Republic to Empire

Bell Work

HW: Finish WIOTITLE: Topic #1, End of the Republic•WAR: Read p. 322-323 and answer the following

questions: •1) Who was Cicero?•2) What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC?

HW: Finish WIOTITLE: Topic #1, End of the Republic• WAR: Read p. 322-323 and answer the following questions: • 1) Who was Cicero?• 2) What problems plagued Rome in the 70s BC?• 3) How might Cicero have been more successful in his efforts to

improve Rome?

Disorder in the Republic

Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal-Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals-Riots increased-Massive migration to the city

Julius Caesar

• Military leader Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C.

• Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form Rome’s 1st triumvirate—a group of three leaders.

• Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power.

Challenges to Caesar

• Alliance with Pompey and Crassus lasted only 10 years• Pompey’s allies in government ordered Caesar to give up

command of his army• Caesar refused and marched into Italy (crossed the Rubicon).• There was no turning back, and war was certain, as Roman

law stated that no army could enter Rome.• Pompey and his army fled, but Caesar caught up to him and

defeated him in Greece in 48 BC

Challenges to Caesar

• Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.

Julius Caesar Love to Hate Him

• Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor, and creates calendar.•Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C.

WIO: Create a Hero or Villain poster for Julius Caesar. If you consider him to be a villain you will create a Wanted poster. If you think he was good, you will create a Hero poster.•

Your poster must include:-A sketch of what the person probably looks like.-A reward amount listing the specific crime or heroic action the person did.-A made-up quote from a person living at the time showing what people might have said about this person.-The approximate date this poster would have been found.-A written description of what the person has done in their life.

Pre-AP WIO

• WIO: Determine whether you believe Caesar to be a hero or a villain and write a paragraph to justify your answer.

• *IF WE HAVE TIME, be ready to participate in a debate as a class.

WAR: Answer the following questions.

1. Why was Caesar killed?2. How did most Romans feel about his death?3. Why did Octavian turn against Antony?

End of the Republic• 43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus and take action against those who murdered Caesar

• Riots broke out and the Senate Tried to restore order quickly..

The Soap Opera: Antony and Cleopatra• After Caesar’s death, Antony and Octavian defeated the men

who killed him at Philippi and took control of Rome in 42 BC• Octavian returned to Italy while Antony fought enemies in

the east• 40 BC: Antony married Octavian’s sister, but divorces her 8

years later to marry Cleopatra, queen of Egypt• Octavian sees this as a personal insult and declares war on

Antony• Battle of Actium, 31 BC: Antony is defeated and he flees back

to Egypt where both he and Cleopatra commit suicide

Emperor Augustus

• After Antony’s defeat, Octavian is Rome’s sole ruler with limitless power• Takes the role of princeps (first citizen)• 27 BC: says he is giving power back to Senate, but he really doesn’t• Senate gives him a new name “Augustus”, which means “revered

one”.• This event marks the end of the republic and the beginning of the

Roman Empire!

Growth of the Roman Empire

• Roman territory continues to expand• Early 100s AD- Rome takes over Gaul (France) and central

Europe, most of Britain, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, eastern coast of Mediterranean, and all of N. Africa• Conquests promoted trade• Used money and coins, which increased trade• Pax Romana: 200 years of Roman Peace and prosperity• Population grew, quality of life improved

Rome’s Accomplishments

• Draw the following chart on the WOW side of your ISNScience & Engineering

Architecture & Art

Literature & Language

Law

Science

•Calendar• Studied plants and animals for farming• Studied the body to improve medicine

- Galen studied the heart and noted differences between arteries and veins; described the aorta as "a trunk divided into many branches and twigs" that nourished the body.

History of the Capillary Wall

Engineering

•Cement – mix of lime and volcanic ash and rock•Durable roads b/c of layers•Strong bridges •Aqueducts to move water•Combined arches to create vaults (support roof of building)

Arches

• The design of the arch allowed the weight of buildings to be evenly distributed along various supports, preventing massive Roman structures like the Colosseum from crumbling under their own weight.

Aqueduct

• The Romans enjoyed many amenities for their day, including public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public baths. None of these aquatic innovations would have been possible without the Roman aqueduct.

The Pantheon

Vault

•A vault was a combination of arches used to create huge, open spaces within buildings

Architecture

• Copied Greek designs- columns, marble• Colosseum•mosaics and paintings (frescoes)• Portraits• Sculptures

Literature & Language

• Aeneid by Virgil• Ovid – Roman mythology poems• Horace – poems about enjoying life•Wrote histories, speeches, dramas•Wrote in Latin• Spoke ROMANCE languages – Italian, French, Spanish,

Portuguese,

Law

• greatest influence on the US today

• Create civil law, or written law

• Tripartite (three parts)