Research about tuba-tuba
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Transcript of Research about tuba-tuba
Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas) seed extract effects on
Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum)
Proponent:
Lloyd P. Ondangan
IV-Einstein
Submitted as a Requirement for Research II
Agusan National High School
A.D Curato Street Butuan City
Mrs.Marie Lou Paler
Adviser
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study . . . . . . . .1
B. Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . .2
C. Statement of the Hypothesis. . . . . . 2
D. Statement of the Objectives . . . . . .2
E. Significance of the Study. . . . . . . .3
F. Scope and Limitation. . . . . . . . . . 3
G. Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . .7
3. METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
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Chapter I
Introduction
Background of the study
Crabgrass (D. ischaemum). This kind of plant is a
competitor for water supply, sunlight and other source of
nutrients of the other plants. It is not helpful for it
competes with the other, some lawn owners considered it as a
pest. This is an unwanted plant that needs to be controlled.
People used various products to control grass, but
some are harmful to the environment and quite expensive. The
researcher developed a natural herbicide that can kill grass
using the seed extract of tuba-tuba plant. Tuba-tuba is a
plant that grows in tropical and subtropical regions in the
world. This plant contains toxalbumin curcin that is a
highly poisonous chemical found in the seeds. Several cases
of poisoning are cited due to seed intake of the said plant.
In the study, the effects of tuba-tuba seed herbicide
is observed and compared to the effects of a commercial
herbicide to the weed crabgrass.
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Statement of the Problem
The following are the problems the researcher aims to
answer during and after the investigation process.
1. Is there a significant difference on the herbicidal
activity of tuba-tuba extract and commercial herbicide
in the weed crabgrass?
2. Is there a significant difference on the no. of weeds
present between the use of tuba-tuba extract and
commercial herbicide?
Statement of the Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between
the herbicidal activity of tuba-tuba seed extract and
commercial herbicide in the weed crabgrass.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference
between the herbicidal activity of tuba-tuba seed extract
and commercial herbicide in the weed crabgrass.
Statement of the Objectives
The following are the objectives the researcher aims to
achieve during and after the investigation:
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1. To be able to compare the herbicidal activity of
tuba-tuba seed herbicide and commercial herbicide in
the weed crabgrass.
2. To be able to give a clear conclusion whether the
tuba-tuba seed extract has herbicidal activity and
can be used as a herbicide.
Significance of the Study
The study can provide useful informations for searching
an alternative and organic herbicide. The study proposes a
product that is cheap yet having herbicidal activity and
environment-friendly. The study proposes a product that can
kill unwanted growth of weeds, giving opportunity to plants
to wield having no competitor for nutrients, water supply,
and sunlight. The study explores the uses of tuba-tuba
plant; this plant is commonly found in the locality.
Scope and Limitations
The study uses tuba-tuba seeds, which germinates 7-14
days in organic mix soil with good moisture, collection of
seed may take time.
The tuba-tuba seed is poisonous. Wrong usage of the
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product could poison the user and may lead to death. The
product has health risks, sniffing it can cause dizziness
and/or headache. Improper management of the product can
cause The accumulation of tuba-tuba seed is a hard task for
a plant of tuba-tuba does have only a few seeds. The lacking
seeds will lead to a lower concentration and may affect the
herbicidal activity of the product.
The study focus only to the weed crabgrass and not a
herbicide for all weeds.
Definition of Terms
1. Herbicide - A substance that is toxic to plants and is
used to destroy unwanted vegetation.
2. Crabgrass - a grass (Digitaria) that has creeping or
decumbent stems which root freely at the nodes and that
is often a pest in turf or cultivated lands.
3. Tuba-tuba - small tropical tree yielding purple dye and
a tanning extract and bearing physic nuts containing
purgative oil that is poisonous in large quantities.
4. Toxalbumin curcin – a highly poisonous chemical found
in the tuba-tuba seeds.
5. Weed - A wild plant growing where it is not wanted and
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6. in competition with cultivated plants.
7. Pest - A destructive insect or other plant that attacks
crops, food, livestock, etc.
8. Risky - Full of the possibility of danger, failure, or
loss.
9. Pollution – The presence in or introduction into the
environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or
poisonous effects.
10. Concentration – amount of a substance in a
specific space or substance.
11. Sniff – Draw in air audibly through the nose.
12. Residue – A small amount of something that remains
after the main part has gone or been taken or used.
13. Lung Problems – any problem in the lungs or that
prevents the lungs from working properly.
14. Chemical – A compound or substance that has been
purified or prepared, esp. artificially.
15. Poison – A substance that, when introduced into or
absorbed by a living organism, causes death or injury,
esp. one that kills by rapid action
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16. Compete – Strive to gain or win something by
defeating or establishing superiority over others who
are trying to do the same.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Tuba-tuba
In an article entitled Higher Plant Genera and their
toxins (2008), tuba-tuba plant is a large coarse shrub or a
small tree which can grow 3.5 to 4.5 meters tall. It has
thin, often greenish bark which exudes copious amounts of
watery sap when cut. The leaves are dark green, simple ovate
to slightly lobed with 3-5 indentations, and widens up to 15
cm. The fruit are small capsule-like, round fruit; about 2.5
to 4 cm in diameter. These are green and fleshy when
immature, becoming dark brown when ripe and splits to
release 2 – 3 black seeds each about 2 cm long. The meat of
the seeds is white and oily in texture.
Moreover, in an article entitle Floral Boilogy and
Hybridization Potential of Nine Accessions of Physic Nut
(Jatropha curcas L.) Originating from Three Continents
(2012), Jatropha curcas is a shrub which has an important
economic and medicinal role in tropical and subtropical
zones of the world. The oil of its kernels can serve as
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fuel feedstock to produce diesel, indicating its
potential as a renewable source of energy.
From the article entitled Promoting the conservation
and use of underutilized and neglected crops (2010), the
physic nut is a drought-resistant species which is widely
cultivated in the tropics as a living fence. Many parts of
the plants are used in traditional medicine. The seeds,
however, are toxic to humans and many animals. Considerable
amounts of physic nut seeds were produced on Cape Verde
during the first half of this century, and this constituted
an important contribution to the country’s economy. Seeds
were exported to Lisbon and Marseille for oil extraction and
soap production. Today’s global production is, however,
negligible. Preparations of all parts of the plant,
including seeds, leaves and bark, fresh or as a decoction,
are used in traditional medicine and for veterinary
purposes. The oil has a strong purgative action and is also
widely used for skin diseases and to soothe pain such as
that caused by rheumatism. A decoction of leaves is used
against cough and as an antiseptic after birth. Physic nut
is well adapted to marginal areas with poor soils and low
rainfall, where it grows without competing with annual food
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crops, thus filling an ecological niche. It is widely
distributed in the tropics and is already used to a certain
extent. Any further promotion of its use would, therefore,
be facilitated by this. The species has numerous uses and in
their combination lies the potential of this crop. The most
important is the combination of erosion control and oil
production. The use of the oil as a substitute for diesel
fuel and for soap production in rural areas would improve
the living conditions of the people and would offer
additional income.
In a news article of Inquirer entitled Tuba-tuba
poisoning justifies tree cutting (2013), 30 children (aged 3
to 12) fell ill after eating tuba-tuba seeds in Barangay San
Nicolas, Pampanga. The victims complained of abdominal pain,
several of them suffered from severe dehydration due to
vomiting. One of the victims mistook the tuba-tuba seed as
small apple that tasted like peanuts; he shared it to his
friends for them to taste.
Another news article from PhilStar entitled
Poisonous plant downs 14 kids in Tondo (2008), 14 children
were rushed in the Jose Reyes Memorial Medical Center
because of poisoning. The children took and ate the seed of
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tuba-tuba, after ingesting, the children experienced stomach
pain. According to the doctor, the fruit of the plant
contains acid which irritates the lining of the stomach and
is not advisable for ingestion. The patients were given
activated charcoal that magnetized the poisonous substance.
When they moved their bowels, the toxin were naturally
discharged along with the charcoal. The doctor added that
while the sap, juice and oil from the stems and leaves of
tuba-tuba are known purgative, anti-rheumatic and anti-
helminthic, the seeds are highly toxic. He warned the seeds
contain curcin, a toxic substance that cause hemorrhagic
gastroenteritis or bloody diarrhea. It could be fatal if the
condition progressed into dehydration and circulatory
collapse.
Toxalbumin curcin
In an article entitled Handbook of Energy Crops, it is
a poisonous toxin found in the tuba-tuba seeds. The
poisoning is irritant, with acute abdominal pain and nausea
about ½ hour following ingestion. Diarrhea and nausea
continue but are not usually serious. Depression and
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collapse may occur, especially in children. Two seeds are
strong purgative. Four to five seed are said to have caused
death, but the roasted seed is said to be nearly innocuous.
Bark, fruit, leaf, root, and wood are all reported to
contain HCN. Seeds contain the dangerous toxalbumin curcin,
rendering them potentially fatally toxic.
Herbicide
An article entitled HERBICIDE USE: BENEFITS FOR SOCIETY
AS A WHOLE (2010), Herbicides are one of the crucial factors
in a worldwide increase in agricultural production.
Herbicides contribute effectively and profitably to weed
control, environmental protection, and, in the same time,
saving labor necessary for weed control practices, reduced
soil erosion, saved energy, increased crop production,
reduced the cost of farming. Therefore, herbicides benefit
society as a whole. But, use of herbicides has created
considerable concern for human health and environment.
Fortunately, the health and environmental risks associated
with herbicide use are largely a manageable problem. In most
cases, herbicide
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misuse is a human health and environmental risks. The use of
herbicides has created considerable controversy in the world
wide. It is widely believed by the public that herbicides
pose substantial dangers to the population at large through
residues on food and ground-water contamination, to farm
workers through occupational exposure. In our industrialized
society, the common feeling about herbicides is often
unreasonably hostile. Statistical studies made by herbicides
manufacturers revealed that more than 90% of the
interviewed, even without contact with agriculture, consider
herbicides dangerous for man and for the environment. This
poor social acceptance is probably due to the poor
communication existing between the scientific world and the
society. Scientist and researchers have to give objective
and scientific explanations for developing herbicides.
Crabgrass
In an article entitled Crabgrass Control (2010),
Crabgrass is a summer annual weed (one that germinates in
the spring or summer, flowers, sets seed, and dies during a
single growing season). In regularly mowed lawns it grows
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prostrate and spreading. It dies in autumn with the first
killing frost. It has the ability to survive in poor, dry
soil conditions, but easily tolerates soil conditions of
most kinds. In lawns it is often found where the soil and
maintenance practices are poor. Crabgrass reproduces from
seed that can germinate from mid-spring to late summer. All
crabgrass seed in the soil does not germinate each year.
Research has shown that less than 50% of the seed produced
the previous year will germinate the following spring. Lawns
infested with crabgrass for several years in a row will have
a large bank of viable seed during the spring due to the
high level of seed production over the years. If crabgrass
seed production is prevented, you will significantly reduce
the seed present in the weed seed bank in your lawn.
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Chapter III
Methdology
This section shows the materials and tools needed and
how will be the experimentation done.
Collection of Tuba-tuba seeds
Find the nearest tuba-tuba plant in the locality. The
seeds will be gathered using a long stick (gather as many
seeds as possible for greater production of the herbicide).
The dried seeds will be put in a closed container while the
green will be put in a separate container. The dried seeds
will be set aside; the green seeds will be sundried for 5-7
days until the seed will obtain a black color.
Extraction of Tuba-tuba seed
Prepare a pot, 1 liter of water, strainer, container,
and the sundried tuba-tuba seeds. Put the water and the
sundried tuba-tuba seeds into the pot. Make a fire, and then
place the pot (with water and sundried tuba-tuba seeds) into
it. Boil it for 30 minutes, maintain the fire. After this,
set aside the pot and put out the fire. Using
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the potholder, carefully pour the substance into the
strainer and the container catching the liquid. Close the
container and set it aside.
Prepare mortar and pestle. Use gloves and mask for
safety. The boiled tuba-tuba seeds will undergo
pulverization using mortar and pestle. Boil the pulverized
tuba-tuba seeds for 15 minutes using 1 cup of water. Then,
strain it to the container (use the same container). The
container will be left aside until the crabgrass is ready
for operation.
Preparation of Crabgrass
Make 8 ½ by ½ meter plot. Plant two stems of crabgrass
in each plot, watering it twice a day for 10-20 days (if
sunlight is always present). If it rains, the watering of
the plants will be stopped until the sunlight returns. The
plants will be ready after it reached its adult size. The
plants will now ready for the experimentation.
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Treatment of Tuba-tuba seed herbicide
Prepare the tuba-tuba seed herbicide, commercial
herbicide, gloves, mask, and spray bottle. Put the extracts
of tuba-tuba seed in the spray bottle. For safety, wear the
gloves and mask (use pants and sweatshirt if possible). For
each of the 4 plots, spray it with the tuba-tuba seed
herbicide with 20mL evenly. For each of the rest of plots,
use the commercial herbicide and spray it evenly. Record the
time in minutes, the time does the crabgrass withered. After
1 hour, measure the area of effect of the each herbicide in
centimeter. The observations will be recorded in a notebook.
Waste Disposal
The crabgrass will be uprooted and will be put in a
garbage bag. The remaining substance of commercial herbicide
will be stored and used. The remaining tuba-tuba seed
herbicide will be put in a container labeling it as
poisonous. After 1 month, it will be collected by the
government dumptruck to the Amparo dumpsite.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kingsbury, J. M.(2008). Higher Plant Genera and their
toxins. Washington, D.C.: Scientia Press
Ahoton, L.E.,& Quenum, F. (2012).Floral Boilogy and
Hybridization Potential of Nine Accessions of
Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) Originating from
Three Continents. Benin: TROPICULTURA
Heller, J. (2010).Promoting the conservation and use of
underutilized and neglected crops. Rome:
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
Orejas, R. (2013, February 19). Tuba-tuba poisoning
justifies tree cutting. Inquirer
Etolle, N. & Crisostomo, S. (2008). Poisonous plant downs 14
kids in Tondo. PhilStar
Pacanoski, Z. (2010). HERBICIDE USE: BENEFITS FOR SOCIETY AS
A WHOLE. Retrieved October 17, 2013,
http://www.wssp.org.pk/131216.htm
Duke, J. (n.d). Handbook of Energy Crops. United States:
Purdue University Publications
17
Cornell University (2010). Crabgrass Controll. Retrieved
October 17, 2013,
http://www.maine.gov/agriculture/pesticides/gotpes
ts/weeds/factsheets/crabgrass-cornell.pdf
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