RESCUE...Recruit Firefighter Program - 3 of 16 Revision: 052416 Unit TR 2.1.1 Technical Rescue...
Transcript of RESCUE...Recruit Firefighter Program - 3 of 16 Revision: 052416 Unit TR 2.1.1 Technical Rescue...
1 of 16 Revision: 052416
Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 1
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Rescue Technician Awareness
1
June 2013
Slide 2
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Rescue Technician
Awareness
Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Program
Slide 3
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE
RESCUE
Rescue Technician
Slide 4
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Awareness Capabilities
Awareness level responders can perform:
• Size Up
• Site Control
• Hazard ID
• Surface rescue of victims
•The awareness level responder is extremely limited
in his actions
•It is important to limit the ability of civilians to
enter the collapse area
•Isolate & deny entry
•Set up action zones
•Turn off any utilities
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 5
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Incident Area Size Up
Consider all 6 sides
Check adjacent structures
Accessibility
•Don’t tunnel vision on the collapsed building.
•Look at potential collapse from other
nearby buildings
Slide 6
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Building Conditions
Age, type, and
occupancy
Localized or extensive
collapse
Potential for
secondary collapse
Number of
structures
•Thorough knowledge of building construction will
help to predict the hazards
Slide 7
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Surface Victims
Remove accessible
victims
Interview to determine
the number of victims
•Many surface victims are removed by bystanders
before FD arrival
•First companies must coordinate and take over these
efforts
•Ask witnesses / bystanders how many people are
usually in the building
Slide 8
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Mutual Aid / Outside Assistance
USAR can be a valuable resource
Response needs should
be preplanned
•Any outside aid can take time to coordinate and
respond
•CT USAR is the only state agency with full
structural collapse capabilities
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 9
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Typical Hazards
• Electrical
• Natural gas / propane
• Water
• Sewer
Haz-Mat may be present
•Electrical hazards need to be controlled by the
power company
•Contact gas company to shut off gas in the street
•Water flowing uncontrolled can increase collapse
potential, add additional electrical hazard, or create gas
hazards by extinguishing pilots
Slide 10
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
F.A.S.T. V.O.I.D.S
F- Fire Suppression
A- Additional collapse potential
S- Structure type and condition
T- Trapped victims
V- Void Types
O- Occupancy type
I- Immediate utility shutdown
D-Day or night
S- Situation
•Fire Suppression- Fire or potential fire
•Additional collapse potential- Building still
moving? Loose / hanging debris
•Structure type and condition- old, new, vacant,
under construction?
•Trapped victims- confirmed, viable?
•Void types- location and number
•Occupancy type- residential, commercial, etc?
•Immediate utility shutdown- shut off what we can,
call utility company
•Day or night- may indicate number of potential
victims
•Situation- cause of collapse (explosion, collision,
terrorism?)
Slide 11
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
CAUSES OF COLLAPSE
Structural Collapse Awareness
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 12
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Natural Disasters
Earthquakes
Wind
Floods
•Earthquakes are not a concern we regularly have in
Connecticut
•Winds, heavy snowfall, and flooding conditions can
all cause structural collapse
Slide 13
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Overloaded Structural Components
Snow & Water
Accumulation
Construction Problems
•Poor workmanship
•Snow & water buildup
•Vandalized structure
Slide 14
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Structural Aging
Age and
Maintenance
Materials &
Workmanship
Structural Decay
•Insect and water damage can weaken supports
•Lack of maintenance of the property can add to
collapse hazard
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Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Explosion
Accidental Intentional
•Gas leaks can cause unintentional explosions
•Domestic terrorism can lead to intentional
explosions
•Beware of secondary devices
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 16
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Fire
•As we deal with regularly, fire damage will weaken
a structure
•Sometimes, our actions can lead to the collapse also
Slide 17
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Collision
Vehicles
Construction Equipment
Debris & Materials
•Vehicles striking homes is a common occurrence
•Be able to recognize bearing vs. non-bearing walls
•Vehicle extrication in a auto vs. building collision
can be extremely difficult
Slide 18
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Terrorism
Preplan Target Hazards
Consider Secondary Devices
•Towns and cities may have existing pre-plans for
possible terrorist targets
Slide 19
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
SECONDARY COLLAPSE
INDICATORS
Structural Collapse Awareness
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 20
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Leaning Walls
•Leaning walls can collapse outward or inward, and
cause interior collapse
Slide 21
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Sounds
•Listen for creaking or cracking
Slide 22
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Aftershocks
•Unpredictable, but extremely rare in our area
Slide 23
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Sagging
•Sagging trusses are almost at failure
•Sagging roofs and floors can come down in a
domino effect
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 24
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Separating Walls
•Non-bearing walls can separate from the building
•A collapse of these walls can still cause
injury
Slide 25
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Racked Windows & Doors
•Doors and windows that no longer open or close
freely indicate that the building has shifted
•Cracked glass is also an indicator
Slide 26
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
PHASES OF RESPONSE
Structural Collapse Awareness
Slide 27
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Spontaneous Rescuers
Unskilled neighbors,
witnesses
Contribute to high
survival rates
Typically rescue
surface victims
•These rescuers generally have the highest rate of
successful rescue
•Hey must be coordinated after companies arrive
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Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 28
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Planned Responders
Community responders
Typically perform
non-technical
rescues
Mitigate hazards
• Fire
• Gas
• Electrical
• Water
•May be able to do some light lifting to free partially
trapped victims
•Local CERT teams can be of assistance
Slide 29
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Void Space Rescue
Trained rescue
teams
May perform
breaching and
light shoring
•These are the “operational” level responders
•Basic training on shoring and breaching non
reinforced materials
Slide 30
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Technical Rescue / USAR
Specially trained
teamsSpecialized
equipment
Heavy
construction
equipment
•Highest levels of training
•Access to the most technical equipment
Slide 31
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
CATEGORIES OF
CONSTRUCTION
Structural Collapse Awareness
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 32
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Light Frame Construction
Typically wood
framed
May have masonry veneer
walls and chimneys
Typically 1-4 stories and
up to 100 living units
•High flexibility
•Be cautious of chimney failures
Slide 33
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Heavy Wall Construction
Typically no skeletal
frame but may have
internal framework
May be tilt up
construction
Typically masonry /
concrete
•Inherently rigid construction
•Tilt up typically 1-3 stories
•Heavy walls provide support for floors and roof
assemblies
•Masonry may be reinforced or non-reinforced
Slide 34
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Heavy Floor Construction
Cast in place
concrete
May have pre- or
post- tensioned
reinforcement
Substantial weightMay be steel or
concrete framed
•Vertical supports can be steel columns, concrete
columns, or concrete enclosed steel frames
•Exterior walls can be veneer or curtain walls
Slide 35
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Pre-Cast Construction
Modular precast components
• Floors
• Walls
• Columns
Embedded metal
rod & wire mesh
•Connection points are the greatest failure areas
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 36
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
COLLAPSE PATTERNS
Structural Collapse Awareness
Slide 37
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Light Frame Collapse Patterns
Referred to as “Skin
and Bones”
Skin resists
lateral forces
Usually many
void spaces after
collapse
Slide 38
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Heavy Wall Collapse Patterns
Usually partial
collapses
Un-reinforced masonry does not
fall full height from the building
•Bricks tend to fall in a pile next to the building
Slide 39
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Heavy Wall Collapse Patterns
Roof & floor collapse often
creates accessible voids
Areas next to walls typically
have few survivors
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 40
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Pancake Collapse
Voids are created
by debris
•Low chance of survivability
•Contents create the only voids
Slide 41
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Lean-To Collapse
Survivable victims
may be found near
the supported wall
•Survivable victims on top of the debris or against
the intact wall
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Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
“V” Collapse
Heavy loads cause floors
to fail in the middle
Survivable victims
found near the
supported walls
•Victims found on top of the debris or close to the
supporting walls
Slide 43
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Cantilever Collapse
Most dangerous
type of collapse
•Prone to additional collapse
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 44
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
“A” Frame Collapse
Survivable victims
found near center
supporting wall
Slide 45
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Tilt Up Heavy Wall Collapse
Normally fall full
height away
from the building
Beam and column
connections may
be pulled out
•Injuries can occur the full wall height away from the
building
Slide 46
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Heavy Floor Collapse Patterns
Caused when columns are
unable to support floors
Form thin void
spaces
Slide 47
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Soft First Story Collapse
Common in “taxpayer”
building
Open first floor is
prone to collapse
•Stable, survivable, and easily searched
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 48
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Pre-Cast Collapse Patterns
Usually occurs when parts
become disconnected
Voids can be difficult
to access
•Most components are made of reinforced masonry
•May be pre or post tensioned
Slide 49
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
FEMA & USAR MARKING
SYSTEMS
Structural Collapse Awareness
Slide 50
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Sharing Critical Information
Important communication
to other rescuers
•These symbols are common among all USAR teams
Slide 51
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Identify Individual Buildings
210 220
221211 231
230
311
310
131
130
Use existing street numbers
•Incident commanders should make a diagram of the
street and all affected buildings
•If street address numbers are not readily
apparent, the IC should make up a number and
mark the building with the same number as his
diagram
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Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 52
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Building Layout
Quadrant
“B”
Quadrant
“D”
Quadrant
“C”
Quadrant
“A”
Quadrant
“E”
Side “C”
Sid
e “D
”Sid
e “B
”
Side “A”
•Exterior marked as sides
•Interior marked as quadrants
Slide 53
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Structural Triage
Structure Type
Occupancy
Collapse Mechanism
Time of Day
Prior Intelligence
Structural Condition
Resources Available
•Occupancy- What is done in the building
•Structure Type- type of materials involved
•Collapse Mechanism- how the building failed
•Time of Day- factor in determining number and
location of victims
•Prior Intelligence- information regarding trapped
victims
•Search & Rescue Resources Available- does the
building require resources above our capability?
•Structural Condition- can we search with minimal
stabilization?
Slide 54
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
No-Go Conditions
Fire Haz-Mat
•Presence of fire or Hazmat are a definite no-go
situation until they are mitigated
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 55
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Structure Marking System
Safe for S&R Significantly Damaged Not Safe
Safest Entry Haz-Mat
HM
•These mark the structure during triage
•These are generally done by first responders
•2’X2’ Box made with spray paint
Slide 56
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Typical Mark
18 July 12HM- Nat. GasEngine 4
•This mark means no entry until the gas is shut off.
•Once mitigated, a line should be drawn through the
haz-mat
•Mark the new date and crew
Slide 57
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Search Markings
Eng – 418 July 121730
Mark while search in
progress
Eng – 418 July 121730
18 July 121800
RATS
1-L3-D
Completed Search
Marking
•These are made during and after the search of the
structure
•These are generally made by rescuers
performing the searches
•Left side- company, starting date and time
•Top- finished date and time
•Right- hazards
•Bottom- victims L for live, D for deceased
Slide 58
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Victim Markings
ENG-4
3
ENG-4
3
ENG-4
3
ENG-4
3
Potential Victims
Victims
RemovedDead Victims
Confirmed Victims
•“V” shape is 2 feet high
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Unit TR 2.1.1
Technical Rescue Awareness
Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse
The Connecticut Fire Academy
Recruit Firefighter Program
Instructors Guide
Slide 59
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
INITIAL COMPANY
OPERATIONS
Structural Collapse Awareness
Slide 60
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Initial Actions Review
1• Rapid size up
2• Determine & mitigate hazards
3• Scene control
4• Recon the structure
•Size up
•Size, type, and occupancy
•Collapse mechanism
•Weather
•Exposures
•Time of day
•Victims and location
•Determine & mitigate hazards
•Gas
•Electric
•Water
•Haz-mat
•Scene control
•Isolate & deny entry
•Fire line tape, cones, police
•Set up collapse zones
•Recon
•Survey all 6 sides
•Find entry points
•Consider secondary collapse
Slide 61
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program