Rescue training by salim solanki

• RESCUE TECHNIQUES TRAINING MODULE

Created by Salim Solanki

Fall HazardsLaddersScaffoldsBucketsTowersWork Platforms

ORFrom any other off ground situation

Keep Your SAFETY in MindInspect equipment before use.Get faulty equipment repaired before using itFollow safe work practices in all off-the-ground situations(4 feet or more off-the-ground and 6 feet or more off-the-ground in construction industry)


LADDERSAre the rungs in good condition?Use a three point climb (2 feet and 1 hand or 2 hands and 1 foot)Always face the front of the ladderKeep hands on side rails at all timesKeep weight centered


Basic Rescue Knots•BowlineUsed as a Rescue Knot or to hoist tools

•Double FishermanUsed to create a prussic hitch

•Clove HitchUsed secure a rope to an object

•Around an object•Over an object

• Figure Eight Knot

• On a bight – around an object

• Follow through – around an object

• Double loop – for a dual anchor point

• Inline – as a anchor point Created by Salim Solanki

WORKING AT HEIGHT EFFECTIVE USE OF SAFETY HARNESS

USE FULL BODY HARNESS WITH DOUBLE LIFELINE AND SHOCK ABSORBER

√ALWAYS USE FULL BODY HARNESS WITH SHOCK ABSORBER AND TWO LIFELINESDO’S & DONT’S


Wearing protectionThere are three levels of protective clothing that should be used in rescue work.

1st: Normal protective clothingSuch clothing can be worn within an area that is not contaminated with gases, chemicals, flammable liquids or any radioactive materials; includes goggles or face shields, coveralls, gloves, knee guards, boots and an appropriate mask.2nd: Full protective clothingClothing designed to prevent gases/vapours, liquids and solids from coming into direct contact with the skin; may include a helmet, face mask, coat and pants (customarily worn by firefighters), gloves, rubber boots, bands (light-reflecting material) around waist, arms and legs as well as coverings for other parts of the head not protected by the face mask or helmet.3rd: Special protective clothingClothing specially designed to protect against a specific product hazard (for example: strong acids, radioactive materials, cryogenic gases or poisonous substances).

Confined spacesEntry into confined spaces is one of the most hazardous tasks faced by rescue personnel. A confined space:• has limited access because of construction, location or contents • has the capability of developing a buildup of hazardous gas/vapour/ dust/fumes or an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Entry into a confined space may require specialized equipment such as a self-contained breathing apparatus.•No matter how urgent the situation appears, never enter a damaged building without first getting advice from a rescue expert. •Take measures to control hazards and protect the rescuers first.• Find out as much as you can about the structure you are about to enter. •Use your power of observation and your ability to obtain information to enhance your safety and chances of success. •Clearing debris from the opposite side of the building where people are less likely to be is a waste of precious time.

Reconnaissance is the first step in any rescue. This first step well will build a solid base for your rescue efforts. As you are conducting your reconnaissance, try to locate casualties by calling out: "Rescue party here! Can you hear me? If you can't call out, tap in a series of three." Remember you won't help anybody by becoming a casualty yourself.When you are given permission to enter a building, always work with a partner. Move slowly and test each step. Walk close to walls. Walk backward and close to walls when descending stairs.Look out for unsafe walls. Blocked or jammed doors may be supporting debris on the other side. Look for weakened stairways, projecting glass fragments, splintered woodwork, projecting nails and spikes, escaping gas, flooding of basements and exposed wiring

Skills•Rescue is seldom a one-person effort. •The ability to work as a team greatly enhances rescue efforts. •Each individual in a team has experience or skills that may be useful.• Disaster situations will bring people together who have never met before and unite them in the pursuit of the common goal of saving lives. •Taking a few minutes to find out about the skills and experience of each member of the team is an important first step. •The strength of a team lies in the versatility of its members and its ability to draw on this diversity of knowledge and experience.•Rescue workers should have a knowledge of ropes and knots and lashing. •They should know how to use jacks and levers, chain hoists and ladders. •They should learn about shoring up buildings with materials found on the spot. •They should know how to handle casualties; a first aid course is mandatory.•.

• And, there is another thing they should learn… to stay alive while rescuing others.

• To do this they should understand something about the way buildings are constructed and how they collapse.

• They should learn to work as safely as possible in collapsed buildings, rubble and debris

This knot, from the figure eight family, is used mainly as a stop knot to prevent a free end of rope from running through a pulley or a block.

Rescue skills

Knot tyingAlthough there are other knots and hitches that can be used in rescue work, the ones mentioned here are the most common and should be learned if you are to be a good rescue worker. Lives may depend on your being able to tie the right knot securely at the moment it's needed in light or dark, rain or shine. The use of natural fibre rope must be discouraged for the rescue of human life. For most other operations, natural fibre rope will suffice. Beware of ropes or straps that have been in the sun for some time; this may have weakened them.•Running end: the end you are working with in tying the knot •Standing end: the inactive end of the rope

Simple figure eight knot

Reef knot

A useful knot for general purposes, it is used mainly for tying bandages.

Clove hitch

A quickly-tied hitch which forms the basis of many securing knots, it is useful for anchoring a rope to an object.

Figure eight-on-a-bight

This is a widely used knot for tying/attaching safety lines, persons on the rope, anchor lines, rescue devices and other equipment.

Sheet bend

A sheet bend is used for joining two ropes of different sizes.

The double sheet bend is more secure than the single sheet bend and is used when there is a great difference in the size of the rope (as shown here). In rescue work, a double sheet bend is used for tying all ropes together and can be used for joining ropes with chains.

Both knots have the advantage that they do not slip when the rope is wet.

Bowline

A general purpose knot, the bowline makes a loop that won't tighten.

Round turn and two half hitches

This knot is used for securing a rope to a spar, picket or anchorage. It is particularly useful where guy lines are secured to pickets and an adjusting knot is required.

Timber hitch

This is a quickly-made temporary knot used to secure a rope to a spar, plank or pole. When lifting spars, planks or poles this knot should be used in conjuction with a half hitch placed at the upper end of the object being raised.

Use of levers and jacks

Floor jack

A hydraulic service jack (floor jack) has the advantage of no loose chain to get in the way. It takes little space and can be set up quickly. Remember not to use metal against metal and make sure that as you lift, you use a crib.

Ladders

Metal ladders are valuable pieces of rescue equipment. They can be used for bridges. When using a ladder as a bridge, make sure you have left plenty of overlap at each end (a minimum of three rungs). Place boards over the rungs to improve the footing. (Keep in mind that metal ladders conduct electricity so be careful where you place them.)

To erect a ladder, have one person "foot" it to prevent slipping. Another option is to lash the bottom of the ladder to some secure object.

To climb a ladder

Hold on to the rung, not the beam, unless you're carrying something. Stand on the centre of the rungs. Look up, not down.

If you must stand still on a ladder, lock yourself in place by passing one leg through the rungs, gripping the rung with the knee.

Setting it safely

To determine how far the base of the ladder should be placed from the wall, divide the working height by four. For added safety, when working from a height such as a rooftop, ensure that at least three rungs extend beyond the working height.

Emergency handling of casualtiesThe prime purpose of all rescue work is to get the injured people out of danger and to medical help as quickly as possible. When the number of casualties outnumbers the immediate help available, the aim becomes one of trying to ensure the best use of time to effectively help the most people. This decision-making process is called "triage." In triage, those responding to the incident are called upon to examine all casualties quickly and rank them according to the level of need for both first aid and transportation to medical help. In any rescue or multiple casualty situation, confusion may be evident. It is essential that individuals charged with helping injured people be able to remain calm and act quickly but carefully, always attentive to potential hazards to either themselves or other people in the area.

In any situation where you suspect a possible head or spinal injury, if the life of the casualty is not under immediate threat, seek the help of specialists. If it is essential to move the casualty, and your life is not in danger, maintain normal anatomical alignment (nose, belly button, inside of ankles). If the person is not in this position, get the help of qualified personnel.

Try to establish quickly how many casualties are involved in the incident. Go to the nearest casualty, provided it is safe, and check for responsiveness. If the person does not answer you or respond to your attempts to wake them, check to see if the person is breathing. Your aim is to keep the casualty alive until medical help arrives. Do not waste time dealing with minor injuries until all casualties have been found and stabilized.

If the person is not breathing, try to find someone nearby who is able to do artificial respiration until help gets there. If the casualty is bleeding severely, apply a pressure bandage before moving to the next casualty. Remember, time is valuable. Give first aid for life-threatening conditions quickly and go to the next casualty.

One-rescuer methods

Never move the casualty any further than needed. Scan the escape routes to determine the best method and route to carry the casualty. If you're alone and must move the casualty quickly, try one of the following rescue carries.

Human crutch

This method is only for casualties who can help themselves. It is an easy way to move the less seriously injured.

Drag carry

This carry is used to drag a casualty who is either lying on their back or in a sitting position. Ease your hands under the casualty's shoulders and grasp the clothing on each side, supporting the head between your forearms. Drag the casualty backward only as far as necessary for his/her safety. But be careful, make sure not to choke the casualties when pulling on their clothing.

Blanket drag

An alternate method to the drag carry where the rescuer can use a blanket to support and pull the casualty.

Pick-a-back

Simply lift the casualty from a standing or sitting position onto your back. Don't try it if the casualty is unconscious or has arm injuries.

Removal Downstairs

Don't try this if you suspect head or spinal injuries or broken limbs. Use a mattress or rug under the person if one is available.

Firefighter's crawl

Use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc to tie the casualty's hands together and place them around your neck. This way you can move a person much heavier than yourself.

Two-rescuer methods

If there are two of you to do the carrying, try one of these emergency methods:

Chair lift

The chair carry can be used for a conscious or unconscious casualty but not for suspected head/spinal injuries. For protection, secure the casualty's hands across his or her chest and, if the casualty is unconscious, secure the person to the chair.

Two-hand seat carry

This is another way to carry a conscious casualty who can neither walk nor support the upper body. Make a hook with your fingers by folding them towards your palm and grab onto your partner's "hook". If you don't have any gloves, use a piece of cloth to protect your hand from the other person's nails. This is yet another good reason to wear gloves!

Four-hand seat carry

This is also a good carry for a conscious casualty who can use hands and arms for support.

Multi-rescuer methods

If there are more than two of you to do the job, there are a number of different methods that can be used to carry casualties.

Blanket lift

Don't use this lift if head/spinal injuries are suspected.

1. Roll the blanket or rug lengthwise for half its width. Position bearers at the head and feet to keep the head, neck and body in line.

2. Kneel at the casualty's shoulder and position a bearer at the waist to help logroll the casualty onto the uninjured side. Turn the casualty as a unit so that his/her body is not twisted during the logroll.

3. Roll the casualty back over the blanket roll to lay face up on the blanket. Unroll the blanket and then roll the edges of the blanket to each side of the casualty. Get ready to lift the casualty – have bearers grip the rolls at the head and shoulders, and at the hips and legs.

4. Keep the blanket tight as the casualty is lifted and placed on the stretcher.

Three-person lift and carry

This is an excellent way of lifting a badly hurt person without complicating most injuries. The casualty can be carried forward, sideways or lowered onto a stretcher.

Improvised stretchers

If a commercially prepared stretcher is not available, you can improvise one by using a tabletop, door, two rigid poles and a blanket or clothing. Don't use non-rigid stretchers for casualties with suspected head or spinal injuries.

Extrication from a sitting position

Sometimes in earthquakes or blasts, casualties are found sitting in their vehicles. When there is an immediate danger and you are alone and must move a seated casualty from a vehicle, proceed as follows:

1. Disentangle the person's feet from the wreckage and bring the feet foward to exit. Ease your forearm under the person's armpit on the exit side, extending your hand to support the chin.

2. Ease the person's head gently backward to rest on your shoulder while keeping the neck as rigid as possible.

3. Ease your other forearm under the armpit on the opposite side and hold the wrist of the casualty's arm which is nearest the exit.

4. Establish a firm footing and swing around with the casualty, keeping as much rigidity in the neck as possible. Drag the casualty from the vehicle to a safe distance with as little twisting as possible.

Any casualty who has been injured may experience increased distress and pain as a result of rescue efforts. Remember, never move the casualty any further than necessary to wait safely for additional help. Do only what is necessary to ensure the casualty's safety and to preserve life. Continue to reassure the conscious casualty and, where available, have someone stay with him/her until help arrives.

Five stages of rescueNo hard and fast rules can be laid down for rescue work but, generally speaking, five stages of rescue are followed by trained rescue parties. Stage 1Reconnaissance and dealing with surface casualtiesExamine the site. Deal with surface casualties. Gather all possible information about other occupants of the building.Stage 2Location and removal of lightly-trapped casualtiesSearch immediately-accessible areas for casualties who can be rescued with minimal effort. Maintain contact with casualties inside who can be seen or heard but who cannot be moved immediately.Note: The use of trained air-scenting dogs can greatly increase the likelihood of finding trapped and unconscious casualties.Dogs used in this fashion should not wear collars or harnesses that might trap them when moving through debris. The paws should be checked regularly for injuries.

Stage 3Exploration of likely survival pointsSearch the ruins and rescue all persons who can be seen or heard. This may include a calling and listening period.Stage 4Further exploration and selected debris removalSearch farther into the ruins where the chances of trapped people remaining alive seem remote. This may include removing debris from the more likely places where casualties may be located.Stage 5Systematic debris removalStrip selected areas of debris until all supposed casualties are accounted for. This includes removal of the dead and body parts. Identify buildings that have already been searched by using spray paint or signs. This method can also be used to mark buildings that may contain bodies.

Some Do's and Don'tsPractise in the darkTo be a good rescue worker you should master all the skills outlined in this booklet. You should be able to do them in the dark. Practise tying knots blindfolded and in cramped quarters.In many areas you may find a casualty simulation group. Take advantage of their services.What should be done before an emergencyVolunteer to get involved with your municipality's implementation of an Emergency Plan. Call City Hall and let them know you're interested. Make a family emergency plan. Prepare a family emergency kit in case you need to evacuate the premises. Get first aid training. Know your emergency telephone numbers. Get all the safety equipment necessary for your protection (gloves, safety glasses, helmet, work boots, anti-dust mask).

What to doThink before you act and be careful. Warn or have somebody warn the authorities about the damages and the number of casualties in your sector. Do a reconnaissance before you start work. This will not be time wasted. Walk as closely to the wall as possible when on damaged stairs and upper floors. Use gloves when removing debris by hand. Be careful how you move debris from the vicinity of a casualty. Protect a casualty from falling debris and dust by using blankets, tarpaulins, corrugated iron sheets, etc. Keep off wreckage as much as possible; leave it undisturbed or the neutral voids may be destroyed by further collapse. Be careful how you remove debris and obstacles, especially from voids, to prevent further collapse.

Exercise great care when using sharp tools in debris. It is often necessary to use props or struts to strengthen a floor loaded with debris before passing over or working underneath it. In situations where the number of casualties is greater than the help available, do not waste time. Use your resources wisely. Examine a casualty before removal and give first aid for all life-threatening conditions only. Free the nose and mouth of a casualty from dust and grit to ease breathing. Keep a casualty warm to slow the progress of shock. Make sure that the stretcher is properly blanketed so that the casualty has the maximum amount of warmth and comfort. Use appropriate procedures to carry a stretcher over debris and obstacles. Keep a list of all casualties handled.

Don'tMove an injured person without rendering first aid unless the casualty is in immediate danger. Smoke or strike matches in case there is a gas leak. Crawl over debris or disturb parts of the damaged structure unless you are compelled to do so by circumstances. Pull timber out of the wreckage indiscriminately or you may cause further collapse. Enter any site without informing the other members of your party or, if possible, without a companion to help in case of accident. Touch loose electrical wiring. Throw debris aimlessly – you may have to move it again.

Quality of rescuer:Modesty - Gives credit where credit is due. Decent and simple. I am probably too modest which can actually be a weakness. It is painful when someone else takes credit for something I do or when I realize someone is taking credit for something someone else did. Don’t worry, those things are not forgotten and eventually it will catch up to them. They are not good leaders, they are deceitful abusers. Dedication – Dedicated to the team, to the cause, to the goal, to their subordinates. Dedicated to learning, to teaching, and to understanding. Understands the goals and works towards completion and accomplishment.Assertiveness and Communicating Effectively – Must understand when to stand up and say something and when to sit down and listen. Able to show displeasure or pleasure by the words and tone of voice in the actions of subordinates. You have to be able to speak your point without much ado. When seconds count, long winded discussions and instructions are killers. You have to make sure you are quick, to the point, and that your followers understand your objectives.Integrity – What you see is what you get. No hidden agendas or deceitfulness. Your moral fiber is more important than popularity. Things that come to mind when building integrity are honesty, orderly, clean, ethical, trustworthy, dependable, competent, consistent, caring, reliable, and authentic.

Being Humble – Don’t be arrogant. I know this is hard for many firefighters, but arrogance is unbecoming. In firefighting terms…don’t be a prick and throw around your position. We all know an officer who is always quick to make sure everyone know they are in charge. Their is no I in team. Understands that the team is as strong as the weakest link. Does not use their leadership position as a weapon.Good Listener – You must have the ability to listen to others and realize that they might have good information to help the team. You should be willing to listen to opinions that may be contrary to your own. Realize that “My way or the highway” does not build a team.Sense of Humor – This is my favorite because I am a cut-up. I enjoy having fun…all the time. However, I understand that when we are working on a call I have to act accordingly. Humor can make or break a team. Most firefighters enjoy having a good time. Around the fire station we must be able to shrug off our emotions from certain calls and we usually do it through humor.However, you must understand the guys/gals you work around and realize what they might and might not find humorous.Vision - Understanding the goal and what objectives are necessary to obtain that goal. Realizing the goal and ensuring buy-in by your subordinates. It is also important to have clear and concise rules and guidelines for your followers. They must understand their role, your expectations of them, and their benchmarks for success.

Being Decisive – Leaders cannot be afraid to make a decision. In our jobs, we are not always afforded the opportunity to sit down and layout the risks vs. benefits of certain decisions. We must act on instinct, education, experience, and lessons learned. Likewise, we must be able to live with the decisions we make and admit mistakes when we make. If you aren’t making any mistakes you are not doing your job correctly. I know some very indecisive fire officers. Plain and simple, they suck. If you can’t make a decision get out of the way and follow someone who can.Help others succeed - Helping others reach their full potential. When you are leading it isn’t about you, it is about your followers. Success might be a promotion for a subordinate or might mean your crew going home in the morning.

Reaction Time Contact Time Response Time Assessment Time Preparation Time Rescue Time

Defining Response Time

Reaction Time

Time between the entrant having a problem requiring rescue and the safety attendant’s recognition that the entrant has problem

Contact Time

• The time taken by the attendant to contact the rescue team.


Assessment Time

• The time taken by a rescue team to size up the problem and determine the strategy to perform a safe, efficient rescue


Preparation Time

• The time take by a rescue team to set up for the rescue.


Rescue Time

• The time taken for the team to reach, treat, package, and evacuate the victim from the confined space.


Equipment Description and Capabilities – Ropes

• Used for– Primary tool in technical rescue

• Vary in construction, material and size

– ½ inch, strength 9,000 lbs.• Static Kern mantle

– Fiber bundles run parallel– Stretches no more than 20%– Known as “low-stretch rope”

• Dynamic Kern mantle– Made of twisted strands– Stretches as much as 60%– Known as “high-stretch rope)


Strengths for Lifeline Rope

• Tensile or Breaking Strength• 7/16” – 6,000 lbs [2700kg] 11mm• 1/2” – 9,000 lbs [4080kg] 12.7mm

• 5/8” – 13,000 lbs [6000kg] 15.8 mm

• Working Strength = Tensile / 15


NFPA Rope Classifications

• Class 1 (Light use) – One person life safety rope w/ > 300 lbs working strength

• Class 2 (General use) – Two person life safety rope w/ > 600 lbs working strength


Equipment Description and Capabilities – Webbing

• Used for – Tying anchors– Lashing victims into a

litter– Tying personal harness

• Vary in construction, material and size– 1 inch, spiral weave,

tubular, nylon– Strength 4,500 lbs.


Equipment Description and Capabilities – Prusik Loop

• Used for– Tie friction knots around

rescue rope– Ratchets– Point of attachments– 8 mm, nylon


Equipment Description and Capabilities – Anchor Straps

• Used for– Quick, strong anchors for

attaching ropes and systems

– 1 ¾ inch, flat nylon webbing

– Strength 8,000 lbs.


Equipment Description and Capabilities – Harness

• Used for– Fall protection– Confined space rescue

– Flat nylon webbing– Full body– Point of attachment in the

center of the back at shoulder level


Equipment Description and Capabilities – Carabiners

• Used for– Attach equipment

together in rescue systems

• Vary in construction, shape, material and size

– Large – Locking


Equipment Description and Capabilities – Tripod

• Used for– Access to vertical entry

– 9-foot height or greater


• Accident scene be protected Prevent further injury or damage Set up barriers Preserve wreckage Aid investigation later

Are there other considerationWorking alone • Language barrier • Unusual features of building/structure • Wind • Other hazards • No emergency services nearby • Distance from rescue teams


Skills Necessary for Self Rescue

• Knowledge of Building Construction

• Fire Spread and Fire Behavior

• How to Call for Help– •Voice – •Whistle – •Mobile Phone

• How to find the FASTEST way out– Low air means time to get out


Personal EquipmentSuggested Equipment for Self-Survival

Equipment Description –Full Body Splint / Sked Stretcher

• Used for– Confined Space Rescue– Protection for victim

– Together supply most support

– Access to vertical entry – 9-foot height or greater


General Purpose Rescue Training Dummies


Knots

• Knot efficiency– Knots rated for strength by the percentage of

rope strength that remain when a knot is tied in the rope.

– Knots should always be tied off.


Knot – Figure Eight

• Used to tie other knots

• Used as a stopper knot

(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)Created by Salim Solanki

Knot - Figure Eight on a Bight

• Used to make a loop in a rope

• Knot efficiency = 80%

(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)Created by Salim Solanki

Knots – Water Knot

• Used to tie webbing together


(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)Created by Salim Solanki

Knots – Double Fisherman

• Double overhand bend

• Used to tie prusik loops


(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)

Front

BackCreated by Salim Solanki

Knot – Prusik Loop

• Friction Knot

(Step 1)(Step 2)(Step 3)(Step 4)(Step 5)


Anchors

• Foundations that all rope systems are built on

• Experience and Judgment


Stokes Basket

Secure the victim with webbing harnesses

Lash the basket from the bottom to the top with webbing or rope


Basket LowersBasket Lowers

• Used when a victim is injured or unwilling to perform a pick-off

• Requires teamwork and practice

• Victim needs to be packaged

• Lowering device should be a “general use” brake bar rack for any two person load



Single line lower with a belay• One main line, one belay line for litter• One litter tender • Advantage: simpler rope work and brake

management



Double line lower• May simplify rigging• Makes using a second tender easier• Beneficial when it’s necessary to negotiate litter

through obstacles or confined spaces• Allows easy changeover from horizontal to vertical



Attaching basket to litterTwo-point bridles


Coal handling facilities typically have two sources of ignition that need to be considered. •The first is coal itself; the second is the belt material used in the transport of coal. •Belt material is basically inert but when heated by an external means will produce CO. •This can be caused by hot burning coal loaded onto the belt or contact with hot metal rollers heated by belt slip or damaged bearings. •Coal is capable of ignition by coming into contact with hot surfaces, but can also be capable of self-ignition through the process of spontaneous combustion.


CO MONITORING Real life experience has demonstrated that the use of CO detection is the most effective way of providing early warning of fire. In many cases the use of CO monitors could have prevented fires and explosions. A major one worth noting is the accident at Oak Creek Wisconsin, where six contractors were injured. The plant had relied on heat-source detection, which in this case came too late to prevent a fire.


THERMAL MONITORING AND IR SCANNING

All power plants must have some type of risk-management system to mitigate the possibility of fire. A proactive approach to fire prevention focuses not so much on detecting smoke, which indicates fire, but rather on monitoring CO, which indicates the potential for fire.Any delay in dealing with the potential for fire only increases the rate of burning. A CO detection system can provide warning of a potential fire up to two days before a flame is present.


temperature indicators of potential fire vs. CO detection indicators

HOW THE CO MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM WORKSWhen CO levels rise to critical levels, the control system will automatically respond by warning personnel, who can then take appropriate action by shutting down a piece of equipment via the control system and/or increasing ventilation fan speed. In addition, audible and visual alarms will alert personnel immediately, so that they can take appropriate action. Created by Salim Solanki

Thermal scanning utilizes thermocouples to indicate a fire inside a bunker or silo. It will not, however, provide early warning of the potential for fire. A fire of considerable size can be present before any alert is given.Infrared (IR) scanning can be effective in detecting hot spots. Periodic monitoring of a bunker or silo using an IR thermographic camera to scan the inside or outside such enclosures is a common practice. Such a scan can pinpoint hot spots precisely. This can be helpful, but should not preclude CO monitoring.


DETERMINING THE BEST SENSOR LOCATIONSIn general, it is wise practice to locate an adequate number of sensors at strategic locations based on knowledge of the potentials for ignition. When considering belt fires, sensors should be located in close proximity to drives, tail pieces, and main rollers. When coal is the issue, any location where accumulation of coal dust or bulk quantities is likely or expected should be considered. These involve belt transfers, crushers, dust collection systems, and storage bins (silos, bunkers, etc.).


Note: a. fire Hydrant b. Automatic Spray c. Portable Fire Extinguisher d. Fire Alarm Detector e. low pressure carbon dioxide system f. low expansion foam system


According to NFPA, the fire fighting measures for building and equipment in the power plant is as the following list.

a b c d e f

(1)Building

1. Turbine Floors * * *

2. Boiler Floors * * *

3. Bunker Room * *

4.Plat Control Operating Floor * *

5. Electric Equipment Control Room * *

6.Cable Room * *

7.Battery Room * *

8. Coal Handing Control Building * * *

9.Ash Handing Control Building * * *

10. Fire Fighting Pump House * * *

11. Gate House *

11. Air Compressor House * * *

12. Ash Air Compressor House * * *

13. Water Treatment Plant * * *

14. C.W. Dosing Room * *

15. Auxiliary Boiler House * * *

16． C.W pump house *


(2)Turbine-Generator Area 1. Gen.Bearing * 2. Turbine-Bearing *

3. Turbine Lubrication Oil * * 4. Turbine Oil Storage Tank * * 5. Turbine Oil Cleaner/Purifier * *

6. Main Transformers * * * (3) Boiler Area

1. Coal Feeder * 2. Conveyor Gallery * * * 3. coal bunker. * *


(4) coal Conveyor Transfer system

1. Conveyor Transfer Towers and Crusher House

* * * *

2. coal yard * 3. Bulldozer Garage * *

4. coal dock and Conveyor belt

*

(5) oil tank 1.oil tank * * *

2. oil burning pump house * * * (6) Others

1.coal waste water treatment station

2. Ash Silos Area * 3. Limestone Crusher House * *


NameFlow(m3/h

Head(m)

Quantity(set)

Motor

Power（ kwVoltage（ V

Quantity(set)

Motor driven fire pumps 342 80 1 100 380 1Diesel fire pump 342 80 1 1Jockey pump

18 90 2 15 380 2

Fire Fighting Water Supply The source of water for the Fire Water Systems will be the service/fire water storage pond with dedicated fire water storage.In order to ensure fire fighting water supply system credibility and test convenience, independent fire fighting water supply system will be designed to provide enough quantity and pressure for Indoor and outdoor fire fighting of main block, transformer, administration building and other auxiliary workshop. The fire fighting makeup water is well water.The fire fighting water supply system is consist with one set of 100% motor driven fire pump, two sets of jockey pump and one 1m3 buffer tank, one 100% diesel fire pump and network. All the fire fighting pumps install in the service/fire fighting water pump house. two 1000m3 fire water storage basin will be provided. The capacity of fire fighting is 600 m3. Fire fighting pump’s performance parameters:


Coal-burning plants are some of the worst industrial polluters producing approximately one-third of our carbon dioxide (CO2, a major contributor to global warming), 40% of our mercury (highly toxic if ingested or inhaled), one-quarter of our nitrogen oxide (an ingredient found in smog) and two-thirds of our sulfur dioxide (a component of acid rain). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contends that sulfur dioxide promotes heart disease and asthma, while nitrogen oxides destroy lung tissue.Additional hazardous byproducts produced by coal-burning plants include, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, zinc, radionuclides and particulate matter. Each type of coal produces different levels of these pollutants, all of which negatively impact both the environment and our health.


Mercury, a known carcinogen, is of particular concern as it poisons fish in bodies of water miles away. Greenpeace reports that even at minimum levels, this neurotoxin has been shown to cause reduced intelligence in hundreds of thousands of children born annually. Mercury emissions occur at rates of approximately 25 pounds per 100 megawatts at the average coal plant, making coal-fired plants the largest single contributor of mercury pollution in the United States.Radionuclides are unstable atoms that, if leaked into the environment, cause radioactive contamination. When people or animals are exposed to the contamination, they can suffer the effects of radiation poisoning including genetic issues such as cancer and abnormal or failed births. A coal-fueled plant has been known to produce more radioactive material than a nuclear power plant within industry regulations.The American Lung Association (ALA) released a report in March 2011 offering this startling statistic: “Particle pollution from power plants is estimated to kill approximately 13,000 people a year.” The ALA report singled out coal-fired power plants as among the worst offenders.


Catastrophic AccidentsBeyond the day-to-day dangers of burning coal to produce energy, there is the devastating impact of plant malfunctions. In December 2008, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) reported the failure of a holding pond used by a coal-fired electric plant. When heavy rains washed away the holding-pond dike, more than 2.2 million pounds of hazardous waste flooded 300 acres in east Tennessee. Even after the best cleanup effort, the area will remain polluted with dangerous byproducts for decades.

It remains impossible to quantify the amount of poisons released by the above incident, but in one year, this plant reportedly produced 45,000 pounds of arsenic, 49,000 pounds of lead, 1.4 million pounds of barium, 91,000 pounds of chromium, and 140,000 pounds of manganese, much of this held in the holding pond and all of which can cause cancer, liver damage, neurological trauma and more. The TVA, in conjunction with the EPA, warned that pets and children should avoid contact with the toxic materials.

The EPA reported that high levels of arsenic, lead and thallium were found in samples taken from downstream water sources, where hundreds of dead fish were found. While the authority is using heavy construction equipment to address the cleanup efforts, officials cannot predict how long it will take nor the final costs involved.


Clean Coal ClaimsIn order to reduce the devastating ecological and health effects of coal-fired power plants, coal-industry advocates are touting new “clean coal” technologies. As a start, many coal-powered plants are recycling some their dangerous byproducts into useful materials. For example, the byproducts of fly and bottom ash—previously dumped into landfills—are being transformed into concrete, asphalt and masonry blacks. Another byproduct, synthetic gypsum, is being used in the production of drywall and chalk.


What Causes Coal-Fired Power Plant Explosions?Throughout a twenty-five year (1980-2005) study of PRB coal-fired power plants, there were an average of 11 fires or explosions, 29 injuries, and 5 deaths per year. Another study conducted by the United States Department of Labor during the 1996-2009 time period noted 437 workplace coal power-related deaths, averaging 33 deaths per year in the United States. To understand what fire protection is necessary to guard against mishaps, it is crucial to first understand why explosions occur.


Coal Dust HazardsFor a fire to occur, the fire triangle needs to be present - oxygen, fuel, and heat. An explosion happens when two other elements are added to the equation - dispersion of dust and confinement of dust, as shown in diagram A. Oxygen and fuel cannot be avoided in a PRB coal-fired power plant, but the heat source can originate from several different sources. A common cause is the conveyor belt. As the coal is being transported from storage to use, the coal-dust begins to fall off the belt and accumulate. Once the dust accumulates to 1/32 of an inch, or about the breadth to leave a footprint, it becomes a fire hazard. NFPA 654 defines combustible dust as, "any finely divided solid material that is 420 microns or smaller in diameter and presents a fire or explosion hazard when dispersed and ignited in the air." If a conveyor belt is not in impeccable condition, and one moving part stops, the friction can create a heat source for combustion. Other causes of heat are friction through mixing operation, electrical shortage, tool usage, or storage bin transfer. The fire triangle is difficult to avoid.


Oil Fire HazardsCoal dust is not the only cause of fires in a PRB Coal-Fired Power Plant. Both the turbine and transformer are insulated by oil, making them flammable. There are three different types of oil fires that can take place in or near the turbine or transformer: spray, pool, and three-dimensional. Spray fires happen when highly pressurized oil is released; 50% of the time, this fire happens because of malfunctioning bearings. If there is an unpressurized leak, plants could see a pool fire when the oil catches fire after it has accumulated on the floor or a three-dimensional fire if it catches fire while flowing downhill.


Hydrogen Fire HazardsHydrogen cools generators in coal-fired power plants. Hydrogen is an invisible threat with the capability to catch fire and/or explode. The gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and the flames are invisible. It will not be detected without the use of hydrogen sensors. Fire fighting should not commence until after the hydrogen source has been shut off. If hydrogen is still present, it is likely to re-ignite or explode.


The key to reducing the probability of a coal-fired power plant fire or explosion is preparation. Fires generate from several different sources: coal dust, oil, or hydrogen. It is necessary to be knowledgeable about fire ignition in order to avoid it. The main causes of plant fires and explosions are coal dust, equipment error, and human error. Training plant personnel on proper housekeeping and machinery maintenance along with proper fire protection will greatly reduce the chances of a fire or explosion.


HousekeepingWithout a stringent housekeeping regimen, even the most advanced fire suppression system will not be able to stop an explosion from happening. A documented housekeeping routine is necessary to reduce the odds of a fire or explosion. According to the Mine Safety and Health Administration, with a robust housekeeping schedule, the fuel source would be eradicated, eliminating secondary explosions. Secondary explosions have the largest death toll of all coal-fired power plant combustions.


Dust collectors alone will not adequately dispose of dust; in fact, 40% of fires and explosions were caused by the dust collectors. An effective option is to wet the dust to weigh it down so it does not float into hidden crevices. Because the dust is microscopic, microscopic water spray must be used. Plants should use a wash down system to keep coal dust at a minimum. Industry surveys have shown that plant personnel who have utilized wash down systems have been happy with the results.During an outage, it is essential to clear dust completely from bunkers, silos, and conveyor belts. Idle dust can explode. When preparing for the outage, wash down all walls of the bunkers or silos to eliminate the source for explosions.


Carbon DioxideIf dust cannot be completely cleared, another option is to pump carbon dioxide into a sealed bunker or silo. The carbon dioxide would eliminate the possibility of dust combustion by taking away its oxygen. Design

A bunker or silo should be designed as if a fire is imminent. Access points should be installed on several levels to allow for entrance of fire extinguishment tools. It is important for the water to directly contact the source of the fire in a bunker or silo. Another design choice that will reduce the chances of a fire or explosion is a cone shaped floor or a free flow bottom cone. Many bunkers or silos have a funnel-flow pattern that occurs when the walls inhibit the coal from flowing freely. Most coal will flow down the center, while the remaining coal that has accumulated on the sides will linger stagnantly. Stagnant coal can create a heat source. The key to reduce the likelihood of a bunker or silo fire is in the design.


fire protection

Detection DevicesSeveral different detectors are needed throughout the facility, depending on the location. Silos, bunkers, and dust collectors are at a high risk for explosions due to the congregation of PRB dust. It is necessary to choose the correct detection device. Carbon monitors, infrared scanning, temperature scanning, or linear heat detectors are adequate options. Linear heat detectors, such as Protectowire, can detect heat along a length of space, instead of a singular spot. This works extremely well along conveyor belts, which are a major fire hazard because they easily create heat through movement or from idler or roller bearing failure.


Fire Suppression SystemsSprinkler systems must be installed throughout a plant. The main fire culprits are silos, bunkers, conveyor belts, crusher buildings, dust collectors, coal pulverizers, turbines, generators, and transformers as seen in Diagram B. Hazard location will determine the best system type. Temperature controlled locations are best protected by a wet-pipe system. Non-temperature controlled areas need a dry-pipe system to avoid frozen pipes. Transformers and other areas where quick suppression is important and water damage is not a concern are effectively protected by deluge sprinkler systems.


Three main suppressants dominate coal-fired power plants: water, CO2, foam and/or f500 solutions. It is essential in coal dust-related bunker/silo fires to use a piercing rod or inerting system to smother the fire at its source. In all other areas of a plant, various types of sprinkler systems will effectively suppress fires.

Fire Risks The main areas classified at risk of fire and/or deflagration include coal stockpiles, conveyors, pulverisers, feeders, crushers, dust collectors and silos/bunkers. Deflagration occurs as a result of the coal dust that is present in the air, and which typically settles over the interior of the power plant. As the particle size and moisture content decreases and the ambient temperature increases, there is less thermal energy required for a slow burning fire or explosion.Typical sources of ignition in a coal-fired power plant are: Rotating machinery parts (including conveyor belt rollers) that create friction. Failed bearings that overheat and come in contact with coal dust. Sparking and static electrical charge. Electrical equipment and switchgear overheating. Cables and wire overheating. Lubrication and hydraulic oils reaching their flash point


SAFETY PRECAUTIONSAPPROACH CAUTIOUSLY FROM UPWIND. Resist the urge to rush in;

others cannot behelped until the situation has been fully assessed.

SECURE THE SCENE. Without entering the immediate hazard area, isolate the area and

assure the safety of people and the environment, keep people away from the scene and outside

the safety perimeter. Allow enough room to move and remove your own equipment.

IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS. Placards, container labels, shipping documents, material safety

data sheets, Rail Car and Road Trailer Identification Charts, and/or knowledgeable persons on

the scene are valuable information sources. Evaluate all available information and consult the

recommended guide to reduce immediate risks. Additional information, provided by the

shipper or obtained from another authoritative source, may change some of the

emphasis or details found in the guide. Remember, the guide provides only the most

important and worst case scenario information for the initial response in relation to a family or

class of dangerous goods. As more material-specific information becomes available, the response

should be tailored to the situation.

ASSESS THE SITUATION. Consider the following:- Is there a fire, a spill or a leak?

- What are the weather conditions?- What is the terrain like?

- Who/what is at risk: people, property or the environment?- What actions should be taken: Is an evacuation necessary? Is dikingnecessary? What resources (human and equipment) are required and

are readily available?- What can be done immediately?

OBTAIN HELP. Advise your headquarters to notify responsible agencies and call for assistance

from qualified personnel.DECIDE ON SITE ENTRY. Any efforts made to rescue

persons, protect property or theenvironment must be weighed against the possibility that you

could become part of the problem.Enter the area only when wearing appropriate protective gear

(see PROTECTIVE CLOTHING,RESPOND. Respond in an appropriate manner. Establish a

command post and lines ofcommunication. Rescue casualties where possible and

evacuate if necessary. Maintain controlof the site. Continually reassess the situation and modify the

response accordingly. The firstduty is to consider the safety of people in the immediate area,

including your own.

ABOVE ALL — Do not walk into or touch spilled material. Avoid inhalation

of fumes, smoke andvapors, even if no dangerous goods are known to be

involved. Do not assume that gases orvapors are harmless because of lack of a smell—odorless

gases or vapors may be harmful.Use CAUTION when handling empty containers because

they may still present hazards untilthey are cleaned and purged of all residues.

Poisoning by carbon monoxide

Under all situations[sleeping or awakened] the heart & brain of a person function continuously after getting energy[o2] through blood circulation. Carbon monoxide is colorless and smell less gas due to which it becomes difficult to identify and feel it. In other words , we can say that CO is an invisible and tasteless killing gas. It is a natural oxide, slightly soluble in water and highly poisons.

When a persons breaths in polluted atmosphere containing co,the co gas goes inside along with other gas i.e. oxygen,nitrogen etc. in lungs.Carbonmonoxide has 210 times more affinity to react with the Hb of blood than oxygen and forms stable compound after reacting with the Hb of blood.

CO + Hb = COHb [Carboxyhaemoglobin].

COHb forms very strong layer around Hb and leave no chance for Hb and oxygen to form HbO and react to the cells , tissues and other parts of the body.Hb is totally incapable to carry oxygen to different parts of the body like brain,lungs,hearts] etc.

When a persons stays in an atmosphere of 0.1% in a air[v/v] for 30 minutes,25% of total haemoglobin of his blood is rendered incapable of functioning.

When a persons stays in an atmosphere of 0.32% in a air[v/v] for 30 minutes,he will face death.

When a person takes 3-4 breathbreaths in an atmosphere of 1.3% co [v/v],he will; become senceless.

When a person breaths in pure CO,instantionsly,he will become senless and may face death in few minutes.

CONCENTRATION

EFFECT ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM

CO2 (%) CO2 (%) INCREASE0.03 Natural concentration in the air

3 Breathing will be more intense and also deeper, headache, heart palpitations, slower pulse, tension, dizziness, faintness

4 After ½ to 1 hour: mortal

4.5 ½ a 1 hour:(almost) immediately mortal, the higher breathing rate is subjectively noticeable

8 Serious lack of breath, unconsciousness comes fast, followed by death caused by a too high concentration of CO2 in the blood

20 Within a few seconds, the central nervous system is paralyzed

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Rescue training by salim solanki

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