seasonwere collectedin polyethylene bottles (15 L capacity) through directmethodfollowing standard methodology [21] Every water samplewas collected by combining three fractions of equal volumeeach of which was collected from an area of 10ndash20m2 Thewater samples were filtered (045 120583m pore size) to remove thesuspensionsThe initial portion of the filtrationwas discardedto clean the filter surface and the following ones intended for

metal analysis were acidified to pH lt 2 using nitric acid andthen stored in refrigerator in precleaned polyethylene bottlesuntil analysis

Standard methods of analyses were adopted for themeasurement of water quality parameters [21ndash23] The pHEC TDS and DO of each water sample were measured at thesampling points by digital pH EC and DO meters respec-tively [23] The Clminus and total alkalinity (TA) contents weredetermined by the standard method [22] The water sampleswere analyzed for Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Li Mg MnNa Ni Pb Sr and Zn under optimum analytical conditions(Table 1) using a Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectropho-tometer (Model AA-670 Japan) equipped with automaticbackground compensation Calibration line method usingfive standards was employed for the quantification of selectedmetals [23 24] Standard referencematerial (SRM-1643d)wasalso used to ensure the reliability of the metal data (Table 2)

All the reagents used were of analytical grade (certifiedpurity gt 9999) procured from E-Merck Darmstadt Ger-many or BDH UK Doubly distilled water was used for thepreparation of standards and the dilution of samples when-ever required [23 24] The metal standards were preparedfrom stock solution of 1000mgL by successive dilutions Forthe removal of inorganicorganic impurities from glasswarethey were first washed with tap water then washed with 5(wv) detergent solution afterwards soaked in 5 (vv) nitricacid for overnight and finally rinsed with plentiful distilledwater If some adhering organic matter was suspected a finalrinse with acetone was givenThe glassware was then dried inan electric oven maintained at 80∘C for about six hours priorto use All the measurements were made in triplicate

23 Statistical Analysis Statistical methods were applied toprocess the analytical data in terms of its distribution andcorrelation among the studied parameters STATISTICAsoftware was used for the computation of the data [25] Basicstatistical parameters such as minimum maximum meanmedian standard deviation and skewness were calculatedwhile multivariate statistic in terms of principal compo-nent analysis (PCA) was also carried out using varimax-normalized rotation on the dataset [23 26] PCA is mainlyused for data reduction and it aims at finding a few compo-nents that explain the major variation within the data

3 Results and Discussion

31 Distribution ofWaterQuality Parameters in SurfaceWaterThe suitability of water samples mainly depends upon themineral constituents present in the water The major qualitycriteria parameters are pH DO TA EC TDS chloride somemetals and so forth [27] Descriptive statistics related towater quality parameters in summer and winter along withwater quality guidelines are described in Table 3 The pHlevels of the water varied as 76ndash82 and 74ndash83 with meanvalues of 80 and 78 in summer and winter successively Itindicated that the water was generally alkaline in nature andthe dissolved carbonates were predominantly in the form ofHCO3 [28] Moreover pH levels were within the permissible

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 Optimum analytical conditions maintained on AAS for the analysis of selected metals using air-acetylene flame (Shimadzu AA-670Japan)

Metal Wavelength (nm) HC lamp current (mA) Slit width (nm) Fuel-gas flow rate (Lmin) 1 Absorption concentration (ppm)Ca 4227 60 05 20 008Cd 2288 40 03 18 002Co 2407 60 02 22 020Cr 3579 50 05 26 009Cu 3248 30 05 18 009Fe 2483 80 02 20 010K 7665 50 05 19 004Li 6707 40 05 16 005Mg 2852 40 05 16 0007Mn 2795 50 04 19 005Na 5890 60 05 16 002Ni 2320 40 015 17 010Pb 2170 70 03 18 020Sr 4607 40 05 16 010Zn 2139 40 05 20 002

Table 2 Certified versus measured concentrations (mgL) ofselected metals in standard reference material (SRM 1643d)

Metal Certified MeasuredCa 3104 3026Cd 000647 0006Cr 001853 0019Co 0025 0022Cu 00205 0019Fe 00912 0092K 2356 2385Li 00165 0015Mg 7989 7816Mn 003766 0038Na 2207 2177Ni 00581 0061Pb 001815 0019Sr 02948 0286Zn 007248 0071

limits set by international authorities [27 29 30] Higherlevels of pH can decrease the solubility of Cd Cu and Pbwhile lower pH levels can dissolve metal complexes releasingfree metal ions into the water column [31] The measuredpH values were higher than those reported in Pandoh LakeIndia [32] and Bozkowo Domimickie and Wiekie Lakesin W Poland [33] (Table 4) Mean values of total alkalinitywere lower than the respective water criterion [27] (Table 3)Average measured temperature values were 38 and 11∘C insummer and winter respectively MeanDO levels were foundto be 43 and 44 in summer and winter respectively Themeasured levels were far lower than those reported in PandohLake India [32] and Lake Beysehir Turkey [34] Variabilityof DO can be related to flow regime seasonal effects andanthropogenic impacts [35] Awarmwater aquatic ecosystem

should have dissolved oxygen concentration of at least 5mgLin order to support the diversified biota [22] Untreateddischarge of municipal effluents solid wastes from villagesnearby towns and cities and wastes released from poultryfarms in catchment areas may be possible reasons of lowerDO

The total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conduc-tivity (EC) are important parameters as they can affecttaste of water in addition to affecting the soil structurepermeability and aeration which indirectly affect the plantsgrowth Concentrations of both TDS and EC are generallycorrelated with human activities in the catchment areas TDSvaried as 65ndash80 and 91ndash238mgL while EC ranged as 131ndash159and 180ndash477 120583Scm in summer and winter successively TDSandEC levels in both seasonswere higher than reported levelsfromPandoh Lake India [32] and lower than the permissiblelimits set by PakEPA [30] USEPA [29] and WHO [27] Itindicated that the water from Mangle Lake was fresh havinglow salinity and minerals [36]

Presence of chloride ion (Clminus) in surface water is mainlydue to atmospheric deposition weathering of sedimentaryrocks sewage effluents agricultural and road run offs It isan indicator of possible fecal contamination and ameasure ofthe extent of dispersion of sewage discharge in water bodies[37] High concentrations of chloride ion can make watersunpalatable and unfit for drinking and livestock wateringuses [2 36] Mean concentrations of Clminus were found to be11 and 88mgL in summer and winter respectively Themeasured Clminus levels were lower than the levels in MancharLake Pakistan [38]Watland ofWadiGaza [39] and thewaterquality guidelines [27 29 30] but higher than those found inPandoh Lake India [32]

32 Dissolved Concentrations of SelectedMetals inWater Theaverage and seasonal values for selected metals are shownin Table 3 Among the selected metals Ca (43 and 79mgL


Table3Descriptiv

estatistic

sfor

selected

metalsa

ndwater

quality

parametersinwater

samples

incomparis

onwith

natio

nalinternatio

nalstand

ards(119899=150)

Summer

Winter

Water

quality

guidelines

Range

Mean

Median

SDSkew

Range

Mean

Median

SDSkew

WHO

USE

PAPakE

PACa(

mgL)

14ndash4

843

4455

minus48

41ndash169

7971

2424

100

mdash200

Cd(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

10003

003

003

11lt001ndash0

08

003

002

003

081

0003

0005

0001

Co(m

gL)

001ndash0

50

025

024

012

012

001ndash0

41

016

013

012

092

004

mdashmdash

Cr(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

21

008

007

005

065

001ndash0

19007

007

004

093

005

01

005

Cu(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

05

002

001

001

071

lt001ndash0

06

002

002

002

067

20

1320

Fe(m

gL)

002ndash0

33015

015

007

025

lt001ndash0

38

013

014

009

053

03

03

mdashK(m

gL)

12ndash16

1314

008

032

061ndash20

1312

031

075

12mdash

mdashLi

(mgL)

lt001ndash0

03

001

001

001

10lt001ndash0

02

001

001

lt001

002

mdashmdash

mdashMg(m

gL)

30ndash

37

34

34

018

007

38ndash84

49

41

1310

50mdash

mdashMn(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

05

001

001

001

14lt001ndash0

06

002

001

001

1401

005

05

Na(

mgL)

21ndash28

24

24

021

041

34ndash

3568

42

65

35

200

mdashmdash

Ni(mgL)

001ndash0

42

013

011

009

13001ndash0

29

011

010

007

036

007

07

002

Pb(m

gL)

002ndash15

038

024

032

15lt001ndash22

034

021

041

30

001

0015

005

Sr(m

gL)

007ndash0

29

019

021

007

minus043

011ndash

039

022

022

006

041

mdashmdash

mdashZn

(mgL)

lt001ndash0

07

003

003

002

010

lt001ndash0

08

003

003

002

065

30

50

50

Clminus(m

gL)

99ndash15

1199

17083

50ndash

1588

87

28

076

250

250

250

DO(m

gL)

36ndash

49

43

45

038

minus092

36ndash

50

44

46

042

minus029

mdashmdash

mdashEC

(120583Scm

)131ndash159

140

139

56

12180ndash

477

250

214

6920

1500

mdashmdash

pH76

ndash82

80

81

016

minus12

74ndash83

7879

033

minus004

65ndash85

65ndash85

65ndash85

119879(∘ C

)37ndash38

3838

008

026

10ndash13

1111

041

30

mdashmdash

mdashTA

(mgCa

CO3L)

58ndash290

144

131

53081

30ndash195

9475

42082

200

mdashmdash

TDS(m

gL)

65ndash80

7069

28

1291ndash238

125

107

3419

1000

500

1000

Reference

Presentstudy

[27]

[29]

[30]


Table 4 Comparison of mean levels of water quality parameters of the present study with some other studies

Water body Clminus DO EC pH TA TDS Reference(mgL) (mgL) (120583Scm) (mgL) (mgL)

Pandoh Lake India (monsoon) 183 875 527 626 mdash 281 [32]Pandoh Lake India (winter) 463 775 118 779 mdash 689 [32]Pandoh Lake India (summer) 153 808 716 735 mdash 532 [32]Wielkie Lake W Poland mdash mdash mdash 77 mdash mdash [33]Boszkowo Lake W Poland mdash mdash mdash 77 mdash mdash [33]Domimickie Lake W Poland mdash mdash mdash 76 mdash mdash [33]Lake Beysehir Turkey mdash 92 350 80 mdash mdash [34]Manchar Lake Pakistan 4316 mdash 2310 84 1258 mdash [38]Watland of Wadi Gaza (summer) 924 53 4200 76 mdash mdash [39]Watland of Wadi Gaza (winter) 478 84 2180 839 mdash mdash [39]Mangla Lake Pakistan (summer) 11 43 140 80 144 70 Present studyMangla Lake Pakistan (winter) 88 44 250 78 94 125 Present study

in summer and winter) Mg (34 and 49mgL in summerand winter) K (13mgL in summer and winter) and Na(24 and 68 in summer and winter) were the dominantcontributors whereas Zn and Cd (003mgL in summer andwinter) Cu (002mgL in summer and winter) Mn (001 and002mgL in summer and winter) and Li (001 in summerand winter) were the least in both seasons The mean metalconcentrations in summer were in the order Ca gt Mg gtNa gt K gt Pb gt Co gt Sr gt Fe gt Ni gt Cr gt Cd gt Zn gt Cu gtMn gt Li while in winter the trend was slightly different Ca gtNa gtMg gtK gt Pb gt Sr gtCo gt Fe gtNi gtCr gt Zn gtCd gtCu gtMngt Li Average levels ofmetals such as Cd Co Cr Fe KNiPb and Zn were measured relatively higher in summer whileCa Cu Li Mg Mn and Sr were recorded higher in winterThe mean and median levels of Fe Li Mg Mn Na and Znwere almost equal in summer while Cu Fe Li Sr and Znshowed similar average andmedian concentrations in winterIt demonstrated that these metals showed little variationsin both seasons However high precipitation snow meltslarge water inputs and increasing anthropogenic activities insummer elevated the dissolved concentrations of Cd Co CrFe K Ni Pb and Zn in surface water

Average concentrations of themetals were comparedwithwater quality guidelines set by national and internationalauthorities The maximum concentrations of Fe and meanlevels of Cd Co Cr Ni and Pb were higher than themaximum permitted concentrations established by WHO[27] USEPA [29] and PakEPA [30] (Table 3) Measuredconcentrations of Cd Co and Pb were many times higherthan the recommended water guidelines In summer 90samples for Cd 94 samples for Co 63 samples for Cr75 for Ni and 95 samples for Pb exceeded the waterquality guidelines whereas 89 samples for Cd and Co 69for Cr 71 for Ni and 94 samples for Pb surpassed thewater guidelines in winter Consequently Cd Co Cr Ni andPb emerged as the major pollutants in water samples fromMangla Lake in both seasons It is therefore recommendedthat much greater attention should be paid to the remedialmeasures of the emerging pollutants

In this study the selected metal concentrations fromthe water reservoir were compared with the results of otherstudies (Table 5)Themeasuredmean levels of Cawere higherthan those reported by Anshumali and Ramanathan [32] andlower than those reported by Shomar et al [39] and the levelsinWielkie and Boszkowo Lakes W Poland [33] while K Naand Mg levels were lower than the reported by Mastoi et al[38] Shomar et al [39] and Szymanowska et al [33] Amongthe metals Cd Co Cr Cu Ni and Pb levels were found to behigher than reported levels by Mastoi et al [38] Majagi et al[40] Duman et al [41] and Shomar et al [39] but lower thanthose reported by Szymanowska et al [33] Iron and Znmeanthat concentrations were higher than the results reported byMastoi et al [38] but lower than those reported by Majagiet al [40] Duman et al [41] Lokeshwari and Chandrappa[42 43] and Szymanowska et al [33] whereas Mn averageconcentrations were lower than those reported by Majagiet al [40] Duman et al [41] and Szymanowska et al [33]

33 Source Identification of Selected Metals in Water Thecorrelation study was carried out to find the plausible associ-ations of selected metals in surface water from Mangla Lake(Table 6) In summer strong positive associations were foundbetween Mg-Na (119903 = 071) while significant correlationswere noted between Mg-Mn (119903 = 058) Mn-Na (119903 = 060)and Ca-Mg (119903 = 050) Some negative associations were alsonoted between Ca-Ni Cd-K Co-Na K-Cr-Li and Ni-Sr Inwinter strong positive correlation was observed between Na-Ca (119903 = 077) and Na-Mg (119903 = 068) while other positiveassociations were between Ca-Mg Sr-Cr Sr-Mg Zn-Cd andCu-Cr Some negative correlations between Co-Ca K-Ni Ni-Sr and Zn-Mg were also noted It demonstrated that themetals showing positive mutual associations were likely to becontributed by same sources while metals showing negativeassociations were found to have opposite distributions insurface water

Furthermore multivariate principal component analysis(PCA) was employed in order to understand the complex


Table5Com

paris

onof

meanconcentrations

ofselected

metalso

fthe

presentstudy

with

someo

ther

studies

Water

body

CaCd

Co

CrCu

FeK

LiMg

Mn

Na

Ni

PbSr

ZnRe

ference

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(m

onsoon

)107

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash18

7mdash

245

mdash21

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(w

inter)

2443

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash246

mdash632

mdash551

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(sum

mer)

799

191

mdash117

387

mdashmdash

[32]

WielkieLakeW

Poland

8278

1134

569

546

110

69

mdash159

409

mdash107

765

mdashmdash

[33]

BoszkowoLakeW

Poland

108

1114

247

725

563

180

72mdash

151

286

mdash112

612

mdashmdash

[33]

Dom

imickieL

akeWPoland

51847

143

587

393

140

29

mdash163

323

mdash90

634

mdashmdash

[33]

Lake

Beysehir

Turkey

mdash011

mdash0086

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0028

mdashmdash

[34]

Manchar

LakePakistan

707

0001

000

400089

0012

176

mdash562

5215

000

43000

9mdash

00157

[38]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

summer)

136

000

60043

0065

000

40382

mdash89

0423

678

0012

mdash0082

[39]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

winter)

1029

00016

0023

00206

00165

000

91mdash

657

0267

124

004

08mdash

015

[39]

KaranjaR

eservoir

India

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0211

0585

mdashmdash

mdash0225

mdash0778

1103

mdash02103

[40]

SapancaL

akeTu

rkey

0003

0062

0018

mdash0023

004

60036

mdash0089

[41]

Belland

urLakeInd

ia000

07000

60012

109

mdash0003

000

9mdash

0132

[42]

LalbaghTank

Ind

ia000

010001

0166

mdash0001

000

04mdash

0043

[43]

ManglaL

akePakistan

(sum

mer)

43003

025

008

002

015

13001

34

001

24

013

038

019

003

Presentstudy

ManglaL

akePakistan

(winter)

79003

016

007

002

013

13001

49

002

68

011

034

022

003

Presentstudy


Table 6 Correlation coefficients matrix (119903) for selected metals in water samples in summer (below the diagonal) and winter (above thediagonal) fromMangla Lake (119899 = 150)

Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Li Mg Mn Na Ni Pb Sr ZnCa 1 minus010 minus031 minus017 015 minus004 minus009 024 059 014 077 001 minus008 minus003 minus012Cd 001 1 minus011 001 minus020 minus012 001 018 minus026 minus016 minus023 010 minus009 minus017 044Co minus016 005 1 minus021 minus004 012 minus012 minus019 minus038 minus008 minus031 minus011 004 minus025 012Cr 028 003 minus024 1 039 001 001 minus012 031 minus007 014 minus014 030 058 minus004Cu minus011 005 017 minus011 1 minus005 minus012 minus006 025 minus001 029 004 003 013 minus024Fe 036 025 minus015 044 minus001 1 011 009 013 minus017 006 minus017 008 028 minus023K minus014 minus048 minus005 minus034 minus014 minus029 1 034 036 minus015 minus028 minus031 022 012 014Li minus045 minus023 026 minus051 035 minus048 014 1 026 002 005 minus010 minus001 minus007 018Mg 050 minus001 minus031 032 minus011 030 006 minus009 1 minus012 068 minus023 026 049 minus014Mn 025 011 minus012 021 minus019 041 minus015 minus003 058 1 014 minus012 minus025 minus015 minus037Na 013 minus015 minus041 022 minus014 013 012 006 071 060 1 minus005 002 016 minus028Ni minus045 minus004 014 minus012 018 minus017 022 045 minus009 minus019 minus010 1 004 minus035 009Pb minus006 minus014 minus011 minus016 021 015 019 012 007 minus011 009 020 1 020 015Sr 028 043 minus018 020 minus006 049 minus024 minus032 009 011 minus002 minus033 004 1 minus017Zn minus002 025 001 minus002 minus027 042 minus003 minus022 001 022 minus003 017 minus007 032 1lowast119903 values gt 033 of lt minus033 are significant at 119875 lt 001

Table 7 Principal component loadings for selected metals in summer and winter

Summer WinterPC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4 PC 5 PC 6 PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4 PC 5

Eigenvalue 38 23 16 14 13 10 32 22 19 15 12 total variance 25 15 10 92 86 67 21 15 13 10 80 cumulative variance 25 40 51 60 69 75 21 36 48 59 67Ca 073 027 013 001 006 minus020 091 minus017 001 0004 minus009Cd minus002 minus006 071 017 minus029 005 minus017 minus009 072 014 010Co 007 minus027 012 019 minus034 049 minus027 037 044 minus016 022Cr 010 019 minus006 008 minus019 089 minus002 090 minus008 minus008 014Cu 003 minus010 014 082 019 013 044 027 011 minus038 002Fe 069 025 minus015 0001 019 minus040 061 0002 minus001 028 021K 046 049 010 048 003 026 minus005 008 001 079 020Li minus030 016 047 061 003 035 033 minus021 minus025 061 003Mg 001 085 minus019 001 013 minus018 076 039 018 032 021Mn 026 083 minus007 minus009 minus021 003 006 minus002 005 minus002 081Na minus015 087 minus001 minus006 011 minus013 088 014 017 minus019 minus008Ni minus003 minus004 088 005 018 003 008 059 minus033 minus027 023Pb 006 002 010 022 085 004 003 026 065 004 011Sr 070 minus002 minus039 minus004 017 minus008 077 008 023 024 010Zn 068 006 028 minus054 002 004 minus017 minus021 minus037 015 052

nature of associations among themetals (Table 7) In summersix principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues gt 1 thatexplained about 75 of the total variance of the dataset wereobtained Principal component 1 (PC 1) which accountedfor 25 of the total variance had elevated loadings (gt070)for Ca Sr Fe and Zn and a moderate loading for K PC2 which accounted for 15 of the total variance exhibitedhigher loadings for Mg Mn K and Na PC 3 (10 of totalvariance) revealed positive loadings for Cd and Ni whereasPC4 exhibited higher contributions of Cu K and Li PC 5and PC 6 had higher loadings for Pb and Co-Cr respectively

Alternatively in winter five PCs with eigenvalues gt 1 thatexplained about 67 of the total variance of the data wereobtained PC 1 which accounted for 21 of the total variancehad strong loadings (gt075) for Ca Mg Na and Sr andmoderate loadings for Cu and Fe PC 2 which accountedfor 15 of the total variance exhibited mutual associationsfor Co Cr and Ni whereas PC 3 had higher loadings in thefavor of Cd Co and Pb PC 4 and PC 5 exhibited mutualassociations of K-Li andMn-Zn respectivelyMean levels CaCu Fe K Mg Mn and Na never exceeded the maximumpermitted levels established by WHO USEPA and PakEPA


whereas average concentrations of Cd Co Cr Ni and Pbwere higher than the recommended water quality guidelinesestablished by the national and international authorities(Table 3) Therefore Cd Co Cr Ni and Pb were attributedto the anthropogenic intrusions such as atmospheric depo-sition agricultural activities untreated urban and industrialwastes [44ndash51]

34 Health Risk Assessment of Selected Metals in SurfaceWater The human health risk assessment methodology per-taining to aquatic ecosystems has been described elsewhere[10 52ndash54] Human beings may expose to metals throughthree main pathways including direct ingestion inhalationthrough mouth and nose and dermal absorption throughskin exposures ingestion and dermal absorption are com-mon for water exposure [52ndash54] The numeric expressionsfor risk assessment were obtained from the USEPA RiskAssessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) methodology[52]

119863ing =119862water times IR times EF times ED

BW times AT (1)

119863derm =119862water times SA times 119870119901 times ET times EF times ED times CF

BW times AT (2)

where 119863ing is exposure dose through ingestion of water(120583gkg-day)119863derm is exposure dose through dermal absorp-tion (120583gkg-day) 119862water is concentration of the estimatedmetals in surface water (120583gL) IR is ingestion rate (Lday22 for adults and 18 for children) EF is exposure frequency(daysyear 350) ED is exposure duration (years 70 for adultsand 6 for children) BW is average body weight (kg 70for adults and 15 for children) AT is averaging time (days25550 for adults and 2190 for children) SA is exposed skinarea (cm2 18000 for adults and 6600 for children) ET isexposure time (hoursday 058 for adults and 1 for children)CF is unit conversion factor (Lcm3 0001) and119870119901 is dermalpermeability coefficient (cmh) 0001 for Cd Cu Fe Li Srand Mn 0002 for Cr 0004 for Co Pb and Ni and 00006for Zn [10 52ndash55]

Potential noncarcinogenic risks for exposure to con-taminants were assessed by comparison of the calculatedcontaminant exposures from each exposure route with thereference dose (RfD) in order to produce the hazard quotient(HQ) defined as follows [52]

HQingderm =119863ingderm

Rf119863ingderm (3)

where HQingderm is hazard quotient via ingestion or dermalcontact (unitless) and Rf119863ingderm is oraldermal referencedose (120583gkg-day) The Rf119863ing and Rf119863derm values wereobtained from the literature elsewhere [10 52 54 55]

The hazard quotient (HQ) is a numeric estimate of thesystemic toxicity potential posed by a single element within asingle route of exposure To evaluate the overall potential fornoncarcinogenic effects posed bymore than one element the

computedHQs for each element are integrated and expressedas a hazard index (HI) [52]

HI =119899

sum119894=1

HQingderm (4)

where HIingderm is hazard index via ingestion or dermalcontact (unitless) When HQHI exceeds unity there maybe a concern for potential human health risks caused byexposure to noncarcinogenic elements [52]

Noncarcinogenic health risk assessment summary forthe selected metals in the water for adults and children viaingestion and dermal routes is given in Table 8 For adultsvia ingestion route the mean HQing levels were found in theorder of Co gt Pb gt Cd gt Cr gt Ni gt Li gt Mn gt Cu gt Sr gtFe gt Zn and Co gt Pb gt Cd gt Cr gt Ni gt Mn gt Cu gt Sr gtFe gt Zn gt Li in summer and winter respectively The resultsdemonstrated that Co Pb Cd Cr and Ni were the majorcontributor towards noncarcinogenic risks whereas Fe ZnLi and Sr were the least Cadmium Co and Pb (HQ ≫10) might pose severe adverse health effects for the adultsin both seasons Moreover there was more risk for adults insummer than winter via ingestion route Alternatively theaverage HQderm levels were found in the sequence of Cr gtCo gt Cd gt Pb gt Mn gt Ni gt Li gt Cu gt Sr gt Fe gt Zn andCr gt Cd gt Co gt Pb gt Mn gt Li gt Ni gt Cu gt Sr gt Fe gt Znin summer and winter successively The results revealed thatCr Co Cd and Pb were the main contributors towards theadverse risks and Sr Fe andZnwere theminor participants topose adverse effects for the adultsHowever themeanHQdermlevels were very less than unity demonstrating that themetalsmight pose little or no adverse risks to the local population viadermal absorption of surface water

Conversely noncarcinogenic health risk assessment wasalso calculated for the most sensitive population (children)Through ingestion route theHQing levels were found in orderof Co gt Pb gt Cd gt Cr gtNi gt Li gtMn gt Cu gt Sr gt Fe gt Zn inboth seasons The calculated HQing levels of Co Pb Cd andCr were higher than safety limit unity indicating that thesemetals were the priority pollutants through oral ingestion ofsurface water for children On the contrary through dermalcontact of surface water the HQderm values were found in theorder ofCrgtCogtCdgtPbgtMngtNigtLigtCugt SrgtFegtZnand Cr gtCd gtCo gt Pb gtMn gtMn gt Li gtNi gtCu gt Sr gt Fe gtZn in summer and winter respectively Chromium Cd Coand Pb were the priority pollutants whereas Sr Fe and Znwere the least priority elements for children through dermalabsorption of surface water in the studied area However theHQderm levels were found to be lower than unity indicatingthat there was little or no risk for children through dermalroute

HIing and HIderm were also calculated to evaluate theoverall noncarcinogenic risk posed by selected metals viaingestion and dermal contact of water as a whole For adultsCd Cr Pb andCowere found to be themajor contributors tothemean values ofHIing (37119864+01 in summer and 26119864+01 inwinter) suggesting that these metals deserved serious healthconcern via ingestion route However the mean value of andHQderm levels (78119864 minus 04 in summer and 64119864 minus 04 in winter)


Table8Non

carcinogenichealth

riskassessmentsum

maryforthe

selected

metalsinthew

ater

fora

dults

andchild

renviaingestio

nandderm

alroutes

RfD

ing

(120583gkg-day)

RfD

derm

(120583gkg-day)

Adults

Child

ren

Summer

Winter

Summer

Winter

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

Cd

05

0025

20119864+00

19119864minus04

16119864+00

16119864minus04

76119864+00

56119864minus04

63119864+00

46119864minus04

Co

03

006

25119864+01

24119864minus04

16119864+01

15119864minus04

97119864+01

71119864minus04

61119864+01

45119864minus04

Cr3

0075

78119864minus01

30119864minus04

75119864minus01

29119864minus04

30119864+00

87119864minus04

29119864+00

84119864minus04

Cu40

814119864minus02

33119864minus07

17119864minus02

40119864minus07

53119864minus02

96119864minus07

64119864minus02

12119864minus06

Fe700

140

64119864minus03

15119864minus07

58119864minus03

14119864minus07

24119864minus02

45119864minus07

22119864minus02

40119864minus07

Li2

113119864minus01

12119864minus06

13119864minus06

13119864minus06

58119864minus02

35119864minus06

49119864minus01

38119864minus06

Mn

24096

17119864minus02

20119864minus06

23119864minus02

27119864minus06

58119864minus02

60119864minus06

77119864minus02

80119864minus06

Ni

2054

19119864minus01

14119864minus06

16119864minus01

11119864minus06

62119864minus01

40119864minus06

51119864minus01

33119864minus06

Pb14

042

82119864+00

52119864minus05

73119864+00

46119864minus05

25119864+01

15119864minus04

22119864+01

14119864minus04

Sr60

0120

96119864minus03

23119864minus07

11119864minus02

26119864minus07

37119864minus02

67119864minus07

42119864minus02

77119864minus07

Zn300

6032119864minus03

46119864minus08

31119864minus03

45119864minus08

12119864minus02

14119864minus07

12119864minus02

13119864minus07

HI in

gderm

37119864+01

78119864minus04

26119864+01

64119864minus04

13119864+02

23119864minus03

93119864+01

19119864minus03


were found to be lower than unity demonstrating that all theselected metals posed little or no hazard to adults throughdermal contacts For children the mean HIing values were13119864 + 02 and 93119864 + 01 in summer and winter respectivelyHence Cd Cr Co and Pb were the major pollutants throughingestion route

Overall among the selected metals Cd Co Cr and Pbemerged as priority pollutants for both adults and childrenthrough ingestion intake of surfacewaterHowever the extentof adverse health risks was more for children than adults inboth seasons since the largest contributors towards chronicnoncarcinogenic risks were Cd Cr Pb and Co in the presentinvestigation Therefore special attention should be paid tomanage these toxic metals in the study area

4 ConclusionsThe present study showed diverse variations of selectedmetals in surface water in summer and winter from thefreshwater Mangla Lake Pakistan The mean levels of CdCo Cr Ni and Pb were found to be higher than nationaland international acceptable levels in both seasonsMoreovertheir mean levels were found to be higher in summer thanwinter demonstrating more risk for adults and children insummer Multivariate PCA indicated major anthropogeniccontributions of Cd Co Cr Ni and Pb in the water reservoirNoncarcinogenic health risk assessment was carried out tofind out adverse health risks for adults and children Foradults and children Cd Co Cr and Pb emerged as prioritypollutants through ingestion intake of surface water in bothseasons However children were more susceptible to adversehealth risks than adults Alternatively the selected metalsposed little or no risks to the local residents via dermalcontact with surface water The results demonstrated that theinputs of Cd Co Cr Ni and Pb should be reduced andmanaged on priority basis in the area It is also suggested thatthe metals pollution should be considered as a vital part forfuture planning andmanagement strategies for restoration ofwater quality of the lake reservoir

Conflict of Interests

Theauthors do not have any conflict of interests regarding thepublication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The funding by Higher Education Commission Governmentof Pakistan to carry out this project is thankfully acknowl-edged The authors are also grateful to the administration ofMangla Dam Mirpur Pakistan for their help during samplecollection Technical and financial help by Quaid-i-AzamUniversity Islamabad Pakistan to execute this project is alsoacknowledged

References

[1] F C Yu G H Fang and X W Ru ldquoEutrophication healthrisk assessment and spatial analysis of water quality in Gucheng

Lake Chinardquo Environmental Earth Sciences vol 59 no 8 pp1741ndash1748 2009

[2] L T Ajibade ldquoAssessment of water quality along River AsaIlorin Nigeriardquo Environmentalist vol 24 no 1 pp 11ndash18 2004

[3] S R Carpenter N F Caraco D L Correll R W Howarth AN Sharpley and V H Smith ldquoNonpoint pollution of surfacewaters with phosphorus and nitrogenrdquo Ecological Applicationsvol 8 no 3 pp 559ndash568 1998

[4] H P Jarvie B A Whitton and C Neal ldquoNitrogen andphosphorus in east coast British rivers speciation sources andbiological significancerdquo Science of the Total Environment vol210-211 pp 79ndash109 1998

[5] V Simeonov J A Stratis C Samara et al ldquoAssessment of thesurface water quality in Northern GreecerdquoWater Research vol37 no 17 pp 4119ndash4124 2003

[6] K Bengraıne and T F Marhaba ldquoUsing principal componentanalysis to monitor spatial and temporal changes in waterqualityrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 100 no 1ndash3 pp179ndash195 2003

[7] S Li Z Xu X Cheng and Q Zhang ldquoDissolved trace elementsand heavy metals in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Chinardquo Envi-ronmental Geology vol 55 no 5 pp 977ndash983 2008

[8] S Li X Cheng Z Xu H Han and Q Zhang ldquoSpatial andtemporal patterns of the water quality in the DanjiangkouReservoir Chinardquo Hydrological Sciences Journal vol 54 no 1pp 124ndash134 2009

[9] S Li W Liu S Gu X Cheng Z Xu and Q Zhang ldquoSpatio-temporal dynamics of nutrients in the upper Han River basinChinardquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 162 no 2-3 pp1340ndash1346 2009

[10] S Li and Q Zhang ldquoRisk assessment and seasonal variationsof dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Upper HanRiver Chinardquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 181 no 1ndash3pp 1051ndash1058 2010

[11] E Pertsemli and D Voutsa ldquoDistribution of heavy metalsin Lakes Doirani and Kerkini Northern Greecerdquo Journal ofHazardous Materials vol 148 no 3 pp 529ndash537 2007

[12] R S Ayers and D W Westcot ldquoWater quality for agriculturerdquoPaper 29 Rev 1 FAO Irrigation and Drainage 1994

[13] C C M Ip X Li G Zhang O W H Wai and Y Li ldquoTracemetal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuaryand the surrounding coastal area South Chinardquo EnvironmentalPollution vol 147 no 2 pp 311ndash323 2007

[14] C Simsek and O Gunduz ldquoIWQ Index a GIS-integratedtechnique to assess irrigation water qualityrdquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 128 no 1ndash3 pp 277ndash300 2007

[15] P Woitke J Wellmitz D Helm P Kube P Lepom and PLitheraty ldquoAnalysis and assessment of heavy metal pollutionin suspended solids and sediments of the river DanuberdquoChemosphere vol 51 no 8 pp 633ndash642 2003

[16] SOlivares-RieumontDDe LaRosa L Lima et al ldquoAssessmentof heavy metal levels in Almendares River sediments-HavanaCity CubardquoWater Research vol 39 no 16 pp 3945ndash3953 2005

[17] A Farkas C Erratico and L Vigano ldquoAssessment of theenvironmental significance of heavy metal pollution in surficialsediments of the River Pordquo Chemosphere vol 68 no 4 pp 761ndash768 2007

[18] I Haq and S T Abbas ldquoSedimentation of Tarbela and Manglareservoirsrdquo in Proceedings of the 70th Annual Session of thePakistan Engineering Congress Lahore Pakistan 2007


[19] M J Butt R Mahmood and A Waqas ldquoSediments depositiondue to soil erosion in the watershed region of Mangla DamrdquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 181 no 1ndash4 pp419ndash429 2011

[20] Z Ali S Y Shelly F Bibi et al ldquoPeculiarities of manglareservoir biodiversity with sustainable use optionsrdquo Journal ofAnimal and Plant Sciences vol 21 no 2 pp 372ndash380 2011

[21] American Public Health Association American Water WorksAssociation and Water Environment Federation StandardMethods for the Examinations of Water and WastewatersAmerican Public Health Association American Water WorksAssociation and Water Environment Federation WashingtonDC USA 19th edition 1995

[22] M Radojevic and V N Bashkin Practical EnvironmentalAnalysis The Royal Society of Chemistry London UK 1999

[23] M H Shah J Iqbal N Shaheen N Khan M A Choudharyand G Akhter ldquoAssessment of background levels of tracemetals in water and soil from a remote region of HimalayardquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 184 no 3 pp1243ndash1252 2012

[24] S R Tariq M H Shah N Shaheen M Jaffar and A KhaliqueldquoStatistical source identification of metals in groundwaterexposed to industrial contaminationrdquo Environmental Monitor-ing and Assessment vol 138 no 1ndash3 pp 159ndash165 2008

[25] StatSoft Inc Statistica for Windows Computer ProgrammeManual StatSoft Inc Tulsa Okla USA 1999

[26] J Iqbal and M H Shah ldquoDistribution correlation and riskassessment of selected metals in urban soils from IslamabadPakistanrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 192 no 2 pp887ndash898 2011

[27] WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Recommenda-tions Incorporating 1st and 2nd Addenda vol 1 World HealthOrganization Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2008

[28] S Adams R Titus K Pietersen G Tredoux and C HarrisldquoHydrochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland intheWestern Karoo SouthAfricardquo Journal of Hydrology vol 241no 1-2 pp 91ndash103 2001

[29] USEPA ldquoDrinking water standards and health advisoriesrdquo EPA822-R-09-011 Office of Water US Environmental ProtectionAgency Washington DC USA 2009

[30] PakEPA National Standards for Drinking Water Quality Pak-istan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Ministryof Environment Government of Pakistan Islamabad Pakistan2008

[31] S Tokalioglu S Kartal and L Elci ldquoSpeciation and determina-tion of heavy metals in lake waters by atomic absorption spec-trometry after sorption on amberlite XAD-16 resinrdquo AnalyticalSciences vol 16 no 11 pp 1169ndash1174 2000

[32] A Anshumali and A L Ramanathan ldquoSeasonal variation in themajor ion chemistry of Pandoh Lake Mandi District HimachalPradesh Indiardquo Applied Geochemistry vol 22 no 8 pp 1736ndash1747 2007

[33] A Szymanowska A Samecka-Cymerman and A J KempersldquoHeavymetals in three lakes inWest Polandrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 43 no 1 pp 21ndash29 1999

[34] A Altindag and S Yigit ldquoAssessment of heavy metal concen-trations in the food web of lake Beysehir TurkeyrdquoChemospherevol 60 no 4 pp 552ndash556 2005

[35] D Voutsa E Manoli C Samara M Sofoniou and I Stratis ldquoAstudy of surface water quality in Macedonia Greece speciationof nitrogen and phosphorusrdquoWater Air and Soil Pollution vol129 no 1ndash4 pp 13ndash32 2001

[36] C A J Appelo and D Postma Chemical Analysis of Groundwa-ter Geochemistry Groundwater and Pollution Balkema Rotter-dam The Netherlands 1996

[37] D Chapman Water Quality Assessments-A Guide to Use ofBiota Sediments and Water in Environmental monitoringUNESCOWHOUNEP Washington DC USA EampFN SponLondon UK Chapman and Hall Boca Raton Fla USA 2ndedition 1996

[38] G M Mastoi S G S Shah and M Y Khuhawar ldquoAssessmentof water quality of Manchar Lake in Sindh (Pakistan)rdquo Environ-mentalMonitoring andAssessment vol 141 no 1ndash3 pp 287ndash2962008

[39] B H Shomar G Muller and A Yahya ldquoSeasonal variationsof chemical composition of water and bottom sediments inthe wetland of Wadi Gaza Gaza Striprdquo Wetlands Ecology andManagement vol 13 no 4 pp 419ndash431 2005

[40] S H Majagi K Vijaykumar and B Vasanthkaumar ldquoCon-centration of heavy metals in Karanja reservoir Bidar districtKarnataka Indiardquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessmentvol 138 no 1ndash3 pp 273ndash279 2008

[41] F Duman G Sezen and G Nilhantug ldquoSeasonal changesof some heavy metal concentrations in Sapanca Lake waterTurkeyrdquo International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sci-ences vol 1 no 3 pp 25ndash28 2007

[42] H Lokeshwari andG T Chandrappa ldquoHeavymetals content inwater water hyacinth and sediments of Lalbagh tank Bangalore(India)rdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering vol48 no 3 pp 183ndash188 2006

[43] H Lokeshwari and G T Chandrappa ldquoImpact of heavy metalcontamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegeta-tionrdquo Current Science vol 91 no 5 pp 622ndash627 2006

[44] J Bai R Xiao B Cui et al ldquoAssessment of heavymetal pollutioninwetland soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in thePearl River Estuary South Chinardquo Environmental Pollution vol159 no 3 pp 817ndash824 2011

[45] A Facchinelli E Sacchi and L Mallen ldquoMultivariate statisticaland GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources insoilsrdquo Environmental Pollution vol 114 no 3 pp 313ndash324 2001

[46] S Frickel and J R Elliott ldquoTracking industrial land useconversions a new approach for studying relict waste and urbandevelopmentrdquoOrganization and Environment vol 21 no 2 pp128ndash147 2008

[47] H Yongming D Peixuan C Junji and E S PosmentierldquoMultivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urbandusts of Xirsquoan Central Chinardquo Science of the Total Environmentvol 355 no 1ndash3 pp 176ndash186 2006

[48] P T M Hanh S Sthiannopkao K Kim D T Ba and N QHung ldquoAnthropogenic influence on surface water quality of theNhue and Day sub-river systems in Vietnamrdquo EnvironmentalGeochemistry and Health vol 32 no 3 pp 227ndash236 2010

[49] C Mico L Recatala M Peris and J Sanchez ldquoAssessing heavymetal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediter-ranean area by multivariate analysisrdquo Chemosphere vol 65 no5 pp 863ndash872 2006

[50] S Sakan D Dordevic G Devic D Relic I Andelkovicand J Duricic ldquoA study of trace element contamination inriver sediments in Serbia using microwave-assisted aqua regiadigestion and multivariate statistical analysisrdquo MicrochemicalJournal vol 99 no 2 pp 492ndash502 2011

[51] I Zacharias I Bertachas N Skoulikidis and T KoussourisldquoGreek Lakes limnological overviewrdquo Lakes and Reservoirs vol7 no 1 pp 55ndash62 2002


[52] USEPA ldquoRisk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Vol 1HumanHealth EvaluationManual (Part A)rdquo Report EPA5401-89002 United States Environmental Protection AgencyWash-ington DC USA 1989

[53] US EPA ldquoRisk assessment guidance for superfund Vol 1Human health evaluation manual (Part E supplementalguidance for dermal risk assessment)rdquo Tech RepEPA540R99005 Office of Superfund Remediation andTechnology Innovation US Environmental Protection AgencyWashington DC USA 2004

[54] B Wu D Y Zhao H Y Jia Y Zhang X X Zhang and S PCheng ldquoPreliminary risk assessment of trace metal pollution insurface water from Yangtze River in Nanjing section ChinardquoBulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology vol82 no 4 pp 405ndash409 2009

[55] F Liang S Yang and C Sun ldquoPrimary health risk analysisof metals in surface water of Taihu Lake Chinardquo Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology vol 87 no 4 pp404ndash408 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


60 77

38

23

3343

33067347

7391

Figure 1 Location map of the study area

PakistanThe lake (longitude 7365 (73∘ 391015840 0 E) and latitude3315 (33∘ 81015840 60 N)) was constructed in 1967 across theJhelum River in Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir Pakistan(Figure 1) Other major rivers that contribute to the waterstorage are Neelum Kunhar and Poonch It has six reservoirpockets Jhelum Kanshi Poonch Main Khud and Jari Themain structures of the lake include 4 embankment lakes 2spillways 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels a 1000MWpowerstation and upper Jhelum canal The main lake is 3140mlong and 138m high (above core trench) with a reservoirof 253 km2 [18] Since its construction the water storagecapacity of Mangla Lake has been reduced from 725474to 576431 million cubic meters due to the sedimentation[18 19]

The lake has already contributed significantly towardsimprovement of the environment in terms of agriculturegrowth job opportunities and improved standard of livingMany thousands of acres of land are irrigated using thiswater Availability of additional water and hydropower willfurther enhance these positive impactsTheMangla Lake wasdesigned primarily to increase the amount of water that couldbe used for irrigation from the flowof the JhelumRiver and itstributaries Its secondary function was to generate electricalpower from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of thereservoir [18 20] Recently water from the reservoir is beingused for water supply to the surrounding areas

22 Sample Collection Processing and Analysis Triplicatesurface water samples (119899 = 150) in each seasonwere collectedin polyethylene bottles (15 L capacity) through directmethodfollowing standard methodology [21] Every water samplewas collected by combining three fractions of equal volumeeach of which was collected from an area of 10ndash20m2 Thewater samples were filtered (045 120583m pore size) to remove thesuspensionsThe initial portion of the filtrationwas discardedto clean the filter surface and the following ones intended for

metal analysis were acidified to pH lt 2 using nitric acid andthen stored in refrigerator in precleaned polyethylene bottlesuntil analysis

Standard methods of analyses were adopted for themeasurement of water quality parameters [21ndash23] The pHEC TDS and DO of each water sample were measured at thesampling points by digital pH EC and DO meters respec-tively [23] The Clminus and total alkalinity (TA) contents weredetermined by the standard method [22] The water sampleswere analyzed for Ca Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Li Mg MnNa Ni Pb Sr and Zn under optimum analytical conditions(Table 1) using a Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectropho-tometer (Model AA-670 Japan) equipped with automaticbackground compensation Calibration line method usingfive standards was employed for the quantification of selectedmetals [23 24] Standard referencematerial (SRM-1643d)wasalso used to ensure the reliability of the metal data (Table 2)

All the reagents used were of analytical grade (certifiedpurity gt 9999) procured from E-Merck Darmstadt Ger-many or BDH UK Doubly distilled water was used for thepreparation of standards and the dilution of samples when-ever required [23 24] The metal standards were preparedfrom stock solution of 1000mgL by successive dilutions Forthe removal of inorganicorganic impurities from glasswarethey were first washed with tap water then washed with 5(wv) detergent solution afterwards soaked in 5 (vv) nitricacid for overnight and finally rinsed with plentiful distilledwater If some adhering organic matter was suspected a finalrinse with acetone was givenThe glassware was then dried inan electric oven maintained at 80∘C for about six hours priorto use All the measurements were made in triplicate

23 Statistical Analysis Statistical methods were applied toprocess the analytical data in terms of its distribution andcorrelation among the studied parameters STATISTICAsoftware was used for the computation of the data [25] Basicstatistical parameters such as minimum maximum meanmedian standard deviation and skewness were calculatedwhile multivariate statistic in terms of principal compo-nent analysis (PCA) was also carried out using varimax-normalized rotation on the dataset [23 26] PCA is mainlyused for data reduction and it aims at finding a few compo-nents that explain the major variation within the data

3 Results and Discussion

31 Distribution ofWaterQuality Parameters in SurfaceWaterThe suitability of water samples mainly depends upon themineral constituents present in the water The major qualitycriteria parameters are pH DO TA EC TDS chloride somemetals and so forth [27] Descriptive statistics related towater quality parameters in summer and winter along withwater quality guidelines are described in Table 3 The pHlevels of the water varied as 76ndash82 and 74ndash83 with meanvalues of 80 and 78 in summer and winter successively Itindicated that the water was generally alkaline in nature andthe dissolved carbonates were predominantly in the form ofHCO3 [28] Moreover pH levels were within the permissible












Table3Descriptiv

estatistic

sfor

selected

metalsa

ndwater

quality

parametersinwater

samples

incomparis

onwith

natio

nalinternatio

nalstand

ards(119899=150)

Summer

Winter

Water

quality

guidelines

Range

Mean

Median

SDSkew

Range

Mean

Median

SDSkew

WHO

USE

PAPakE

PACa(

mgL)

14ndash4

843

4455

minus48

41ndash169

7971

2424

100

mdash200

Cd(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

10003

003

003

11lt001ndash0

08

003

002

003

081

0003

0005

0001

Co(m

gL)

001ndash0

50

025

024

012

012

001ndash0

41

016

013

012

092

004

mdashmdash

Cr(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

21

008

007

005

065

001ndash0

19007

007

004

093

005

01

005

Cu(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

05

002

001

001

071

lt001ndash0

06

002

002

002

067

20

1320

Fe(m

gL)

002ndash0

33015

015

007

025

lt001ndash0

38

013

014

009

053

03

03

mdashK(m

gL)

12ndash16

1314

008

032

061ndash20

1312

031

075

12mdash

mdashLi

(mgL)

lt001ndash0

03

001

001

001

10lt001ndash0

02

001

001

lt001

002

mdashmdash

mdashMg(m

gL)

30ndash

37

34

34

018

007

38ndash84

49

41

1310

50mdash

mdashMn(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

05

001

001

001

14lt001ndash0

06

002

001

001

1401

005

05

Na(

mgL)

21ndash28

24

24

021

041

34ndash

3568

42

65

35

200

mdashmdash

Ni(mgL)

001ndash0

42

013

011

009

13001ndash0

29

011

010

007

036

007

07

002

Pb(m

gL)

002ndash15

038

024

032

15lt001ndash22

034

021

041

30

001

0015

005

Sr(m

gL)

007ndash0

29

019

021

007

minus043

011ndash

039

022

022

006

041

mdashmdash

mdashZn

(mgL)

lt001ndash0

07

003

003

002

010

lt001ndash0

08

003

003

002

065

30

50

50

Clminus(m

gL)

99ndash15

1199

17083

50ndash

1588

87

28

076

250

250

250

DO(m

gL)

36ndash

49

43

45

038

minus092

36ndash

50

44

46

042

minus029

mdashmdash

mdashEC

(120583Scm

)131ndash159

140

139

56

12180ndash

477

250

214

6920

1500

mdashmdash

pH76

ndash82

80

81

016

minus12

74ndash83

7879

033

minus004

65ndash85

65ndash85

65ndash85

119879(∘ C

)37ndash38

3838

008

026

10ndash13

1111

041

30

mdashmdash

mdashTA

(mgCa

CO3L)

58ndash290

144

131

53081

30ndash195

9475

42082

200

mdashmdash

TDS(m

gL)

65ndash80

7069

28

1291ndash238

125

107

3419

1000

500

1000

Reference

Presentstudy

[27]

[29]

[30]











Table5Com

paris

onof

meanconcentrations

ofselected

metalso

fthe

presentstudy

with

someo

ther

studies

Water

body

CaCd

Co

CrCu

FeK

LiMg

Mn

Na

Ni

PbSr

ZnRe

ference

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(m

onsoon

)107

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash18

7mdash

245

mdash21

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(w

inter)

2443

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash246

mdash632

mdash551

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(sum

mer)

799

191

mdash117

387

mdashmdash

[32]

WielkieLakeW

Poland

8278

1134

569

546

110

69

mdash159

409

mdash107

765

mdashmdash

[33]

BoszkowoLakeW

Poland

108

1114

247

725

563

180

72mdash

151

286

mdash112

612

mdashmdash

[33]

Dom

imickieL

akeWPoland

51847

143

587

393

140

29

mdash163

323

mdash90

634

mdashmdash

[33]

Lake

Beysehir

Turkey

mdash011

mdash0086

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0028

mdashmdash

[34]

Manchar

LakePakistan

707

0001

000

400089

0012

176

mdash562

5215

000

43000

9mdash

00157

[38]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

summer)

136

000

60043

0065

000

40382

mdash89

0423

678

0012

mdash0082

[39]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

winter)

1029

00016

0023

00206

00165

000

91mdash

657

0267

124

004

08mdash

015

[39]

KaranjaR

eservoir

India

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0211

0585

mdashmdash

mdash0225

mdash0778

1103

mdash02103

[40]

SapancaL

akeTu

rkey

0003

0062

0018

mdash0023

004

60036

mdash0089

[41]

Belland

urLakeInd

ia000

07000

60012

109

mdash0003

000

9mdash

0132

[42]

LalbaghTank

Ind

ia000

010001

0166

mdash0001

000

04mdash

0043

[43]

ManglaL

akePakistan

(sum

mer)

43003

025

008

002

015

13001

34

001

24

013

038

019

003

Presentstudy

ManglaL

akePakistan

(winter)

79003

016

007

002

013

13001

49

002

68

011

034

022

003

Presentstudy













BW times AT (1)


BW times AT (2)




Rf119863ingderm (3)




HI =119899

sum119894=1

HQingderm (4)






Table8Non

carcinogenichealth

riskassessmentsum

maryforthe

selected

metalsinthew

ater

fora

dults

andchild

renviaingestio

nandderm

alroutes

RfD

ing

(120583gkg-day)

RfD

derm

(120583gkg-day)

Adults

Child

ren

Summer

Winter

Summer

Winter

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

Cd

05

0025

20119864+00

19119864minus04

16119864+00

16119864minus04

76119864+00

56119864minus04

63119864+00

46119864minus04

Co

03

006

25119864+01

24119864minus04

16119864+01

15119864minus04

97119864+01

71119864minus04

61119864+01

45119864minus04

Cr3

0075

78119864minus01

30119864minus04

75119864minus01

29119864minus04

30119864+00

87119864minus04

29119864+00

84119864minus04

Cu40

814119864minus02

33119864minus07

17119864minus02

40119864minus07

53119864minus02

96119864minus07

64119864minus02

12119864minus06

Fe700

140

64119864minus03

15119864minus07

58119864minus03

14119864minus07

24119864minus02

45119864minus07

22119864minus02

40119864minus07

Li2

113119864minus01

12119864minus06

13119864minus06

13119864minus06

58119864minus02

35119864minus06

49119864minus01

38119864minus06

Mn

24096

17119864minus02

20119864minus06

23119864minus02

27119864minus06

58119864minus02

60119864minus06

77119864minus02

80119864minus06

Ni

2054

19119864minus01

14119864minus06

16119864minus01

11119864minus06

62119864minus01

40119864minus06

51119864minus01

33119864minus06

Pb14

042

82119864+00

52119864minus05

73119864+00

46119864minus05

25119864+01

15119864minus04

22119864+01

14119864minus04

Sr60

0120

96119864minus03

23119864minus07

11119864minus02

26119864minus07

37119864minus02

67119864minus07

42119864minus02

77119864minus07

Zn300

6032119864minus03

46119864minus08

31119864minus03

45119864minus08

12119864minus02

14119864minus07

12119864minus02

13119864minus07

HI in

gderm

37119864+01

78119864minus04

26119864+01

64119864minus04

13119864+02

23119864minus03

93119864+01

19119864minus03







Acknowledgments


References




































































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of












Table3Descriptiv

estatistic

sfor

selected

metalsa

ndwater

quality

parametersinwater

samples

incomparis

onwith

natio

nalinternatio

nalstand

ards(119899=150)

Summer

Winter

Water

quality

guidelines

Range

Mean

Median

SDSkew

Range

Mean

Median

SDSkew

WHO

USE

PAPakE

PACa(

mgL)

14ndash4

843

4455

minus48

41ndash169

7971

2424

100

mdash200

Cd(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

10003

003

003

11lt001ndash0

08

003

002

003

081

0003

0005

0001

Co(m

gL)

001ndash0

50

025

024

012

012

001ndash0

41

016

013

012

092

004

mdashmdash

Cr(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

21

008

007

005

065

001ndash0

19007

007

004

093

005

01

005

Cu(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

05

002

001

001

071

lt001ndash0

06

002

002

002

067

20

1320

Fe(m

gL)

002ndash0

33015

015

007

025

lt001ndash0

38

013

014

009

053

03

03

mdashK(m

gL)

12ndash16

1314

008

032

061ndash20

1312

031

075

12mdash

mdashLi

(mgL)

lt001ndash0

03

001

001

001

10lt001ndash0

02

001

001

lt001

002

mdashmdash

mdashMg(m

gL)

30ndash

37

34

34

018

007

38ndash84

49

41

1310

50mdash

mdashMn(m

gL)

lt001ndash0

05

001

001

001

14lt001ndash0

06

002

001

001

1401

005

05

Na(

mgL)

21ndash28

24

24

021

041

34ndash

3568

42

65

35

200

mdashmdash

Ni(mgL)

001ndash0

42

013

011

009

13001ndash0

29

011

010

007

036

007

07

002

Pb(m

gL)

002ndash15

038

024

032

15lt001ndash22

034

021

041

30

001

0015

005

Sr(m

gL)

007ndash0

29

019

021

007

minus043

011ndash

039

022

022

006

041

mdashmdash

mdashZn

(mgL)

lt001ndash0

07

003

003

002

010

lt001ndash0

08

003

003

002

065

30

50

50

Clminus(m

gL)

99ndash15

1199

17083

50ndash

1588

87

28

076

250

250

250

DO(m

gL)

36ndash

49

43

45

038

minus092

36ndash

50

44

46

042

minus029

mdashmdash

mdashEC

(120583Scm

)131ndash159

140

139

56

12180ndash

477

250

214

6920

1500

mdashmdash

pH76

ndash82

80

81

016

minus12

74ndash83

7879

033

minus004

65ndash85

65ndash85

65ndash85

119879(∘ C

)37ndash38

3838

008

026

10ndash13

1111

041

30

mdashmdash

mdashTA

(mgCa

CO3L)

58ndash290

144

131

53081

30ndash195

9475

42082

200

mdashmdash

TDS(m

gL)

65ndash80

7069

28

1291ndash238

125

107

3419

1000

500

1000

Reference

Presentstudy

[27]

[29]

[30]











Table5Com

paris

onof

meanconcentrations

ofselected

metalso

fthe

presentstudy

with

someo

ther

studies

Water

body

CaCd

Co

CrCu

FeK

LiMg

Mn

Na

Ni

PbSr

ZnRe

ference

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(m

onsoon

)107

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash18

7mdash

245

mdash21

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(w

inter)

2443

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash246

mdash632

mdash551

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(sum

mer)

799

191

mdash117

387

mdashmdash

[32]

WielkieLakeW

Poland

8278

1134

569

546

110

69

mdash159

409

mdash107

765

mdashmdash

[33]

BoszkowoLakeW

Poland

108

1114

247

725

563

180

72mdash

151

286

mdash112

612

mdashmdash

[33]

Dom

imickieL

akeWPoland

51847

143

587

393

140

29

mdash163

323

mdash90

634

mdashmdash

[33]

Lake

Beysehir

Turkey

mdash011

mdash0086

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0028

mdashmdash

[34]

Manchar

LakePakistan

707

0001

000

400089

0012

176

mdash562

5215

000

43000

9mdash

00157

[38]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

summer)

136

000

60043

0065

000

40382

mdash89

0423

678

0012

mdash0082

[39]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

winter)

1029

00016

0023

00206

00165

000

91mdash

657

0267

124

004

08mdash

015

[39]

KaranjaR

eservoir

India

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0211

0585

mdashmdash

mdash0225

mdash0778

1103

mdash02103

[40]

SapancaL

akeTu

rkey

0003

0062

0018

mdash0023

004

60036

mdash0089

[41]

Belland

urLakeInd

ia000

07000

60012

109

mdash0003

000

9mdash

0132

[42]

LalbaghTank

Ind

ia000

010001

0166

mdash0001

000

04mdash

0043

[43]

ManglaL

akePakistan

(sum

mer)

43003

025

008

002

015

13001

34

001

24

013

038

019

003

Presentstudy

ManglaL

akePakistan

(winter)

79003

016

007

002

013

13001

49

002

68

011

034

022

003

Presentstudy













BW times AT (1)


BW times AT (2)




Rf119863ingderm (3)




HI =119899

sum119894=1

HQingderm (4)






Table8Non

carcinogenichealth

riskassessmentsum

maryforthe

selected

metalsinthew

ater

fora

dults

andchild

renviaingestio

nandderm

alroutes

RfD

ing

(120583gkg-day)

RfD

derm

(120583gkg-day)

Adults

Child

ren

Summer

Winter

Summer

Winter

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

Cd

05

0025

20119864+00

19119864minus04

16119864+00

16119864minus04

76119864+00

56119864minus04

63119864+00

46119864minus04

Co

03

006

25119864+01

24119864minus04

16119864+01

15119864minus04

97119864+01

71119864minus04

61119864+01

45119864minus04

Cr3

0075

78119864minus01

30119864minus04

75119864minus01

29119864minus04

30119864+00

87119864minus04

29119864+00

84119864minus04

Cu40

814119864minus02

33119864minus07

17119864minus02

40119864minus07

53119864minus02

96119864minus07

64119864minus02

12119864minus06

Fe700

140

64119864minus03

15119864minus07

58119864minus03

14119864minus07

24119864minus02

45119864minus07

22119864minus02

40119864minus07

Li2

113119864minus01

12119864minus06

13119864minus06

13119864minus06

58119864minus02

35119864minus06

49119864minus01

38119864minus06

Mn

24096

17119864minus02

20119864minus06

23119864minus02

27119864minus06

58119864minus02

60119864minus06

77119864minus02

80119864minus06

Ni

2054

19119864minus01

14119864minus06

16119864minus01

11119864minus06

62119864minus01

40119864minus06

51119864minus01

33119864minus06

Pb14

042

82119864+00

52119864minus05

73119864+00

46119864minus05

25119864+01

15119864minus04

22119864+01

14119864minus04

Sr60

0120

96119864minus03

23119864minus07

11119864minus02

26119864minus07

37119864minus02

67119864minus07

42119864minus02

77119864minus07

Zn300

6032119864minus03

46119864minus08

31119864minus03

45119864minus08

12119864minus02

14119864minus07

12119864minus02

13119864minus07

HI in

gderm

37119864+01

78119864minus04

26119864+01

64119864minus04

13119864+02

23119864minus03

93119864+01

19119864minus03







Acknowledgments


References




































































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of











Table5Com

paris

onof

meanconcentrations

ofselected

metalso

fthe

presentstudy

with

someo

ther

studies

Water

body

CaCd

Co

CrCu

FeK

LiMg

Mn

Na

Ni

PbSr

ZnRe

ference

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(m

onsoon

)107

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash18

7mdash

245

mdash21

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(w

inter)

2443

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdash246

mdash632

mdash551

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

[32]

Pand

ohLakeInd

ia(sum

mer)

799

191

mdash117

387

mdashmdash

[32]

WielkieLakeW

Poland

8278

1134

569

546

110

69

mdash159

409

mdash107

765

mdashmdash

[33]

BoszkowoLakeW

Poland

108

1114

247

725

563

180

72mdash

151

286

mdash112

612

mdashmdash

[33]

Dom

imickieL

akeWPoland

51847

143

587

393

140

29

mdash163

323

mdash90

634

mdashmdash

[33]

Lake

Beysehir

Turkey

mdash011

mdash0086

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0028

mdashmdash

[34]

Manchar

LakePakistan

707

0001

000

400089

0012

176

mdash562

5215

000

43000

9mdash

00157

[38]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

summer)

136

000

60043

0065

000

40382

mdash89

0423

678

0012

mdash0082

[39]

Watland

ofWadiG

aza(

winter)

1029

00016

0023

00206

00165

000

91mdash

657

0267

124

004

08mdash

015

[39]

KaranjaR

eservoir

India

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

0211

0585

mdashmdash

mdash0225

mdash0778

1103

mdash02103

[40]

SapancaL

akeTu

rkey

0003

0062

0018

mdash0023

004

60036

mdash0089

[41]

Belland

urLakeInd

ia000

07000

60012

109

mdash0003

000

9mdash

0132

[42]

LalbaghTank

Ind

ia000

010001

0166

mdash0001

000

04mdash

0043

[43]

ManglaL

akePakistan

(sum

mer)

43003

025

008

002

015

13001

34

001

24

013

038

019

003

Presentstudy

ManglaL

akePakistan

(winter)

79003

016

007

002

013

13001

49

002

68

011

034

022

003

Presentstudy













BW times AT (1)


BW times AT (2)




Rf119863ingderm (3)




HI =119899

sum119894=1

HQingderm (4)






Table8Non

carcinogenichealth

riskassessmentsum

maryforthe

selected

metalsinthew

ater

fora

dults

andchild

renviaingestio

nandderm

alroutes

RfD

ing

(120583gkg-day)

RfD

derm

(120583gkg-day)

Adults

Child

ren

Summer

Winter

Summer

Winter

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

Cd

05

0025

20119864+00

19119864minus04

16119864+00

16119864minus04

76119864+00

56119864minus04

63119864+00

46119864minus04

Co

03

006

25119864+01

24119864minus04

16119864+01

15119864minus04

97119864+01

71119864minus04

61119864+01

45119864minus04

Cr3

0075

78119864minus01

30119864minus04

75119864minus01

29119864minus04

30119864+00

87119864minus04

29119864+00

84119864minus04

Cu40

814119864minus02

33119864minus07

17119864minus02

40119864minus07

53119864minus02

96119864minus07

64119864minus02

12119864minus06

Fe700

140

64119864minus03

15119864minus07

58119864minus03

14119864minus07

24119864minus02

45119864minus07

22119864minus02

40119864minus07

Li2

113119864minus01

12119864minus06

13119864minus06

13119864minus06

58119864minus02

35119864minus06

49119864minus01

38119864minus06

Mn

24096

17119864minus02

20119864minus06

23119864minus02

27119864minus06

58119864minus02

60119864minus06

77119864minus02

80119864minus06

Ni

2054

19119864minus01

14119864minus06

16119864minus01

11119864minus06

62119864minus01

40119864minus06

51119864minus01

33119864minus06

Pb14

042

82119864+00

52119864minus05

73119864+00

46119864minus05

25119864+01

15119864minus04

22119864+01

14119864minus04

Sr60

0120

96119864minus03

23119864minus07

11119864minus02

26119864minus07

37119864minus02

67119864minus07

42119864minus02

77119864minus07

Zn300

6032119864minus03

46119864minus08

31119864minus03

45119864minus08

12119864minus02

14119864minus07

12119864minus02

13119864minus07

HI in

gderm

37119864+01

78119864minus04

26119864+01

64119864minus04

13119864+02

23119864minus03

93119864+01

19119864minus03







Acknowledgments


References




































































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of













BW times AT (1)


BW times AT (2)




Rf119863ingderm (3)




HI =119899

sum119894=1

HQingderm (4)






Table8Non

carcinogenichealth

riskassessmentsum

maryforthe

selected

metalsinthew

ater

fora

dults

andchild

renviaingestio

nandderm

alroutes

RfD

ing

(120583gkg-day)

RfD

derm

(120583gkg-day)

Adults

Child

ren

Summer

Winter

Summer

Winter

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

Cd

05

0025

20119864+00

19119864minus04

16119864+00

16119864minus04

76119864+00

56119864minus04

63119864+00

46119864minus04

Co

03

006

25119864+01

24119864minus04

16119864+01

15119864minus04

97119864+01

71119864minus04

61119864+01

45119864minus04

Cr3

0075

78119864minus01

30119864minus04

75119864minus01

29119864minus04

30119864+00

87119864minus04

29119864+00

84119864minus04

Cu40

814119864minus02

33119864minus07

17119864minus02

40119864minus07

53119864minus02

96119864minus07

64119864minus02

12119864minus06

Fe700

140

64119864minus03

15119864minus07

58119864minus03

14119864minus07

24119864minus02

45119864minus07

22119864minus02

40119864minus07

Li2

113119864minus01

12119864minus06

13119864minus06

13119864minus06

58119864minus02

35119864minus06

49119864minus01

38119864minus06

Mn

24096

17119864minus02

20119864minus06

23119864minus02

27119864minus06

58119864minus02

60119864minus06

77119864minus02

80119864minus06

Ni

2054

19119864minus01

14119864minus06

16119864minus01

11119864minus06

62119864minus01

40119864minus06

51119864minus01

33119864minus06

Pb14

042

82119864+00

52119864minus05

73119864+00

46119864minus05

25119864+01

15119864minus04

22119864+01

14119864minus04

Sr60

0120

96119864minus03

23119864minus07

11119864minus02

26119864minus07

37119864minus02

67119864minus07

42119864minus02

77119864minus07

Zn300

6032119864minus03

46119864minus08

31119864minus03

45119864minus08

12119864minus02

14119864minus07

12119864minus02

13119864minus07

HI in

gderm

37119864+01

78119864minus04

26119864+01

64119864minus04

13119864+02

23119864minus03

93119864+01

19119864minus03







Acknowledgments


References




































































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Table8Non

carcinogenichealth

riskassessmentsum

maryforthe

selected

metalsinthew

ater

fora

dults

andchild

renviaingestio

nandderm

alroutes

RfD

ing

(120583gkg-day)

RfD

derm

(120583gkg-day)

Adults

Child

ren

Summer

Winter

Summer

Winter

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

HQ

ing

HQ

derm

Cd

05

0025

20119864+00

19119864minus04

16119864+00

16119864minus04

76119864+00

56119864minus04

63119864+00

46119864minus04

Co

03

006

25119864+01

24119864minus04

16119864+01

15119864minus04

97119864+01

71119864minus04

61119864+01

45119864minus04

Cr3

0075

78119864minus01

30119864minus04

75119864minus01

29119864minus04

30119864+00

87119864minus04

29119864+00

84119864minus04

Cu40

814119864minus02

33119864minus07

17119864minus02

40119864minus07

53119864minus02

96119864minus07

64119864minus02

12119864minus06

Fe700

140

64119864minus03

15119864minus07

58119864minus03

14119864minus07

24119864minus02

45119864minus07

22119864minus02

40119864minus07

Li2

113119864minus01

12119864minus06

13119864minus06

13119864minus06

58119864minus02

35119864minus06

49119864minus01

38119864minus06

Mn

24096

17119864minus02

20119864minus06

23119864minus02

27119864minus06

58119864minus02

60119864minus06

77119864minus02

80119864minus06

Ni

2054

19119864minus01

14119864minus06

16119864minus01

11119864minus06

62119864minus01

40119864minus06

51119864minus01

33119864minus06

Pb14

042

82119864+00

52119864minus05

73119864+00

46119864minus05

25119864+01

15119864minus04

22119864+01

14119864minus04

Sr60

0120

96119864minus03

23119864minus07

11119864minus02

26119864minus07

37119864minus02

67119864minus07

42119864minus02

77119864minus07

Zn300

6032119864minus03

46119864minus08

31119864minus03

45119864minus08

12119864minus02

14119864minus07

12119864minus02

13119864minus07

HI in

gderm

37119864+01

78119864minus04

26119864+01

64119864minus04

13119864+02

23119864minus03

93119864+01

19119864minus03







Acknowledgments


References




































































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of







Acknowledgments


References




































































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

Research Article Dissolved Concentrations, Sources,...

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