Requirements Gathering & Expressing. Agenda Project Team Formation Requirements Gathering Methods...
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Transcript of Requirements Gathering & Expressing. Agenda Project Team Formation Requirements Gathering Methods...
Agenda
Project Team Formation Requirements Gathering Methods
continued Requirements Expressing
Personas Scenarios
(Not All) Requirements Gathering Methods
1. Observation2. Thinking Out Loud & Cooperative
Evaluation3. Interviews4. Questionnaires5. Focus groups6. Study Documentation7. Look at competitive products8. Ethnography - learn by immersion/doing
Questionnaires
General criteria Make questions clear and specific Ask some closed questions with range
of answers Sometimes also have a no opinion option,
or other answer option Do test run with one or two people
Seven-point Likert Scale (use odd #)
Could also use just words Strongly agree, agree, neutral,
disagree, strongly disagree
Questionnaires - Example
See ID 13.3 for more tips
Other Typical Questions
Rank the importance of each of these tasks (give a list of tasks)
List the four most important tasks that you perform (this is an open question)
List the pieces of information you need to have before making a decision about X, in order of importance
Are there any other points you would like to make? (open-ended opinion question; good way to end)
Open ended questions
Can ask questions similar to semi-structured interview …but you can’t follow up, so take care
what you ask Keep as short and simple as
possible
Focus Groups
Group of individuals - 3 to 10 Use several different groups with different roles or
perspectives And to separate the powerful from those who are
not Careful about few people dominating discussion
Use structured set of questions More specific at beginning, more open as progresses Allow digressions before coming back on track
Relatively low cost, quick way to learn a lot Audio or video record, with permission
Example: mall kiosk
Who to interview? What questions? Who to give questionnaire to? What
questions? What about focus group?
What are differences between methods?
Study Documentation
Similar in some ways to the expert interview
Often describe how things should be done rather than how they are done Try to understand why not done “by the
book”
Look at Competitive Products
Looking for both good and bad ideas Functionality UI style
Do user task performance metrics to establish bounds on your system
Ethnography
Deeply contextual study Immerse oneself in situation you want to
learn about (has anthropological and sociological roots) Observing people in their cultural context
For UI designers: understand current methods, activities, environment, problems to aid design
Drawbacks Time consuming requires training and experience
Which Methods to Use?
Depends on Resources Current knowledge of tasks and users Context
Can’t use talking out loud if work involves two people working together
Essential to use some methods Not likely you will use all methods
See pg. 214 in ID
Which Methods to Use?
• Self-service filling and payment system for a gas station
• On-board ship data analysis system for geologists searching for oil
• Fashion website for buying clothes at large department store
(Not All) Requirements Gathering Methods
1. Observation2. Thinking Out Loud & Cooperative
Evaluation3. Interviews4. Questionnaires5. Focus groups6. Study Documentation7. Look at competitive products8. Ethnography - learn by immersion/doing
Recall:
Gather data Interviews, observation,
surveys/questionnaires, documentation, immersion
Organize data Notes, cards, brainstorming, computer tools
Represent data Lists, outlines, matrices Narratives Hierarchies, Networks, Flow charts
Making Sense
Organize/categorize information “coding scheme”
Card Sorting Affinity Diagrams Task analysis
Describing requirements activities
Narratives Personas Scenarios Task Analysis & other task
descriptions …next lecture
Recall: User Characteristics
Attitude, morale, willingness to change, motivation, reading level, typing skill, education, frequency of use, training, color-blindness, handedness, gender,…
Novice, intermediate, expert System experience, task experience, computer
literacy Cultural factors
Uses of icons, colors, words, metaphors - more later
User Motivation
UserLow motivation, discretionary useLow motivation, mandatory useHigh motivation, due to fearHigh motivation, due to interest
Design goalEase of learning
Control, power
Ease of learning, robustness, control
Power, ease of use
Implications of Experience
ExperienceTask Systemlow low
high high
low high
high low
Design goalsMany syntactic and semantic prompts
Efficient commands, concise syntax
Semantic help facilities
Lots of syntactic prompting
Persona
Description of user and what user wishes to do
Be specific/detailed, even give names and picture
Three personas for ATM usage follow Adapted from User Interface Design
and Evaluation, The Open University Developed by Cooper (1999)
Felix (representing teenage ATM users)
Felix is 13 and gets pocket money each week. He spends it with his friends, so doesn’t make regular deposits. He does receive gifts for his birthday, Christmas, etc. and saves that money for special purchases, such as a computer games console or trendy clothes. He has an ATM card allowing him to make withdrawals when needed for his purchases.
Sandra (representing young adults thru middle age)
Sandra is 30, is married to Jason, has two children Todd(6) and Carly (18 months). They live in a subdivision that is about three miles from the town center, where the bank and stores are located. Jason uses the car for work, and works long hours, leaving at 6:45 am and returning at 8:00 pm. Sandra does not drive, so has to use public transportation. She tries to run errands and shop while Todd is in school, so she only has to take Carly to town with her. She typically needs to make two trips to town each week to get everything done. She uses a stroller with Carly, and the bank is one flight up via escalator, so she prefers to use the ATM outside the first floor, even though there is no canopy to protect customers from bad weather.
Grandpa Marvin (representing middle age to senior citizens)
Marvin is 68 years old, and his social security is deposited into his bank account at the start of each month. He goes to the bank every week, withdrawing enough cash for the week - for miscellaneous expenditures. Regular bills are paid by check. He stands in line for a live teller, as he prefers the social interaction to using an ATM, even though his new artificial hip makes standing in line uncomfortable. He does not have an ATM card.
Task Implications
Frequency of use High - Ease of use Low - Ease of learning & remembering
Task implications High - Ease of use Low - Ease of learning
System use Mandatory - Ease of use Discretionary - Ease of learning
Job Characteristics
Mission critical Life and safety High stress environment High mental workload Low mental workload
Implications of these types of jobs?
Scenario
Describe tasks and context in sentences
Natural way of describing general idea
Not effective for details branching tasks parallel tasks
GREAT as introduction to diagrams or outlines
Scenario: Example 1
Its Friday afternoon and John just got paid. He wants to deposit his check immediately so he can pay his rent. He stops at one branch of his bank on the way home from work. He waits in his car while another person finishes using the ATM in front of the bank since it is drizzling outside. He walks up to the ATM to deposit his check. Only, as he is about to put the check into the envelope at the ATM, he realizes that he has not signed the back of it, and he has no pen and can not find one on or near the ATM machine. He cancels the transaction on the ATM, and enters the bank, which luckily is still open for 5 more minutes. He goes to the counter, finds a pen, and signs his check. He also fills out a deposit slip. He then waits to see a teller in person to deposit his check, and get money for the weekend.
Scenario: Example 2
Annie walks up to the ATM to deposit her weekly pay check. She puts her ATM card into the slot in the machine. She then enters her PIN number quickly, trying to block the person waiting behind her from viewing the keypad, and knows that she does not have to press “Enter” at this particular machine. She then chooses “Deposit” and “Check.” She enters the amount of the check using the keypad, then takes an envelope from the ATM machine, puts her check inside, seals the envelope and writes the amount of the check on the outside. She feeds the envelope into the slot into the ATM machine. She then selects “No other transactions” to finish, and waits to receive her receipt and ATM card.
Example
Register for classes
What kinds of activities could we write a scenario about?
Let’s write one together
Exercise: Movie Ticket Kiosk
What data gathering techniques would you use? Who would you interact with?
Who are the stakeholders? What are typical user characteristics? What is physical/social/technical
environment? What is a typical scenario of use? What is an atypical or problem scenario?
Next Assignments
Create a persona: Due in one week Create a scenario: Due 1 ½ weeks
Think about your project topic Confer with teammates