reseach mba 2nd sem

7/31/2019 reseach mba 2nd sem

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Unit II: Research Design

Prof. Shailja Bhakar


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Concept of a Research Problem

A Research Problem in general,

refers to some difficulty which

researcher experiences in thecontext of either a theoretical or

practical situation and wants to

obtain a solution for the same.


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Selection of a Research Problem

1. Subject which is overdone should not normally be chosen2. Controversial subject should not be chosen by an average

researcher

3. Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided

4. The subject selected for research should be familiar andfeasible so that the related research material or sources of

research are within ones reach

5. The importance of subject, the qualification and training of a

researcher, the costs involved, the time factor should also beconsidered

6. The selection of a problem must be preceded by a

preliminary study


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Necessity of defining the problem

Clear statement of problem

Signifies the need for research

Helps in unambiguous research Discriminate relevant data from irrelevant one

Strategy making or research design

formulation


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Formulating a Research Problem

Ascertain the decision makers objectives

Understand the background of the problem

Isolate and identify the problem not the

symptoms

Determine the unit of analysis

Determine the relevant variables

State the research questions and research

objectives


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MILESTONE

FE

WMI

LESAWAYFR

OMMU

MBAI


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Research Design

Research design constitutes the blueprint for the

collection, measurement and analysis of data Research design aids the researcher in the allocation of

limited resources by posing crucial choices in

methodology

Research design is a plan or structure of investigation

so conceived as to obtain answers to research

questions

Research design expresses the structure of the researchproblem- the framework, organization or configuration

of the relationships among variables of a study and the

plan of investigation used to obtain empirical evidence

of those relationship


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Essentials of a research design

An activity and time based plan

A plan always based on the research question

A guide for selecting sources and type ofinformation

A framework for specifying the relationship

among study variables A procedural outline for every research

activity


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Features of a good design

Flexible as well as fix both

Appropriate

Efficient

Economical The design which minimizes bias and maximizes

reliability

Which gives smallest experimental error

Maximum information Provides an opportunity for considering many

different aspect of problem


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Types of research design

Exploratory Study: Exploration is particularlyuseful when

1. Lack of clear idea of problem

2. Develop concepts more clearly3. Establish priorities

4. Develop operational definitions

5. Improves final research design6. Saves time and money

7. Idea is vague and unclear


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Exploration relies more onqualitative techniques-Approaches that are widely usedin exploratory research designare

1. Secondary data analysis

2. Experience survey

3. Focus group

4. Two stage design5. Projective techniques

6. Other techniques

Exploratory

Design

QualitativeQuantitative


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1. Secondary data analysis: The first step in anexploratory study is a search of secondary literature.

Sources of secondary data collection are:

a) Organization own data archives

b) Reports of prior research study

c) Published documents prepared by researcher/author outside the sponsor organization

d) Periodicals and books on all aspects of business

e) Catalogs, guides, indexes available in librariesSecondary sources can supply excellent sources of

background information


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Types of research design2. Experience survey: An interview is conducted in experience survey of

experiences people to seek their ideas about important issues or aspectsof the subject and discover what is important across the subjects range of

knowledge

Questions asked in experience survey:

a) What is being done

b) What has been tried in past with or without success

c) How have things changed

d) What are the change producing elements of the situation

e) Who is involved in the decision

f) What roles everyone is playingg) Barriers, problem areas, cost, priority areas etc

Probing such questions may show certain facilities are available, what

factors need to be controlled and how and who will cooperate in the

study


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3. Focus Group: Focus group became widely usedin 1980s and are used for increasingly diverseresearch application today

a) It is a group of people (6 to 10 participants)b) Led by trained motivator/ moderator

c) Upto 90 min to 2 hrs duration Group Discussion

d) Group exchanges ideas, feelings andexperiences

e) Facilitator or moderator uses group dynamicsprinciples to focus or guide the group


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Basic output of focus group

a) Ideas, observations and recommendations by moderator

b) These are often used for later quantitative testing

c) In exploratory research the qualitative data produced during

focus group may be used for enriching all levels of research

questions and hypothesis and comparing effectiveness of design

option

4. Two Stage Design: With this approach exploration becomes a

separate first stage with limited objectives:

a) Clearly defining the research questions

b) Developing a research design


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5. Projective techniques: Identifies perception of the responder Construction

Thermatic Apperception Test (TAT)

Item Substitution Test

Association

Word-Association

Ink Blot (Rorschach Test)

Cloud Pictures

Auditory Projective Techniques

Completion Sentence-completion

Picture Completion

Psychodrama


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Other techniques:

1. Individual depth interview

2. Observation

3. Pilot test4. Case study

5. Expert interviewing

6. Document testing

7. Role playing

8. Games


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Causal Research: Causal research evaluates the cause andeffect relationship between different variables:

There are three possible relationships that can occur betweentwo variables:

1. Symmetrical: is one in which two variables fluctuatetogether but it is assumed that neither variable changes dueto other variable

2. Reciprocal: Exists when two variables mutually influence orreinforce each other

3. Asymmetrical: Exists when one variable (independentvariable) is responsible for changes in other variable(dependent variable)

The degree to which each variable may be altered

The time order between the variables


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Testing causal hypothesis: No one can ever prove that onevariable is cause of other variable researcher has to gathersome evidence to increase the belief that A leads to B.These evidences are generated through experimentaldesigns. Prof R. A Fisher developed these experimental

designs Basic principles of experimental designs:

1. Principle of replication: Repetition of experiment

2. Principle of randomization: Random block wise

experiment3. Principle of Variability: Controlling variability. Variability

should be measured and should be eliminated from theexperiment


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Important concepts relating to

Research Design Dependent and Independent Variable

Extraneous Variable

Control

Confounded Relationship

Research Hypothesis

Experiments

Experimental and Non Experimental Hypothesis

Testing Research

Experimental and control group

Treatments Experimental Units

Errors: Constant and Random

Classificatory v/s Continuous variables


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Field vs. Laboratory Experiment


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Laboratory Experiment Field Experiment

Artificial-Low Realism

Few Extraneous

Variables

High control

Low Cost

Short Duration

Subjects Aware of

Participation

Natural-High Realism

Many Extraneous

Variables

Low control

High Cost

Long Duration

Subjects Unaware of

Participation


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Factors Influencing Internal Validity

History

Maturation

Testing Instrumentation

Selection

Mortality


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Type of Extraneous Variable

History - Specific events in the environment between the Before and

After measurement that are

beyond the experimenters control

Maturation - Subjects change during the course of the experiment

Testing - The Before measure alerts or sensitizes subject to nature

of experiment or second measure.

Instrument - Changes in instrument result in response bias

Selection - Sample selection error because of differential selectioncomparison groups

Mortality - Sample attrition; some subjects withdraw from

experiment


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What are the Different BasicExperimental Designs?


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Quasi-Experimental Designs

One Shot Design (After Only)

One Group Pretest-Posttest

Static Group Design


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One Shot Design (After Only)

X O1


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One Group Pretest-Posttest

O1 X O2


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Static Group Design

Experimental Group X O1

Control Group O2


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Three Good Experimental Designs

Pretest - Posttest Control Group Design

Posttest Only Control Group

Solomon Four Group Design


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Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

Experimental Group R O1 X O2

Control Group R O3 X O4


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Posttest Only Control Group

Experimental Group R X O1

Control Group R O2

O Sh D i


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One-Shot Design

Internal Validity Problems

History

weak

Maturation weak

Testing

not relevant

Instrumentation

not relevant

Selection weak

Mortality

weak

O G P P


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One-Group Pretest-Posttest


History

weak

Maturation weak

Testing

weak

Instrumentation

weak

Selection controlled

Mortality

controlled

S i G D i


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Static-Group Design


History

controlled

Maturation possible source

of concern

Testing controlled

Instrumentation

controlled

Selection weak

Mortality

weak

l


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Pretest-Posttest Control


History

controlled

Maturation controlled

Testing

controlled

Instrumentation

controlled


Mortality

controlled

S l F G D i


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Solomon Four-Group Design


History

controlled


Testing

controlled

Instrumentation

controlled


Mortality

controlled

P tt t O l C t l


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Posttest-Only Control


History

controlled


Testing

controlled

Instrumentation

controlled


Mortality

controlled


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Solomon Four Group Design

Experimental Group 1: R O1 X O2Control Group 1: R O3 O4Experimental Group 2: R X O5Control Group 2: R X O6


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III. Descriptive Studies: In contrast to exploratorystudies, more formalized studies are typicallystructured with clearly stated hypothesis orinvestigative questions. Various research

objectives are:1. Description of phenomena or characteristics

associated with a subject population (who,what, when, where and how of a topic)

2. Estimates of proportions of a population thathave these characteristics

3. Discovery of association among differentvariables labeled as correlated study


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Diagnostic studies also follow same pattern asdescriptive studies: conducted in followingsituations

1. Analysis of characteristics of certain group.

Example: Users of a product2. Identify proportion of people in specified

population who behave in certain way

3. To forecast future trends

4. To study whether certain variables areassociated. Example: Income and use of aproduct


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Nature1. Rigid design

2. Probability Sampling

3. Pre planned design for analysis

4. Structure and well thought out instruments forcollection of data

5. Advance decisions about operational procedure

Design

1. Survey : Questionnaire and Interview2. Observation

3. Secondary data


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Stages in research design

Nature of problem

Exploratory study

Objective and hypothesis framing

Selection of appropriate researchdesign

Application of research design

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