Research Article Assessment of Some Heavy Metals ......Research Article Assessment of Some Heavy...

Research ArticleAssessment of Some Heavy Metals Pollution and Bioavailabilityin Roadside Soil of Alexandria-Marsa Matruh Highway Egypt

Ahmed A Elnazer1 Salman A Salman1 Elmontser M Seleem2 and Elsayed M Abu El Ella3

1Geological Sciences Department National Research Centre 33 El Bohouth Street (Formerly El Tahrir Street)PO Box 12622 Dokki Giza Egypt2Geology Department Faculty of Science Al Azhar University Assiut Branch Egypt3Geology Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Egypt

Correspondence should be addressed to Salman A Salman sal man19yahoocom

Received 26 September 2015 Accepted 6 December 2015

Academic Editor Bela Tothmeresz

Copyright copy 2015 Ahmed A Elnazer et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

To assess the roadside soils contamination with Pb Cd and Zn 34 soil samples were collected along Alexandria-Marsa Matruhhighway Egypt and analyzed by using the atomic absorption The contamination with these metals was evaluated by applyingindex of geoaccumulation (119868geo) contamination factor (CF) pollution load index (PLI) the single ecological risk index (119864

119894) and

the potential ecological risk index (PERI) The average concentrations of Pb Cd and Zn were 382 23 and 434 120583gg respectively119868geo indicates the pollution of soil with Pb and Cd as opposed to Zn 119864

119894shows that the roadside soils had low risk from Pb and Zn

and had considerable to high risk from Cd Most of the samples (62) present low PERI risk associated with metal exposure andthe rest of the samples (38) are of moderate PERI The bioavailable fraction (EDTA-Extract) was 725 and 375 for Pb and Cdcontents respectively These results indicate the remarkable effect of vehicular and agricultural activities on Pb and Cd contents insoil

1 Introduction

Soils are the sink for toxic heavy metals from both naturaland a wide range of anthropogenic sources [1 2] It may becontaminated by the accumulation of heavy metals throughemissions from the industrial activities land applicationof fertilizers pesticides wastewater irrigation spillage ofpetrochemicals and atmospheric deposition [3 4] Vehicularemission has been found to constitute one of the majorsources of soil pollution [5 6] So roadside soils often containhigh concentrations of heavy metals contamination Thesemetals are released from fuel burning wear out of tiresleakage of oils and corrosion of car metal parts [7] Vehicleexhaust is considered as first line source of heavy metalpollutants [8] Simon et al [9] point to the role of trafficemissions in the pollution of Wien soil by Cu Pb and ZnIncreasing levels of soil contamination with heavy metalsmay be transformed and transported to plant [10] and fromplants they pass on to animals and human being [10] Lead

cadmium zinc and nickel are themostmetal pollutants fromheavy traffic owing to their presence in fuel as antiknockagent [10 11]

The elevated total metal content in soil cannot predictthe bioavailability and toxicity of that metal [12 13] Metalavailability to plants can be assessed by using selective extrac-tion and chemical speciation [14]The readily soluble fractionof heavy metals is generally considered to be phytoavailableThe estimation of heavy metal phytoavailability in soils isbecoming more important as risk assessment because totalmetal concentrations may not be the best predictors of metalphytoavailability [15] Single extraction is the most widelyused method for evaluating the phytoavailability of heavymetals in soils Among single extraction methods neutralsalts dilute acids and chelating agents are regarded as themore reliable in predicting the plant availability of metals[16 17]

The objectives of the present work were to (1) assess thedegree of roadside soils contamination by Cd Pb and Zn

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of EcologyVolume 2015 Article ID 689420 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015689420

2 International Journal of Ecology

9 75

31

86

42

33

31 29 2725 23 21 19 17 15 13 11

34

32 30 2826 24

22 203228

3228

30

26

22

30

26

22

1816 14 12 10

Mediterranean Sea

0 22 (km)

Marsa Matruh

28∘09984000998400998400E 29

∘09984000998400998400E

28∘09984000998400998400E 29

∘09984000998400998400E

31∘09984000998400998400N

31∘09984000998400998400N

Egypt

Liby

a Red Sea

Sudan

Mediterranean Sea

N

Figure 1 Location map for sampling sites

using (a) geoaccumulation index (119868geo) (b) contaminationfactor (CF) (c) pollution load index (PLI) and (d) the poten-tial ecological risk index (PERI) and (2) evaluate bioavailablefraction of Cd and Pb in soils This study supports thehypothesis that traffic emissions and agricultural activitymaybe one of the major sources of soil pollution with heavymetals

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area The studied highway is bounded by lon-gitudes 27∘1910158400010158401015840 and 28∘5910158404010158401015840E and latitudes 30∘4910158400010158401015840and 31∘1710158404010158401015840N (Figure 1) It is considered a vital nationaland international road connecting Cairo with the coastalEgyptian cities andwith LibyaThe climate of the study area isunstable characterized by a rainy winter some storms duringspring and occasional sudden heavy rainfall during autumnBut the summer season is characterized by stable warm anddry climatic conditions [21] Geologically the area is coveredby sedimentary rocks belonging to the Quaternary andTertiary The Tertiary deposits are represented by Marmaricalimestone formation The Quaternary deposits are mainlycomposed of limestone facies that rest uncomfortably on theTertiary deposits The Pleistocene sediments are representedby oolitic limestone while the Holocene deposits are muddycomposed of sand silt and clay with abundant carbonategrains [21 22] The area has a heavy flora that begins at thecoastal zone and extends to the rocky plateau There are twokinds of flora in this area the first kind is arks planted witholive figs palm tree and wheat depending on rainfall andwells that are randomly distributedThe second kind is parksof coastal plants and herbs

22 Sampling and Analysis The soil samples were collectedat depths of 0ndash10 cm using hand driven stainless steel augersThirty-four samples (Figure 1) were collected at two distancesof 1 and 30meters from the side of the roadThe geographicalcoordinates of these locations were determined using aGarmin global positioning system (GPS) Soil samples wereair-dried ground and passed through a 2mm sieve Soil pH

was measured in 1 1 soils to water ratio Calcium carbonate(CaCO

3) was estimated by titrimetric method according to

USDA [23] Organic matter (OM) was determined accordingto the modified Walkley and Black method [23] The soilsamples were dried at 110∘C for 3 hrs then ground to passthrough a 63-mesh sieve and homogenized for analysisFor the determination of total metal concentration exactly1 g of powdered soil sample was digested with aqua regia(HNO

3 HCl = 1 3) For available heavy metal content deter-

mination 5 g of soil in 25mL of 005M Na2-EDTA pH 70

was shaken for 1 hr [24] ADAM balance model PW 124(plusmn00001 g) was used for mass measurement The concen-trations of Cd Pb and Zn were determined using atomicabsorption spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer 400) All measure-ments were done in three replicates

23 Pollution Assessment To assess the level of roadside soilpollution with Cd Pb and Zn the index of geoaccumulation(119868geo) the contamination factor the pollution load index(PLI) and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) havebeen determined

The index of geoaccumulation (119868geo)was calculated usingthe following equation [25]

119868geo = log2 (119862119898

15 lowast 119861119898

) (1)

where 119862119898is the measured concentration of the examined

metal in the soil samples and 119861119898is the geochemical back-

ground value of the same metal The background referencein this study is based on the world soil average abundance ofmetals Pb = 22 Cd = 05 and Zn = 63 120583gg [26]The constant15 is used for the possible variations of the background datadue to the lithogenic effects Muller [18] has distinguishedseven classes of the 119868geo (Table 1)

To evaluate ecological risk posed bymultiple element pol-lutions PERI were determined usingHakanson [19] formulasgiven below

PERI = sum119864119894

119864119894= 119879119894lowast CF119894

CF119894=119862119898

119861119898

(2)

where 119864119894is the single ecological risk index 119879

119894is the toxic-

response factor for a given metal (eg Cd = 30 Pb = 5 andZn = 1) [18] and CF

119894is the contamination factor for the same

metal The classes of each index were given in Table 1In addition each site was evaluated for the extent of

metal pollution by applying the pollution load index (PLI)introduced by Tomlinson et al [20] as follows

PLI = (CF1lowast CF2lowast sdot sdot sdot lowast CF

119899)(1119899) (3)

where 119899 is the number ofmetals studiedThe PLI gives simplecomparativemeans for assessing a site qualityThe rank of PLIvalues is shown in Table 1

International Journal of Ecology 3

Table 1 Classes of 119868geo CF 119864119894 PLI and PERI

Value Soil quality Reference

119868geo

119868geo le 0 Uncontaminated

[18]

0 lt 119868geo lt 1 Uncontaminated to moderately contaminated1 lt 119868geo lt 2 Moderately contaminated2 lt 119868geo lt 3 Moderately to strongly contaminated3 lt 119868geo lt 4 Strongly contaminated4 lt 119868geo lt 5 Strongly to extremely contaminated119868geo gt 5 Extremely contaminated

CF

CF lt 1 Low CF

[19]

1 le CF lt 3 Moderate CF3 le CF lt 6 Considerable CFCF ge 6 Very high CF

119864119894

119864119894lt 40 Low risk

40 le 119864119894lt 80 Moderate risk

80 le 119864119894lt 160 Considerable risk

160 le 119864119894lt 320 High risk

119864119894ge 320 Significantly high risk

PERI

PERI lt 150 Low PERI150 le PERI lt 300 Moderate PERI300 le PERI lt 600 Considerable PERI

PERI ge 600 Very high PERI

PLIPLI gt 1 Polluted

[20]PLI = 1 Baseline levelPLI lt 1 Not polluted

3 Results and Discussion

31 pH CaCO3 OrganicMatter andHeavyMetals Contents inRoadside Soils Soil properties and concentration of Cd Pband Zn analyzed in the study area are presented in Table 2The pH values that ranged from 73 to 87 with 50 ofsamples have pH between 77 and 84 It was slightly alkalineto alkaline in nature and did not vary significantly alongthe selected road The elevated soil pH in turn enhancesmetal retention in soil [27] The CaCO

3content was in

a broad range from 25 to 905 with 50 of samples thathave CaCO

3 between 46 and 795 The high CaCO

3

comes from Quaternary sediments of the area which arecharacterized by limestone facies [22] The organic matter(OM) contents of the soils are low less than 207with 75of samples that have less than 1 OM The soil close to theroad contains high percent of OM compared to the fare soilsthis may be the result of the deposition of fuel combustionwear out of tires and leakage of oils on soil

The total lead content ranged from 2915 to 506120583gg(Table 2) and its level in soil decreased with distance fromthe road The high concentration near the road indicates therole of vehicle exhaust as the use of alkyl-lead compoundsas antiknock additives in petrol [28] Unfortunately thesesoils contain Pb levels higher than the average concentrationof world soil (22 120583gg) [26] also higher than the El-Tabbinindustrial area soil of 333 120583gg [29] Shendi et al [30] foundthat Pb concentration in Fayoum roadside soils ranges from

2294 to 3865 120583gg The soil PbZn ratio greater than unity(Table 1) indicates the vehicle exhaust role in the soil pollutionwith Pb [31] while ratio less than unity indicates the roleof the local conditions [32] Lead can be very toxic forhuman health For children it could cause reduction inintellectual quotient hyperactivity and hearing loss and foradults increased blood pressure and liver kidney and fertilitydamage [33]

The observed level of Cd ranged from 125 to 315 120583ggwhich is higher than the global average of Cd content of053 120583gg [26] It appears that sources of Cd in soils are vehicleexhaust deposition andP-fertilizers in the study area whereasthe Egyptian phosphatic deposits which are used in superphosphate fertilizers contain 20 120583gg Cd [34] The role ofagricultural activity appears in the increase of Cd collectedfrom the 30m distance agricultural farm lands Consideringthe absence of any industry in the sampling sites the levels ofCd could be due to lubricating oils and the wearing of tireswhere Cd in car tires has been found to range from 20 to90 120583gg [35] Cadmium is toxic element to humans because iteasilymoves from soil to food plants through root absorptionand fairly large amounts can accumulate in their tissueswithout showing stress [36] Chronic exposure to cadmiumcan affect the nervous system liver cardiovascular systemand led to renal failure and death in mammals and humans[37] Cadmium data from this work is lower than those foundin Fayoum roadside soils [30] The higher concentrationof Pb and Cd in the studied samples than those recorded


Table 2 Summary statistics of the analyzed soil samples results

pH CaCO3 OM Pb (120583gg) Cd (120583gg) Zn (120583gg)

Mean 80 624 071 382 227 434Median 81 620 060 370 225 444Standard deviation 04 196 050 62 053 130Range 14 655 203 215 190 405Minimum 73 250 003 292 125 266Maximum 87 905 207 506 315 6711st quartile 77 460 04 330 20 3153rd quartile 84 795 10 421 27 519

minus3minus2minus1

0123

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Inde

x of

geo

accu

mul

atio

n

Igeo Pb Igeo ZnIgeo Cd

Figure 2 Geoaccumulation index values of Pb Cd and Zn in thestudied soil samples

by Ahdy and Khaled [38] in the sediment of the EgyptianMediterranean coast (Cd 0721 and Pb 2785) indicates theanthropogenic source of both metals

The detected level of Zn ranged between 232 and6705120583gg (Table 1)MeanZn forworldwide soils is calculatedas 64 120583gg [26] Zinc in the roadside soil close to the highwayexhibited elevated levels of the sampling point studied Thetraffic situation in this area of study might be regarded asa source of zinc in the roadside soil Wear and corrosionof vehicle parts (brakes tires radiators bodies and engineparts) might also be one of the potential sources of Zn in thisarea of study Zinc is used in the process of vulcanization oftires as zinc oxide [39] and as antioxidant in the engine oil Asa result of the tirewear andor leaks of engine oil and emissionof the exhaust fumes zinc is deposited on the roadside soils[40]The concentrations of Zn found in the present study arelower than that of roadside soil of Sohag reported by Ibrahimand Omer [41]

32 Assessment of Pollution The calculated values of single(119868geoCF and 119864119894) and integrated (PERI PLI) contaminationindices are summarized in Table 2 The 119868geo values forPb (Table 3 Figure 2) indicate that the soil samples areuncontaminated-moderately contaminated except samples26 and 31 which are considered uncontaminated with PbThe119868geo results indicate the anthropogenic input of Cd into soilwhere most of samples fall in the moderately contaminatedclass (1 lt 119868geo lt 2) Only samples 11 17 28 31 and 33 areconsidered uncontaminated-moderately contaminated with

01234567

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

CF PbCF Cd

CF ZnPLI

Figure 3 CF values of Pb Cd and Zn and PLI in the studied soilsamples

Cd The obtained 119868geo value lt 0 revealed that nearly all thesamples are uncontaminated with Zn

The CF values for Zn are low (lt1) but it was gt1 for Pband Cd (Figure 3) It was found that 85 of the samples haveconsiderable CF for Cd and the rest is of moderate CF whileall the samples have moderate CF for Pb The PLI valuesfor all samples are gt1 indicting the role of external discretesources vehicle exhaust and agricultural activities of soilpollution These results indicate probable environmentalpollution especially with hazards Pb and Cd

The calculated 119864119894indicated that Pb and Zn have low

risk into the local ecosystem (Table 3 Figure 4) while Cdreported the highest 119864

119894ranged from 708 to 1783 (consider-

able to high risk) The overall potential ecological risk of theobservedmetals in 62 of the studied soil constitutes low riskto the local ecosystem with PERI lt 150 The rest of samples(38) havemoderate PERIThe ecological risk comesmainlyfrom the soil pollution with Cd

33 Bioavailability of Metals Metal bioavailability is a keyfactor in risk assessment procedures for contaminated sites[42] Metal toxicity to plants and transfer to food chainare related to metal bioavailability In the present studyPb and Cd have 119868geo gt 1 so the bioavailable content ofthem was estimated The bioavailable lead content estimatedin the roadside soil (Table 4 Figure 5) varies from 1348to 4558 120583gg The average bioavailable component of Pbobserved in study area was 716 of the total concentration


Table 3 Summary statistics of 119868geo CF PLI 119864119894 and PERI for the determined elements

Parameter 119868geo CF PLI 119864119894 PERI

Pb Cd Zn Pb Cd Zn Pb Cd ZnMean 033 15 minus12 191 43 07 17 96 1283 07 1385Median 030 15 minus11 185 43 07 17 93 1274 07 1371Standard deviation 023 04 04 031 1 02 02 16 299 02 309Minimum minus004 07 minus19 146 24 04 13 73 708 04 789Maximum 075 2 minus05 253 59 11 23 127 1783 10 19121st quartile 014 13 minus16 165 37 05 16 82 1104 05 11953rd quartile 049 18 minus09 211 51 08 19 105 1542 08 1661

Table 4 Summary statistics of bioavailable fractions of Pb and Cdand their percent

Parameter Pb Cd120583gg 120583gg

Mean 268 725 082 375Median 276 739 076 344Standard deviation 65 195 023 147Range 321 572 098 531Minimum 135 413 050 213Maximum 456 985 148 7441st quartile 226 570 07 2673rd quartile 313 919 02 439

0

1

10

100

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

E PbE Cd

E ZnPERI

Figure 4 Single ecological risk values of Pb Cd and Zn and PERIin the studied soil samples

of Pb The observed level of Pb in study area and its highermobile component could be attributed to automobile exhaustemissions Rashad et al [43] recorded the range 14ndash25 120583ggwith an average of 19120583gg for the available Pb in the NileDelta soils A range of 046ndash103 120583gg available leadwas foundfor some soils in Assiut [44] while the available fraction of Pbin the surface roadside soil of Fayoum was ranged from 159to 805120583gg [30]

Cadmium available fraction varied between 05 and148 120583gg with an average of 082120583gg (Table 4 and Figure 5)The estimated average bioavailable fraction of Cd in studyarea was 387 of the total concentration of Cd Cadmium

0

1

10

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sitesC

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Pb (T)Cd (T)

Pb (B)Cd (B)

Figure 5 Total (T) and bioavailable (B) fraction of Cd and Pb

in soil may be found in forms that range from sparingly ormoderately to highly soluble This information suggests thatcadmium in soils will exhibit a wide range of bioavailability[45] The observed high concentration in study area couldbe due to anthropogenic effluents from agricultural activityspillage of lubricating oils wear and tear of tires of vehiclesemissions by heavy-duty vehicles that lift oil at the depotand particles from gasoline combustion Heavy metals fromanthropogenic sources tend to be more mobile than pedo-genic or lithogenic ones [46] Pollution of soils sedimentsand water with Cd causes their incorporation into the foodchain which could result in wide variety of adverse effectsin animals and humans since it is a cumulative contaminant[47 48] The DTPA-extractable values of Cd ranged between01 and 085 120583gg in the top roadside soil of Fayoum [30]while Ali [49] recorded 0025 120583gg available (DTPA) Cd infloodplain soil of Sohag

4 Conclusion

This study provides valuable results about Pb Cd and Zncontents along Alexandria-Marsa Matruh highway roadsidesoils These soils contain considerable Pb and Cd concentra-tions in comparison with worldwide soils while Zn concen-trations are below its average worldwide From the studiedsamples the results of 119868geo CF and 119864119894 indicate that the mainsoil pollutant metal is Cd The PLI and PERI calculationspointed to the pollution and low to moderate PERI of soils


Lead (Pb) was observed to have a higher bioavailable fractionthan Cd It appears that the motorway contributes to thesoil pollution with Pb and Zn while agricultural activitiescontribute to the soil pollution with Cd

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] P Anderson C M Davidson D Littlejohn A M Ure L MGarden and J Marshall ldquoComparison of techniques for theanalysis of industrial soils by atomic spectrometryrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry vol 71 no1 pp 19ndash40 1998

[2] L Cai Z Xu M Ren et al ldquoSource identification of eight haz-ardous heavy metals in agricultural soils of Huizhou Guang-dong Province Chinardquo Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safetyvol 78 pp 2ndash8 2012

[3] S Khan Q Cao Y M Zheng Y Z Huang and Y G ZhuldquoHealth risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and foodcrops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing Chinardquo Environmen-tal Pollution vol 152 no 3 pp 686ndash692 2008

[4] M-K Zhang Z-Y Liu and H Wang ldquoUse of single extractionmethods to predict bioavailability of heavy metals in pollutedsoils to ricerdquoCommunications in Soil Science and Plant Analysisvol 41 no 7 pp 820ndash831 2010

[5] K F Akbar W H Hale A D Headley and M Athar ldquoHeavymetal contamination of roadside soils of Northern EnglandrdquoSoil and Water Research vol 1 no 4 pp 158ndash163 2006

[6] D O Olukanni and S A Adebiyi ldquoAssessment of vehicular pol-lution of road side soils in OtaMetropolis Ogun State NigeriardquoInternational Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineeringvol 12 no 4 pp 40ndash46 2012

[7] L M J Dolan H Van Bohemen P Whelan et al ldquoTowardsthe sustainable development of modern road ecosystemrdquo inThe Ecology of Transportation Managing Mobility for the Envi-ronment J Davenport and J L Davenport Eds vol 10 ofEnvironmental Pollution pp 275ndash331 Springer AmsterdamThe Netherlands 2006

[8] A Poszyler-Adamska and A Czerniak ldquoBiological and chem-ical indication of roadside ecotone zonesrdquo Journal of Environ-mental Engineering and Landscape Management vol 15 no 2pp 113ndash118 2007

[9] E Simon A Vidic M Braun I Fabian and B TothmereszldquoTrace element concentrations in soils along urbanizationgradients in the city of Wien Austriardquo Environmental Scienceand Pollution Research vol 20 no 2 pp 917ndash924 2013

[10] M O Atayese A I Eigbadon K A Oluwa and J K AdesodunldquoHeavymetal contamination of amaranthus grown alongmajorhighways in Lagos Nigeriardquo African Crop Science Journal vol16 no 4 pp 225ndash235 2010

[11] K Suzuki T Yabuki and Y Ono ldquoRoadside Rhododendronpulchrum leaves as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution intraffic areas of Okayama Japanrdquo Environmental Monitoring andAssessment vol 149 no 1ndash4 pp 133ndash141 2009

[12] B Clozel V RubanCDurand andPConil ldquoOrigin andmobil-ity of heavy metals in contaminated sediments from reten-

tion and infiltration pondsrdquo Applied Geochemistry vol 21 no10 pp 1781ndash1798 2006

[13] F Pagnanelli E Moscardini V Giuliano and L Toro ldquoSequen-tial extraction of heavy metals in river sediments of an aban-doned pyrite mining area pollution detection and affinityseriesrdquo Environmental Pollution vol 132 no 2 pp 189ndash2012004

[14] U Forstner ldquoMetal speciationmdashgeneral concepts and applica-tionsrdquo International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chem-istry vol 51 no 1ndash4 pp 5ndash23 1993

[15] A Kabata-Pendias ldquoSoil-plant transfer of trace elementsmdashanenvironmental issuerdquo Geoderma vol 122 no 2ndash4 pp 143ndash1492004

[16] Y Chang Z Hseu and F Zehetner ldquoEvaluation of phytoavail-ability of heavy metals to Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensisL) in rural soilsrdquoThe Scientific World Journal vol 2014 ArticleID 309396 10 pages 2014

[17] M T A Chowdhury L Nesa M A Kashem and S M ImamulHuq ldquoAssessment of the phytoavailability of Cd Pb and Znusing various extraction proceduresrdquo Pedologist vol 8 pp 80ndash95 2010

[18] G Muller ldquoDie schwermetallbelastung der sedimenten desNeckars und seiner nebenflusserdquo Chemiker-Zeitung vol 6 pp157ndash164 1981

[19] L Hakanson ldquoEcological risk index for aquatic pollutioncontrol a sedimentological approachrdquo Water Research vol 14pp 975ndash1001 1980

[20] D L Tomlinson J G Wilson C R Harris and D W JeffreyldquoProblems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuariesand the formation of a pollution indexrdquoHelgolander Meeresun-tersuchungen vol 33 no 1ndash4 pp 566ndash575 1980

[21] M Yousif E El Abd and A Baraka ldquoAssessment of waterresources in some drainage basins northwestern coast EgyptrdquoApplied Water Science vol 3 pp 439ndash452 2013

[22] E Ibrahim ldquoGeoelectric resistivity survey for site investigationin East Matruh Area North Western Desert Egyptrdquo WorldApplied Sciences Journal vol 21 no 7 pp 1008ndash1016 2013

[23] USDA ldquoSoil survey laboratory methods manualrdquo Soil SurveyInvestigations Report 42 V3 USDA Washington DC USA1996

[24] P Quevauviller G Rauret R Rubio et al ldquoCertified refer-ence materials for the quality control of EDTA- and aceticacid-extractable contents of trace elements in sewage sludgeamended soils (CRMs 483 and 484)rdquo Freseniusrsquo Journal ofAnalytical Chemistry vol 357 no 6 pp 611ndash618 1997

[25] GMuller ldquoIndex of geoaccumulation in sediments of the RhineRiverrdquo Geo Journal vol 2 no 3 pp 108ndash118 1969

[26] A Kabata-Pendias and H Pendias Trace Elements in Soils andPlants CRC Press Boca Raton Fla USA 2001

[27] B Kocher G Wessolek and H Stoffregen ldquoWater and heavymetal transport in roadside soilsrdquo Pedosphere vol 15 no 6 pp746ndash753 2005

[28] L Gratani S Taglioni and M F Crescente ldquoThe accumulationof lead in agricultural soil and vegetation along a highwayrdquoChemosphere vol 24 no 7 pp 941ndash949 1992

[29] A A Melegy V Cveckova K Krcmova and S Rapant ldquoEnvi-ronmental risk assessment of some potentially toxic elements inEl-Tabbin region (Cairo Egypt)rdquo Environmental Earth Sciencesvol 61 no 2 pp 429ndash439 2010


[30] M M Shendi E A Khater and M H Abdel Motaleb ldquoGISevaluation for the effect of vehicles on the pollution of Fayoumsoils Egyptrdquo in Proceedings of the 3rd Egyptian-Syrian Confer-ence on Agriculture and Food in Middle East vol 3 pp 1ndash19Minia University 2006

[31] Q M Jaradat and K A Momani ldquoContamination of roadsidesoil plants and air with heavy metals in Jordan a comparativestudyrdquo Turkish Journal of Chemistry vol 23 no 2 pp 209ndash2201999

[32] C N Hewitt and G B B Candy ldquoSoil and street dust heavymetal concentrations in and aroundCuenca EcuadorrdquoEnviron-mental Pollution vol 63 no 2 pp 129ndash136 1990

[33] I A Okorie Determination of potentially toxic elements (PTEs)and an assessment of environmental health risk from environ-mental matrices [PhD thesis] School of Applied SciencesNorthumbria University 2010

[34] A El Kammar Comparative mineralogical and geochemicalstudy on some Egyptian phosphorites from Nile Valley Qusierarea and Kharga Oasis Egypt [PhD thesis] Cairo University1974

[35] Z R Nan X Wenqung and C Y Zhao ldquoSpatial distributionof selected trace metals in urban soils of Lan-Zhou city Gansuprovince Northwestern of Chinardquo in Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS rsquo06) pp 3397ndash3400 Denver Colo USA August 2006

[36] M A Oliver ldquoSoil and human health a reviewrdquo EuropeanJournal of Soil Science vol 48 no 4 pp 573ndash592 1997

[37] L Semerjian ldquoEquilibrium and kinetics of cadmiumadsorptionfrom aqueous solutions using untreated Pinus halepensis saw-dustrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 173 no 1ndash3 pp 236ndash242 2010

[38] H H H Ahdy and A Khaled ldquoHeavy metals contamination insediments of the western part of Egyptian Mediterranean SeardquoAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences vol 3 no 4 pp3330ndash3336 2009

[39] K Adachi and Y Tainosho ldquoCharacterization of heavy metalparticles embedded in tire dustrdquoEnvironment International vol30 no 8 pp 1009ndash1017 2004

[40] T B Councell K U Duckenfield E R Landa and E CallenderldquoTire-wear particles as a source of zinc to the environmentrdquoEnvironmental Science and Technology vol 38 no 15 pp 4206ndash4214 2004

[41] M Ibrahim and A Omer ldquoHeavy metals contamination insoils of the major roadway sides and its environmental impactSohag Egyptrdquo in Proceedings of the 2nd International Confer-ence for Development and the Environment in the Arab Worldpp 101ndash120 Assiut Egypt March 2004

[42] G Siebielec T Stuczynski and R Korzeniowska-PucułekldquoMetal bioavailability in long-term contaminated TarnowskieGory soilsrdquo Polish Journal of Environmental Studies vol 15 no1 pp 121ndash129 2006

[43] I F Rashad A O Abdel Nabi M E Hensely andM A KhalafldquoBackground levels of heavy metals in the Nile Delta soilsrdquoEgyptian Journal of Soil Science vol 35 pp 239ndash252 1995

[44] HH GomahAssessment and evaluation of certain heavymetalsin soils and plants in Assiut Governorate [PhD thesis] Facultyof Agriculture Assiut University Assiut Egypt 2001

[45] National Environmental Policy Institute (NEPI) Assessing theBioavailability of Metals in Soil for Use in Human Health RiskAssessment National Environmental Policy Institute (NEPI)Washington DC USA 2000

[46] A Karczewska ldquoMetal species distribution in top- and sub-soil in an area affected by copper smelter emissionsrdquo AppliedGeochemistry vol 11 no 1-2 pp 35ndash42 1996

[47] M P Waalkes ldquoCadmium carcinogenesis in reviewrdquo Journal ofInorganic Biochemistry vol 79 no 1ndash4 pp 241ndash244 2000

[48] International Agency for Research onCancer (IARC) Inorganicand Organic Lead Compounds Monograph 87 supplement 72006

[49] M H M Ali Geochemical characteristics of the surficial Nilebasin sediments and their environmental relevance Sohag areaEgypt[MS thesis] Faculty of Science Sohag University 2005

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ClimatologyJournal of


9 75

31

86

42

33

31 29 2725 23 21 19 17 15 13 11

34

32 30 2826 24

22 203228

3228

30

26

22

30

26

22

1816 14 12 10

Mediterranean Sea

0 22 (km)

Marsa Matruh

28∘09984000998400998400E 29

∘09984000998400998400E

28∘09984000998400998400E 29

∘09984000998400998400E

31∘09984000998400998400N

31∘09984000998400998400N

Egypt

Liby

a Red Sea

Sudan

Mediterranean Sea

N

Figure 1 Location map for sampling sites

using (a) geoaccumulation index (119868geo) (b) contaminationfactor (CF) (c) pollution load index (PLI) and (d) the poten-tial ecological risk index (PERI) and (2) evaluate bioavailablefraction of Cd and Pb in soils This study supports thehypothesis that traffic emissions and agricultural activitymaybe one of the major sources of soil pollution with heavymetals

2 Material and Methods

21 Study Area The studied highway is bounded by lon-gitudes 27∘1910158400010158401015840 and 28∘5910158404010158401015840E and latitudes 30∘4910158400010158401015840and 31∘1710158404010158401015840N (Figure 1) It is considered a vital nationaland international road connecting Cairo with the coastalEgyptian cities andwith LibyaThe climate of the study area isunstable characterized by a rainy winter some storms duringspring and occasional sudden heavy rainfall during autumnBut the summer season is characterized by stable warm anddry climatic conditions [21] Geologically the area is coveredby sedimentary rocks belonging to the Quaternary andTertiary The Tertiary deposits are represented by Marmaricalimestone formation The Quaternary deposits are mainlycomposed of limestone facies that rest uncomfortably on theTertiary deposits The Pleistocene sediments are representedby oolitic limestone while the Holocene deposits are muddycomposed of sand silt and clay with abundant carbonategrains [21 22] The area has a heavy flora that begins at thecoastal zone and extends to the rocky plateau There are twokinds of flora in this area the first kind is arks planted witholive figs palm tree and wheat depending on rainfall andwells that are randomly distributedThe second kind is parksof coastal plants and herbs

22 Sampling and Analysis The soil samples were collectedat depths of 0ndash10 cm using hand driven stainless steel augersThirty-four samples (Figure 1) were collected at two distancesof 1 and 30meters from the side of the roadThe geographicalcoordinates of these locations were determined using aGarmin global positioning system (GPS) Soil samples wereair-dried ground and passed through a 2mm sieve Soil pH

was measured in 1 1 soils to water ratio Calcium carbonate(CaCO

3) was estimated by titrimetric method according to

USDA [23] Organic matter (OM) was determined accordingto the modified Walkley and Black method [23] The soilsamples were dried at 110∘C for 3 hrs then ground to passthrough a 63-mesh sieve and homogenized for analysisFor the determination of total metal concentration exactly1 g of powdered soil sample was digested with aqua regia(HNO

3 HCl = 1 3) For available heavy metal content deter-

mination 5 g of soil in 25mL of 005M Na2-EDTA pH 70

was shaken for 1 hr [24] ADAM balance model PW 124(plusmn00001 g) was used for mass measurement The concen-trations of Cd Pb and Zn were determined using atomicabsorption spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer 400) All measure-ments were done in three replicates

23 Pollution Assessment To assess the level of roadside soilpollution with Cd Pb and Zn the index of geoaccumulation(119868geo) the contamination factor the pollution load index(PLI) and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) havebeen determined

The index of geoaccumulation (119868geo)was calculated usingthe following equation [25]

119868geo = log2 (119862119898

15 lowast 119861119898

) (1)

where 119862119898is the measured concentration of the examined

metal in the soil samples and 119861119898is the geochemical back-

ground value of the same metal The background referencein this study is based on the world soil average abundance ofmetals Pb = 22 Cd = 05 and Zn = 63 120583gg [26]The constant15 is used for the possible variations of the background datadue to the lithogenic effects Muller [18] has distinguishedseven classes of the 119868geo (Table 1)

To evaluate ecological risk posed bymultiple element pol-lutions PERI were determined usingHakanson [19] formulasgiven below

PERI = sum119864119894

119864119894= 119879119894lowast CF119894

CF119894=119862119898

119861119898

(2)

where 119864119894is the single ecological risk index 119879

119894is the toxic-

response factor for a given metal (eg Cd = 30 Pb = 5 andZn = 1) [18] and CF

119894is the contamination factor for the same

metal The classes of each index were given in Table 1In addition each site was evaluated for the extent of

metal pollution by applying the pollution load index (PLI)introduced by Tomlinson et al [20] as follows

PLI = (CF1lowast CF2lowast sdot sdot sdot lowast CF

119899)(1119899) (3)

where 119899 is the number ofmetals studiedThe PLI gives simplecomparativemeans for assessing a site qualityThe rank of PLIvalues is shown in Table 1




119868geo


[18]


CF

CF lt 1 Low CF

[19]


119864119894

119864119894lt 40 Low risk



160 le 119864119894lt 320 High risk


PERI







3content was in



3









minus3minus2minus1

0123

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Inde

x of

geo

accu

mul

atio

n






01234567

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

CF PbCF Cd

CF ZnPLI
















0

1

10

100

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

E PbE Cd

E ZnPERI




0

1

10

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sitesC

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Pb (T)Cd (T)

Pb (B)Cd (B)



4 Conclusion






References
























































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics

















119868geo


[18]


CF

CF lt 1 Low CF

[19]


119864119894

119864119894lt 40 Low risk



160 le 119864119894lt 320 High risk


PERI







3content was in



3









minus3minus2minus1

0123

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Inde

x of

geo

accu

mul

atio

n






01234567

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

CF PbCF Cd

CF ZnPLI
















0

1

10

100

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

E PbE Cd

E ZnPERI




0

1

10

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sitesC

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Pb (T)Cd (T)

Pb (B)Cd (B)



4 Conclusion






References
























































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















minus3minus2minus1

0123

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Inde

x of

geo

accu

mul

atio

n






01234567

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

CF PbCF Cd

CF ZnPLI
















0

1

10

100

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

E PbE Cd

E ZnPERI




0

1

10

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sitesC

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Pb (T)Cd (T)

Pb (B)Cd (B)



4 Conclusion






References
























































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics





















0

1

10

100

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sites

Indi

ces v

alue

s

E PbE Cd

E ZnPERI




0

1

10

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Sampling sitesC

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Pb (T)Cd (T)

Pb (B)Cd (B)



4 Conclusion






References
























































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















References
























































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics







































Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














Research Article Assessment of Some Heavy Metals ......Research Article Assessment of Some Heavy...

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