REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA Ministry of Mineral, Energy and Water ... · The Maun Groundwater Development...

REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA

Ministry of Mineral, Energy and Water AffairsDEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS

Maun Groundwater Development ProjectPhase 1: Exploration and Resource Assessment

Contract TB 1013126194·95

FINAL REPORT

October 1997

Eastend Investments (Pty) Ltd.

JOINT VENTURE OF:Water Resources Consultants (Pty) Ltd., Botswana

andVincent Uhf Associates Inc., USA

Ministry of Mineral, Energy and Water AffairsDEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS

Maun Groundwater Development ProjectPhase 1: Exploration and Resource Assessment

Contract T8 1013126194-95

FINAL REPORT

Executive Summary

October 1997

Eastend Investments (Pty) Ltd.

JOINT VENTURE OF:Water Resources Consultants (Ply) Ltd.• Botswana

andVincent Uhl Associates Inc., USA

MAUN GIIOUNOW"TEA DEVELOfOMEHT PAOJECT PHolSE I

CONTENTS

FI""llIepan.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 11.2 Project Goals and Objectives 11.3 Reporting 21.4 Project Location and Setting 3

2.0 OVERVIEW OF MAUN WATER SUPPLy 3

3.0 INVESTIGATION PROGRAMME 4

3.1 Inception Period 43.2 Field Exploration Programme 5

4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS 6

4.1 Shashe Wellfield 74.2 Exploration Areas Summary 74.3 Groundwater Quality 84.4 Natural and Artificial Recharge 94.5 Other Findings 9

5.0 RECOMMENDED DEVELOPMENT PLAN 11

5.1 Introduction 115.2 Stage 1: Immediate implementation (1998) 125.3 Stage 2: Medium Term (2000 - 2012) 135.4 Stage 3: Longer Term Development 15

6.0 CAPITAL COSTS 15

7.0 CONCLUSiON 16

8.0 REFERENCES 17

9.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 27

MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I

TABLES

E-1. Summary of Exploration Work CompletedE-2. Comparative Analysis of Exploration AreasE-3. Statistics on Exploration Borehole DataE-4. Comparative Costs for Development Scenarios - Stage1E-5. Comparative Costs for Selected Development Scenarios - Stages 2 & 3E-6. Comparative Costs for Artificial Recharge Schemes

FIGURES

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E-1. Project Area Location MapE-2. Location of Exploration AreasE-3. Annual Surface Water Flow of the Okavango River at Mohembo and Selected

DistributariesE-4. Percentage of Recorded Water from Each Source (1989 to 1996) - Maun Water

SupplyE-5. Digital Terrain MapE-6. Landsat Thematic Mapper ImageE-7. Airborne EM Conductance MapE-8. Comparison of Exploration Area Boundaries at Inception Period and Final

Exploration AreasE-9. Artificial Recharge Test Site in Shashe River ValleyE-10. Borehole Location Map for Shashe RiverValteyE-11. Geological Cross Section Along the Shashe ValleyE-12. Resistivity Section in Upper Boro Valley from TEM Sounding InterpretationE-13. Stage 1, Recommended Development: Shashe and Lower Thamalakane River

ValleysE-14. Stage 2, Recommended Development Plan: Upper Thamalakane and Upper Boro

River ValleysE-15. Project Implementation ScheduleE-16. Outline of the Resource Development Plan for Maun

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Maun Groundwater Development Project (MGDP) was initiated by the Department ofWater Affairs (DWA) following the Botswana Government's decision to terminate theSouthern Okavango Integrated Water Development Project (SOIWDP) in May 1992.SOIWDP was a large engineering study that proposed the utilisation of surface water tomeet a number of water demands, including Maun's, on the southern fringe of theOkavango Delta.

The MGDP consisted of five separate and related contracts which included: anAeromagnetic SUivey (World Geoscience Botswana), an Airborne Electromagnetic Survey(World Geoscience Botswana), Groundwater Exploration and Resource Assessment(Eastend Investments). Drillin9 (R. A. Longstaff and DeWet Drilling) and an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Geoflux).

The Groundwater Exploration and Resource Assessment contract was awarded to EastendInvestments (pty) Ltd. [a joint venture of Water Resources Consultants (Pty) Ltd., Botswanaand Vincent Uhl Associates, Inc., USA} and the contract between DWA and Eastend wassigned on 17 August, 1995.

The Project Area is located in the northwestern part of Botswana in Ngamiland District(Figure E~1). It covers an area of 12,500 square kilometres and extends from the KhwaiRiver (Mababe Village) in the northeast to Lake Ngami (Toteng Village) in the southwest(Figure E~2). Part of the Project Area lies at the distal end of the Okavango Delta and themajor delta distributaries flow through the Project Area (Figure E~2). The Okavango Deltahas been designated as a Wetland of International Importance as per The RamsarConvention to which the Government of Botswana is a signatory.

The climate in and around the Project Area is semi-arid to arid. Average annual rainfallranges from 546 mm (1945-1996) at Shakawe to 455 mm (1922-1996) at Maun. Annualpotential evapotranspiration at Maun usually exceeds 2,000 mm. The area is characterisedby extremely low topographic relief. The geology of the area consists of thick sediments ofthe Kalahari Beds which are underlain by bedrock units inclUding the Karoo Supergroup ofCarboniferous to Jurassic Age and the Damara Supergroup of Paleozoic to Proterozoic Age.The region lies within an area of continued earthquake activity and is located on thesouthern end of the seismically active African rift system.

1.2 Project Goals and Objectives

The primary goal of the Project was to assess groundwater availability and developmentpotential within the Project Area to meet the present and projected year 2012 demand forMaun. The latter was estimated to be 4 million cubic metres (MCM) per year by theBotswana National Water Master Plan (BNWMP. 1991).

MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I FINI R""on

A secondary goal was to assess the feasibility of implementing the groundwater relatedrecommendations contained in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature andNalural Resources (IUCN) 1992 Report.

The principal Project objectives were to:

• Locate potential areas for groundwater exploration and assess development potentialin these areas.

• Assess, in these potential areas, aquifer hydraulic characteristics, groundwater flowconditions, aquifer geometry, volumes of fresh groundwater in storage, naturalrecharge characteristics, and extractable resources for water·supply development.

• Assess the costs of resource development and provide preliminary design conceptsfor new production wellfields.

• Establish monitoring systems (seismic, rainfall and water level).

• Evaluate water losses in the existing reticulation system and recommend remedialaction.

• Assess the feasibility of artificial recharge in the Shashe River Valley as a means ofextending the life of this wellfield.

• Provide a recommended development plan to meet immediate, medium (year 2012)and longer term (year 2027) water supply needs for Maun.

1.3 Reporting

The results of the groundwater exploration and resource assessment programme arepresented in various reports. The Executive Summary summarises Project activities,principal findings and recommendations; and the Main Report provides an in depthsummary. Associated with the Executive Summary and the Main Report are 15 additionalreports or appendices each describing a specific technical aspect of the Project.

APPENDIX

Appendix AAppendix 8Appendix CAppendix 0Appendix EAppendix FAppendix GAppendix H-Vol. 1Appendix H-Vol. 2Appendix I-Vol. 1Appendix I-Vol. 2Appendix JAppendix KAppendix LAppendix M

TITLE

Vegetation AnalysisGeomorphology and SedimentologyGeology and StructureHydrological AnalysisArtificial Recharge StudyWater Audit and Leak Detection StudyShashe Wellfield Management ReportModelin9 of Shashe WellfieldModeling of Exploration Areas A to DAirborne and Ground GeophysicsGeophysics Data BooksProject Data BooksHydrochemistry and Environmental IsotopesRecharge AssessmentMicro Seismic Study

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1.4 Project Location and Setting

The Project Area is located at the distal end of the Okavango Delta and groundwaterexploration activities were concentrated along outlet valleys of the delta, which during thestudy period were mostly dry. An analysis of long-term flow records of inflow into the deltaat Mohembo and outflow from the delta in the Bora River system indicates that on anaverage, 2 percent of the inflow is manifested as outflow with the average outflow in theBoro River being about 200 MCM per year. Figure E-3 provides a plot of annual surfacewater flow of the Okavango River at Mohembo and for selected delta distributaries in theProject Area.

The Thamalakane River, a major watercourse in the Project Area receives flow from severalOkavango River outlets, the primary being the Boro River at present. Secondary outletsthat are also tributary to the Thamalakane River include the Nxotega, Shashe, Boranyana,Santantadibe, and Gomoti Rivers. The annual floodwaters usually enter the Boro Riverbetween June and August, peak in July or August and diminish from September until thenext annual flood. The secondary outlets receive flow intermittently, only during wetteryears. The Nxotega River did not flow this decade. The Shashe River Valley, in whichMaun's main wellfield is located, has not seen surface water flow since 1989: this hasresulted in a lack of recharge to the Shashe aquifer system and the decline of groundwateravailability.

The Kunyere River system, in the southwest part of the Project Area, receives delta outflowvia the Marophe, Xudum, and Matsibe Channels. The Kunyere River flows from northeastto southwest along the Kunyere Fault and empties into Lake Ngami. This river system, likethe secondary outlets that are tributary to the Thamalakane River, only flows during wetteryears. The last time that flow was recorded at the gauging station at Toteng was inSeptember 1992.

The Mogogelo and Khwai Rivers are northeastern outlets from the delta and drain to theMababe Depression. The Mogogelo River only flows in wetter years and the Khwai Rivercan rarely sustain flow into the Mababe Depression.

2.0 OVERVIEW OF MAUN WATER SUPPLY

Maun has experienced significant population growth over the past few decades that hasresulted in an increased pressure on existing water supplies. During this same period,surface water availab!lity has been quite variable (Figure E-3). The 1970's were generally adecade of above average outflow from the delta, while the 1980's saw a decrease inoutflow, and the 1990's to date has experienced some of the lowest outflows on record.

The BNWMP (1991) estimated the water demand for Maun in the year 2012 at 4 millioncubic metres (MCM) per annum, while the IUCN (1992) estimated the demand at 3 MCMper annum. The current (1997) demand is estimated to be around 1.4 MCM per annum onthe basis of population estimates in the Preliminary Draft Maun Development Plan for theperiod 1993-2013. The present sources of water supply that are the Shashe andThamalakane (Centre) Wellfields currently provide about 1 MCM per annum (2,800 m3/day).A surface water treatment plant on the Thamalakane River at Wenela commencedproduction at a rate of 0.18 MCM per annum (50 m3/hr) in 1994. The plant was installed toaugment the existing groundwater sources. However, it has not been operated since 1995due to no flow at its location about 7 km downstream of the Boro Junction on theThamalakane River.

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MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I Flf'\lIl Rtport

The Shashe Wellfield has been the primary source of supply to Maun since the mid 1980'sand accounts for over 75 percent of the water currently supplied (Figure E-4). However, thesustainability of the aquifer systems in the Shashe Valley is linked to recharge from surfacewater infiltration and the last time this river valley had surface water flow was in 1989. Assuch, development sustainability in this valley depends on either natural or artificial rechargeof the underlying aquifer systems.

If surface water was available throughout the year in the Thamalakane River, the existingwater supply infrastructure could meet current demand. However, with no flow in theThamalakane River at Wenela, the current water deficit is around 0.42 MCM per annum(1,150 m'lday). At the projected levels of growth, a deficit of 0.64 MCM per annum (1,750m3/day) is estimated by the year 2000. As such, there is an immediate need to earmarknew areas for supply and begin a measured process of planning and engineering design toincrease capacity.

3.0 INVESTIGATION PROGRAMME

The Project was implemented in three phases which included: the Inception Period; FieldExploration Programme and Resource Assessment. The elements and outcome of thesethree phases are briefly summarised below.

3.1 Inception Period

The Inception Period involved the collection, review and interpretation of existing data; aborehole inventorylfield reconnaissance; and a test ground geophysics programmethroughout the Project Area. Existing data sources included:

• National Borehole Archive• National Water Chemistry Data Base• Consultant Reports• DWA Internal Reports• Geological Hydrogeological and other Maps• National Hydrological Data Base

During the Inception Period, multi-disciplinary technical studies (vegetation, geomorphology,hydrogeology, geophysics, surface water hydrology, remote sensing, structural geology, andhydrochemistry/stable isotopes) were carried out and the data were synthesised into aconceptual hydrogeologic model of the Project Area. The principal focus of the InceptionPeriod activities was to identify areas for groundwater assessment by geophysicalexploration and exploration drilling in the field exploration phase. The remote sensingmethods were extremely useful in developing an understanding of the geologic andhydrogeologic environment on a regional scale.

The Digital Terrain Map provides ground surface elevations and these were used foranalysis of structural features. Figures E-5 is the Digital Terrain Map of part of the ProjectArea near the distal end of Okavango Delta and clearly identifies the known Thamalakaneand Kunyere Fault scarps as high topographic features dropping to the North West. Thisdata was also useful in delineating a new fault in the area, which is located about 15 km tothe east of the Thamalakane Fault and has Northeast-Southwest orientation.

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The seven-band Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery was used for mapping of vegetationspecies/soil types, plant associations and structure to determine relationships betweenvegetation and groundwater. Various feature recognition techniques were applied and thisresulted in the mapping of 20 vegetation classes which were graded with respect to theirassumed ability to predict possible fresh groundwater occurrence. The final product of theimage processing delineated areas of high, medium and low groundwater potential from theclassified image. Figure E·6 is the image of part of the Project Area and clearly identifies theThamalakane and Kunyere Faults and also the various soil types/ vegetation species in thearea.

The Final Inception Report identified eight (8) areas for shallow Kalahari Beds exploration(Figure E-8). Four of these areas were located along river valleys that commonly receiveoutflow from the delta (Thamalakane, Boro and Khwai). Two areas were along river valleysthat receive flow intermittently (Nxotega and Kunyere). Two areas northwest of the KunyereFault were closer to the perennial swamps where it was judged that recharge would occurover a broad area during the annual flood events.

During the Inception Period, the results of a test airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey,carried out over a small part of the Shashe River Valley, were compared with knownhydrogeological information of the test survey area. This comparison indicated that airborneEM was an effective tool in mapping the lateral extent of shallow fresh groundwateroccurrence in the valley systems in the Project Area. Following this analysis, a decision wasmade to fly an extended airborne EM survey over the Project Area northwest of theThamalakane Fault.

The airborne EM survey data was processed and conductance maps were prepared. Thesemaps plotted on a full colour base clearly reflect the conductance variations over the ProjectArea. The main river channels are reflected as areas of relatively low conductance valuesindicative of fresh shallow groundwater. The areas between the river channels appear asareas of high conductance indicative of shallow saline groundwater. Figure E-7 is theconductance map for part of the Project Area and clearly demonstrates the utility of thismethod in mapping areas with shallow fresh and saline groundwater.

Following the availability of the results of the AEM survey, the eight exploration areasrecommended in the Inception Report were refined into the six areas outlined below (FigureE-8).

• Area A: Lower Thamalakane Valley• Area B: Upper Tharna1akane Valley• Area C: Upper Bora Valley

• Area D: Kunyere Valley System• Area E: Gomoti Valley• Area F: MogogelolKhwai Valleys

3.2 Field Exploration Programme

The Field Exploration Programme included ground geophysics, drilling and test pumping inthe 6 exploration areas described above. The scope of work completed is presented inTable E-1.

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MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I FIIIII Rejlort

Table E-1: Summary of Exploration Work Completed

DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE QUANTITY

Geophysics TEM 690 soundinqsHLEM 4KmMaone!ic Profilino 127 Km

Drillinq 111 boreholes

Test Pumpinq 46 boreholes

Water Sampling ( Major ions Borehole Samples 140and stable isotopes)

Surface Water Samoles 7Rain water 36C-14fTritium 6

During the Exploration Phase, an artificial recharge pilot test basin (400 m2) was constructed

in the lower portion of the Shashe River Valley (Figure E-9) and two recharge pilot testswere conducted. Due to the unavailability of water in the Thamalakane River during 1996and 1997, pilot test recharge water was piped to the test basin from 3 existing ShasheWellfield production boreholes and one Project borehole was specifically drilled to providefeed water.

A water audit and leak detection survey for the Maun reticulation system was alsocompleted during this phase of the Project.

The Resource Assessment and Final Reporting phase involved an analysis of the collecteddata; an assessment of groundwater availability and development potential for the 6exploration areas; the identification of additional data collection requirements for theseareas; and recommendations for a development programme to meet immediate, mediumterm and longer term water supply needs for Maun.

4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS

The major findings from this Project included:

• The identification of 6 areas (Exploration Areas A to F) underlain by freshgroundwater resources that can be utilised as a source of supply to Maun.

• The identification of more than 10,000 MCM of fresh groundwater in storage inExploration Areas A to F. In addition, there are indications of significantly largerreserves to the northwest of Exploration Areas C (Upper Boro Valley) and E (GomotiValley) in the direction of the perennial swamps.

• The development of production estimates in the range of 1 MCM/year (3,000 m3/day)from the Shashe Wellfield for the next decade and the need to reconfigure thecurrent pumping to optimise performance and reduce upconing of higher TDS water.

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MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I FInal RlpGf1

• Confirmation of the feasibility of artificial recharge in the Shashe River Valley in therange of 2 to 4 MCM per year provided that surface water flow in the Thamalakaneand Bora Rivers returns to the levels seen in the early 1990's.

Table E-2 provides a comparative analysis of the major hydrogeologic findings forexploration areas in the Lower and Upper Thamalakane River Valleys; the Upper BoraValley; and the Kunyere Valley System. Provided below is a discussion of the principalfindings.

4.1 Shashe Wellfield

During the Project time frame, the Shashe Wellfield had 16 production boreholes inoperation; 6 completed in the shallow unconfined aquifer and 12 completed in the middlesemi-confined aquifer system. Figure E-10 provides a location map and Figure E-11 ageologic cross section along the length of the valley.

The hydrogeological analysis of this valley and wellfield during the Project indicated thepresence of a multi-layered aquifer and confining bed system (Figure E-11) with two freshwater aquifer systems (a shallow/upper unconfined aquifer and a middle semi-confinedaquifer) and a lower brackish/saline aquifer. The aquifer pumping tests conducted on thevarious aquifer units indicated that these fresh and brackish/saline aquifer systems areinterconnected. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the semi-confining layers was in therange from 1x10-3 to 5x10-3 mid. Aquifer transmissivity for the middle semi-confined aquifersystem was in the range from 20 to 66 m2/day and storativity from 3x10..( to 5xlO..(.

The mathematical modeling simulations for this wellfield indicated that at a production rateof 3,100 m3/day from the middle semi-confined aquifer, upconing from the lowerbrackish/saline aquifer could account for up to 25 percent of the water pumped by year2006. A reconfigured Shashe Wellfield with three new production boreholes installed in theupper Shashe Valley (BH-1. BH-2. BH-3) and three existing production boreholes (BH7188,BH7930 and BH7936) decommissioned in the lower Shashe (Figure E-13). where pumpingis currently concentrated, would result in reduced upconing (13 percent contribution by year2008 from the lower brackish/saline aquifer). As such, production at 3,100 m3/day would bepossible for at least another 10 years.

The life of the wetlfield can be extended through the application of artificial recharge water.The re-activation of shallow production boreholes, which would be made possible by thisapplication, would also increase the abstraction capacity from this wettfield.

4.2 Exploration Areas Summary

Out of the total 111 boreholes installed in the Project Area, 59 boreholes were completed inthe 6 exploration areas in the Kalahari Beds for exploration and monitoring/observationpurposes. Table E-3 provides a summary of average, minimum, maximum and medianborehole yields for tested boreholes in the exploration areas. The highest average boreholeyields were encountered in the Kunyere Valley System and Upper Thamalakane Area(range of 20 to 22 m3/hr). The Upper Boro and Lower Thamalakane Valleys showedaverage tested yields of 9 m3/hr.

All of the freshwater aquifers encountered in the 6 exploration areas are similar in nature,that is multi-layered aquifer systems with semi-confining beds, overlying a saline aquifer.

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MAUN GROUNDWATER D£VELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I final Report

The aquifer units consist of fine to medium sands, and the semi-confining units of clays,sandy silts and sandy clays. Test pumping in the middle semi-confined fresh water aquiferswith observation boreholes in the upper freshwater aquifers and the bottom saline wateraquifers indicate that these aquifers and semi- confining beds are interconnected.

The upper unconfined and middle semi-confined fresh water aquifer systems arecharacterised by transmissivities ranging from 10 to as much as 130 m2/d. The verticalhydraulic conductivity of the semi-confining layers is variable and in the range from 10.2 to10'" mid indicative of semi-confining layers through which significant leakage can and doesoccur.

Under non-pumping conditions, the overall groundwater movement or flux is downward.Under pumping conditions, the hydraulic heads are re-arranged such that the flux is directedto the pumped aquifer system. In the Shashe Valley, where production is now concentratedin the middle freshwater aqUifer, flux is downward from the shallow unconfined aquifer andupward from the lower saline water aquifer. Currentty the shallow unconfined aquifer in theShashe Valley has been significantty dewatered because of continuous pumping over thepast 8 years with no flood water recharge. The Shashe mathematical model indicated thatunder current pumping conditions, production boreholes in the middle semi-confined aquiferreceive about 90 percent of their input from leakage and of this amount, 10 percent is fromupward and 90 percent from downward leakage.

The aquifer systems southeast of the Kunyere Fault (Lower Bora, Shashe, Lower and UpperThamalakane, and Nxotega) are generally confined to river channels and thus limited inareal extent. Freshwater thickness ranges from less than 40 m in the Lower ThamalakaneRiver Valley to as much as 70 m in the Upper Thamalakane River Valley. Northwest of theKunyere Fault, the freshwater aquifer systems (Kunyere Valley System; Upper Bora andGomoti) are characterised by wider valleys or flood plains often greater than 3 km in widthand in the case of the Gomoti and Upper Bora, wide areas that receive flood recharge. Inthese areas, fresh groundwater is not limited to channel boundaries and has a muchbroader areal extent. The thickness of freshwater northwest of the fault increases towardsthe northwest in the direction of the perennial swamps. In the northwest portion of theUpper Boro exploration area, the fresh water thickness is at least 110m as compared to 40to 50 m near the Kunyere Fault (Figure E-12).

Table E-2 provides an overview of the major hydrogeological findings for the Lower andUpper Thamalakane Valley, Upper Bora, and Kunyere Valley System exploration areas,where some preliminary mathematical modelling was carried out to obtain indications ofextractable groundwater resources. This modelling has indicated sustained developmentpotential of 2000 m]/day from the Lower Thamalakane River Valley; 6,000 m]/day from thebottom half of the Upper Thamalakane River Valley and 8,000 m]/day from the lower 45 km2

portion of the Upper Boro River Valley. These three modelling simulations were made withriver recharge of three-month duration for each year of simulation. The Kunyere Valleymodeling for a 93 km2 area and with no recharge indicated that at a 9,600 m]/day rate ofabstraction, water level declines were in the range of 10 to 15 m after 10 years of pumping.

4.3 Groundwater Quality

The upper unconfined aquifers in the Project Area are characterised by low salinity, calciummagnesium and sodium bicarbonate waters. In these aquifers, which typically occur in andalong river valleys, groundwater displays the same hydrochemical characteristics as thesurface water indicating that the dominant recharge mechanism is floodwater infiltration. In

8

IAAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I FlnalRepon

the middle semi·confined aquifers, groundwater has a sodium bicarbonate to sodiumbicarbonate·chloride character of moderate salinity (TDS range from 600 to 2,000 mg/l).

Normal chemical evolution takes place with depth from a calcium·magnesium bicarbonatewater, to sodium bicarbonate, and eventually to sodium chloride-sulphate type water as thegroundwater flux moves from the upper unconfined to the middle semi-confined andultimately to the deeper semi-confined aquifers. This indicates that the dominant rechargemechanism to the deeper semi·confined aquifers is through vertical downward leakage fromthe overlying aquifers.

4.4 Natural and Artificial Recharge

The stable isotope ceO and deuterium) analyses of surface and groundwater samples in theProject Area clearly indicate that the delta flood is the main source of recharge to theshallow and semi-confined aquifer systems. In the absence of recharge from the deltaoutlet floodwaters, the aquifer systems will become depleted of fresh water. The NxotegaValley System is a case in point. This valley has not seen a flood event in the past 2decades and groundwater levels are greater than 20 m below ground surface indicatingsignificant depletion of fresh groundwater resources due to evapotranspiration anddownward leakage. The long term viability of the shallow groundwater reserves southeastof the Kunyere Fault in the outlet river valleys is fundamentally linked to recharge fromsurface water flow.

During this Project a study was made of river infiltration along the Thamalakane River reachfrom the Boro gauging station near the junction to the Thamalakane gauging station at OldMaun Bridge. The analysis of data for two specific days in August 1991 and 1995, indicatedflood infiltration losses of 42,000 m3/day (1991) and 3,800 m3/day (1995). This shows asignificant difference in flood infiltration losses for wetter (1991) and drier (1995) years. Ifflow were to occur all year, these losses would translate to 0.48 MCM/km/year (1991) toabout 0.06 MCM/km/year (1995). Additional study is required on the magnitUde of floodinfiltration along the active river channels in the Project Area.

The artificial recharge pilot tests demonstrated that spreading basins represent anappropriate technology for the application of recharge water in the Shashe River Valley.Available groundwater storage in the upper unconfined aquifer in this valley is in the rangefrom 10 to 20 MCM at present. Recharge rates in the range from 2 to 4 MCM per year ofusing spreading basins would have been possible from sources such as the Bora andThamalakane Rivers up to the past 4 years. In the last 4 years, annual surface flows havebeen very low (Figure E-3). The Santantadibe River, which exhibits a more constant flowthroughout the year, can provide up to 4 MCM per year of recharge water to the ShasheValley AqUifer without significantly impacting present flow. The most important limitingfactor to artificial recharge in the Shashe Valley is the availability of recharge water.

4.5 Other Findings

Geophysics Exploration Techniques

Airborne (magnetic and electromagnetic) and ground (TEM, HLEM and magnetic)geophysical survey methods were applied during the Project.

The aeromagnetic survey assisted in the interpretation of bedrock structure, sedimentthickness and fault distribution over the Project Area. Major known faults (Kunyere and

9

MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I Final Rtpo<t

Thamalakane) were clearly demarcated from interpretation of aeromagnetic data. Inaddition two new faults were also demarcated from the interpretation of aeromagnetic data(Appendix I: Airborne and Ground Geophysics). The airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveyresults provided an areal depiction of conductivity variations in the Kalahari Bed aquifers andclearly delineated areas containing fresh groundwater.

The transient electromagnetic (TEM) method is well suited lor studying Kalahari Bedstratigraphy and delineating sediment thickness and water quality conditions. Although theentire spectrum of sediments to a general depth of 100 m (excluding the top 5 to 10 munsaturated zone) falls in the narrow resistivity range of 2 to 70 ohm·metres, the TEMmethod could effectively discern the zones containing fresh, brackish and salinegroundwater. An example of a TEM sounding interpretation along a traverse line in theUpper Bora Valley demonstrates the utility of this method to assess Kalahari Beds lithologyand water quality (Figure E-12).

The TEM interpretation, in addition to borehole geophysical and lithologic logging, wereused to choose screen intervals in exploration and test-production boreholes. Theexploration techniques were found to be extremely successful in exploring the Kalahari Bedsregionally and in defining aquifer geometry, depth to the fresh-brackish/saline waterinterface and the thickness of the freshwater saturated sediments in the exploration areas.

Bedrock Exploration

The two deep exploration boreholes installed during the project, one (BH8154) in thenortheast portion of the Project Area to 980 m and the second (BH8159) in the interfaultarea between the Kunyere and Thamalakane Faults to 247 m, indicated the presence ofsaline groundwater (TDS concentrations lrom 17,856 to 42,240 mgll) in the Stormbergbasalt and Ntane sandstone respectively. Estimated borehole yields were between 50 and100 m3/hr. Based on this limited drilling and the regional geophysical exploration data, it isconsidered that the potential for securing sustainable fresh groundwater resources from theunderlying bedrock or from Kalahari Beds away from the river valleys and broader floodplains is highly unlikely in the Project Area.

Water Audit and Leak Detection Study

A study of the reticulation system was conducted to assess the magnitude and location ofwater leakage and to develop remedial recommendations. From the field surveys, thetransmission and distribution mains were found to be well installed and generally free ofleaks which would contribute significantly to loss of water. The study also indicated that noleakage was taking place in the transmission mains at the three river crossings.

The measurements at the outlet booster station meters (Shashe and Thamalakane Boosterstations) indicated a cumulative over-reporting error of about 10 percent. That is, the totalwater pumped into the distribution system was 10 percent less than that measured on theoutlet meters of these two booster stations. Of the 17 individual production borehole meterstested, 12 failed to meet the industry standard for meter error (American Water WorksAssociation standard).

10

MAUN GROIJNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I

5.0 RECOMMENDED DEVELOPMENT PLAN

5.1 Introduction

The resource assessment developed by this Project confirms that through a carefullyplanned and phased development process, the groundwater resources within theinvestigated exploration areas together with a reconfigured and artificially recharged ShasheWellfield, are adequate to meet Maun's water demand beyond the year 2012. Three of theareas investigated (Upper Bora, Upper Thamalakane and Khwai/Mogogelo River System)are located where the annual delta floods are still active, and as such receive regularrecharge which is important for the sustainable development of the resource.

There are, however, development constraints in all of the areas investigated which include:

• Low individual borehole yields in the Upper Boro and Lower ThamalakaneValleys and thus a relatively large number of boreholes required for production.An experimental borehole in the Upper Boro was drilled using a modified reversecirculation drilling method and this showed a doubling of yield as compared to aproximate mud-rotary driffed borehole thus indicating the potential for higheraverage yields in this valley with the application of this drilling technology. Noteall of the exploration and test production boreholes were installed using the mudrotary drilling technique.

• Extremely high environmental sensitivity of some areas such as the Upper Boraand logistical problems associated with protecting development infrastructurefrom flooding and wildlife.

• Unreliable and/or highly intermittent recharge because of long periods withoutriver flow such as in the Kunyere Valley.

• Relatively large distances from Maun, e.g. Kunyere; Gomoti andMogogelo/Khwai River Valleys.

Considering the constraints outlined above and the resource development potential of all ofthe 6 exploration areas, a three (3) stage development process is proposed which includes:

• STAGE 1: Immediate to meet demand through the year 2,000,

• STAGE 2: Medium Term to meet demand through the year 2012, and

• STAGE 3: Longer Term to meet demand through the year 2027.

Stage 1: Development of Upper Shashe. and Contiguous Lower Shashe and LowerThamalakane River Valleys

The Upper Shashe Valley north of the Kunyere Fault and the contiguous Lower Shashe andLower Thamalakane River valleys are proposed for immediate augmentation of the existingsupply. This would address the immediate need and allow time for a measured process ofplanning and engineering design for the new wellfields in Stage 2.

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Stage 2: Development of Upper Thamalakane and Upper Boro River Valleys

FI~IR.pO<t

The Upper Thamalakane and Upper Boro River valleys are recommended for developmentas water supply sources to meet the medium term demand for Maun. These areas areprioritised for the following reasons:

• Proximity to Maun.• Large quantities of groundwater in storage.• Most reliable areas in terms of recharge from the annual flood.

Stage 3: Longer Term Development Areas

Longer term water needs can be met from one or a combination of sources, which include:

• Expansion of an Upper Thamalakane Valley Wellfield developed in Stage 2 toinclude the Lower Gomoti Valley.

• Expansion of an Upper Boro Valley Wellfield developed in Stage 2 to thenorthwest.

• New wellfields in the Gomoti and/or Mogogelo/Khwai River Valleys which havesubstantial development potential on the basis of the exploration drilling andairborne electromagnetic data interpretation.

• Development in the Kunyere Valley System which represents a potential longerterm resource if there is a return to the more optimistic surface water flows of the1990's and 1980's where recharge to these valley systems would take place.

An overview of the specifics of the implementation plan are outlined below and Figure E-15provides an implementation schedule and Figure E-16 an outline of the resourcedevelopment plan for Maun.

5.2 Stage 1: Immediate Implementation (1998)

The Stage 1 programme is designed to provide immediate relief to Maun through theprovision of at least an additional 1,500 to 1,750 m3/day of capacity by the end of 1998. Aconcurrent technical study programme is also recommended. The elements of Stage 1include:

Development of New Capacity (Refer Figure E-13)

• Site and install four (4) production boreholes north of the Kunyere Fault in theShashe Valley to provide capacity of 750 m3/day.

• Site and install six (6) production boreholes in the Lower Shashe Valley (south ofcurrent production areas and main road) and contiguous Lower Thamalakane RiverValleys for increased capacity of up to 1,000 m3/day.

12

MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I final Rep<>1t

• Reconfigure the production borehole pumping pattern in the Shashe Valley middlesemi-confined aquifer to lessen the upconing of higher TDS water in the lower part ofthis valley. This will involve lowering withdrawals in the lower part of the valley byplacing three production boreholes (BH7938, BH7188 and BH7936) on standbystatus and redistributing this pumpage to the less stressed middle and upper parts ofthe vailey through the siting and instailation of three (BH-1, BH-2 and BH-3)production boreholes.

• Proceed with the redevelopment of production boreholes BH7936 and BH7190 in theShashe Wellfield and perlorm baseline specific capacity/efficiency testing on theremaining 10 production boreholes completed in the middle semi-confined aquifer.Initiate borehole redevelopment activities on boreholes in the Shashe Wellfield thathave shown a greater than 25 percent decrease in specific capacity and efficiency.

Technical Studies

• Apply the reverse circulation drilling technology for the installation of boreholes in theUpper and Lower Shashe Valley and contiguous Lower Thamalakane Valley toassess the degree of improvement in borehole yields.

• Explore optimal operating systems for wellhead construction and remote operation ofwellfields and individual boreholes. This will need to be addressed for proposedwellfield development in the Upper Thamalakane and Upper Boro River Valleys.

• Explore horizontal well feasibility through a pilot field programme.

• Initiate environmental impact studies for potential artificial recharge projects that willaddress the impacts of pipeline construction from potential source rivers (Boro,Thamalakane, and/or Santantadibe) to points of recharge as well as impacts due toreduction in river flow for artificial recharge withdrawal. If surlace water flowconditions improve, initiate the Shashe Artificial Recharge Project on a pilot scalebasis.

• Initiate the recommended water level and water quality monitoring programmeoutlined in the Shashe Wellfield Management Report (Appendix G). These datashould be used for subsequent modelling and wellfield management. Recalibrate theShashe model and perform additional simulations in late 1998.

• Install gauging stations to measure surlace water flow in the upper reaches of theShashe and Xudum River Valleys.

• Begin data collection and model development for the upper part of the ShasheValley, north of the Kunyere Fault, and for the lower part of the valley near theconfluence with the Thamalakane River based on the new production boreholesoperational data.

5.3 Stage 2: Medium Term (2000 - 2012)

The longer term demand for Maun will need to be met from new wellfield areas. It isrecommended that planning proceeds for the next stage of development from the UpperThamalakane and Upper Bora Vaileys (Figure E-14).

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In the Upper Thamalakane River Valley, it is recommended that development commence ona small scale with concurrent monitoring and groundwater modelling activities. This willallow for study of the impacts of this initial abstraction on the environment and provideadditional knowledge regarding extractable groundwater resources. The proposed strategyis to develop additional capacity of 0.9 MCM/year (2,500 m'/day) by the end of 1999 withgradual expansion of up to 1.8 MCM (5,000 m3/day), provisional on the results of themonitoring and refinement of resource estimates to be initiated during the development ofthe small scale wellfield.

Development in the Upper Boro River valley is recommended for consideration concurrentwith the Upper Thamalakane River Valley, with the concept of additional studies andpossibly limited development at this point in time for more detailed resource quantification.In that this area is north of the Veterinary Cordon Fence, it is suggested that establishmentof a "Water Reserve" be considered for Maun to facilitate development. The approximateboundaries of the suggested UWater Reserveft are shown in Figure E-14. The predevelopment studies that are required and should commence immediately for both of thesepotential future development areas include:

• Additional characterisation of the freshwater and brackish water aquifer systems andnature of interconnection through exploration drilling and aquifer testing, andperformance of long term aquifer testing with the river flood in place to evaluategroundwater/surface-water interaction which will assist in future modeling.

• Application of reverse circulation drilling at two locations in each of these potentialdevelopment areas.

• Model calibration and simulation incorporating the results of the additionalcharacterisation.

• Development of final design criteria and layout for a production borehole wellfield.

• Recharge studies from the annual delta floods, through the installation/instrumentation of at least three (3) piezometer transects across each valley.

After these technical studies are completed, a decision will be necessary as to whether toproceed with the installation of production boreholes to provide 2,500 m3/day capacity in thelast half of 1999.

Other broader resource based recommendations include:

• A detailed stUdy of the Santantadibe River Basin in regard to sources of flow,discharge characteristics along the river reach, and gauging requirements.

• A study of the Khwai River flow characteristics and installation of additional gaugingstations.

• Input/output modelling studies of the Delta flood with respect to the impact of preflood groundwater levels and moisture conditions on flood output flows.

• Monitoring of the regional network of water-level observation boreholes establishedduring the current project.

14


5.4 Stage 3: Longer Term Development

FINI Report

Longer term water needs can be met from one or a combination of sources which mightinclude: an expansion of an Upper Bora Valley Wellfield developed in Stage 2 to thenorthwest in the direction of the perennial swamps; an expansion of a wellfield in the UpperThamalakane River Valley to include the lower Gomoti River Valley; and/or the developmentof new wellfields in the Gomoti and/or Mogogelo/Khwai River Valleys which have substantialdevelopment potential on the basis of the exploration drilling and airborne electromagneticdata interpretation.The Kunyere System represents a possible future development resource if there is a returnto the more optimistic flows of the early 1990's and 1980's when recharge to these valleysystems would take place.

6.0 CAPITAL COSTS

The capital costs for the installation of wellfields associated with Stage 1 development andselected development scenarios applicable to Stages 2 and 3 are outlined in Tables EA andE-5. The capital costs are for per unit volume (cubic metre) of water supplied. Table E- 6provides the costs for Artificial Recharge Schemes.

Table E-4. Comparative Costs for Development Scenarios - Stage 1

Development Area Abstraction No. of Capital Cost Per m3

m3/day Boreholes Costs (PUla)

(MII~~nPula

Diesel ElectricUpper Shashe 750 4 0.70 930VallevLower Shashe 1,000 6 1.24 to 1,38 1,242 1,380ValleyAnd ContiguousLowerThamalakane RiverVallev

Table E-5. Comparative Costs for Selected Development Scenarios a Stage 2 andStage 3

Exploration ~bst~:~~ion No. of ~aPltal cos~~ cO:,t per mJ

Area mJfda Boreholes MIllion Pula Pula)A Lower 1,920 11 3.5 1,810 (Diesel)Thamalakane 3.7 1,915 (Electric)VallevB - Upper 11,000 30 9.7 880 (Diesel)Thamalakane 10.2 926 (Electric)ValleyC Upper Bora 8,000 20 10.3 1,290 (Diesel)Valley 11.5 1,438 (ElectriclD Kunyere 9,600 20 15.9 1,655 (Diesel)SYstem 18.5 1,925 (Electricl

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MAUN GROUNDWATER DEV£LOI'MEH'T PROJECT PHASE I

Table E-6. Comparative Costs for Artificial Recharge Schemes

F....,Repotl

•

River Source and Scheme Withdrawal Rate ~aPltal COI~ ~ol~rr mt

MCM1Year Million Pula PulaThamalakane River Pilot 0.25 0.39 570SchemeThamaJakane River larger 2.0 3.75 680SchemeBore River Source 2.0 6.66 1,200Santantadrbe River Source 2.0 6.15 1,100

7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Consultant believes that groundwater utilisation is a viable option to meetthe medium and longer term water supply needs for Maun. Surface water, when available,can be used conjunctively to artificially recharge the Shashe River Valley and for directsupply utilising the present surface water treatment plant.

The commencement of the Stage 1 development is considered to be of critical importancegiven the current and anticipated future shortfalls in supply.

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MAUI'l GROUI'lOWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE'

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MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PKASE I FII\f.IRepon

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EI",.d 1.""'d1.nlJ(~ty)LId: Jolll' V,n'." .rWllf' Ruo...... C."",lunlJ(PtYI Ltd.. Be.." .....d Vi..... U.I Auodo.nl.,.• USA 20

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21


Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing (MLGLH), 1989: Ecological zoning ofOkavango Delta, Maun, Botswana, Internal report, 221 pp.

Miller, D. G. and Blair, A. H., 1970: The principles and practice of pre-treatment of artificialrecharge. Proceedings of the Artificial Groundwater Recharge Conference, Water ResearchAssociation, England, 1, 88-105.

Mokokwe, K., Mabua, I., Busch, K. and Stampe, W., 1995: Groundwater PollutionVulnerability Map of the Maun Area. 1:50 000. Sheet Nos. 1923 C4 (Maun-N) and 2023 A2(Maun-S). Report No. 10. Technical Co-operation Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey and Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Federal Republic ofGermany.

Mortimer, C., 1984: Geological Map of the Republic of Botswana. Geological Survey ofBotswana.

Mosley, P.M. and McKerchar, A.I., 1993: StreamOow. In Maidment, D.R. (ed.) Handbookof Hydrology, McGraw-Hili Inc., New York.

Nawrowski, J. and Tordiffe, E., 1993: Investigation for artificial recharge to the OmdelAquifer, Nambia. Proceedings Africa Needs Groundwater Conference, Vol. II, University ofWits, Johannesburg.

Norman, M.J.R.S., Undated: The Hydrological Network in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.

Pike, J., 1969: A Review of the Project Hydrological Programme; Surveys and Training forthe Development of Water Resources and Agricultural Production, Botswana. ConsultantReport to United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation(UNDP/FAO). September.

Potten, D.H., 1977: Okavango Bibliography. Technical Note No. I. Investigation of theOkavango as a Primary Water Resource for Botswana. BOT/71/506. United NationsDevelopment Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation (UNDP/FAO). Third Editionwith Addenda.

Prickett T.A., 1975: Modelling Techniques for Groundwater Evaluation; Advances inHydroscience, vol. 10, Ed; V.T. Chow, New York, Academic Press, pp 1-143.

Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I., 1987: The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, Vol.2, Academic Press, 700p.

Reeves, C.V., 1978: Reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey of Botswana, 1975-1977: Finalinterpretation report, Terra Survey, Ltd., Geological Survey of Botswana.

Rosendahl, a.R., 1987: Architecture of the continental rifts with special reference to EastAfrica: Annual Reviews, Earth and Planetary Science, 15: 445-503.

Reeves, C.V., 1978b, A failed Gondwana spreading axis in southern Africa. Nature, vol.272, p. 222.

Reeves, C.V. and Hutchins, D.G., 1976: The National Gravity Survey of Botswana, 197273. Geological Survey Department Bulletin 5. Lobatse, Botswana.

22

MAUN GROUNDWATER OevELOPMENT PROJECT PKASE I

Ringrose, S., and Matheson, W., 1987: Spectral Assessment of Indicators of RangeDegradation in the Botswana Hardveld Environment. Remote Sensing Environment, SpecialIssue on Arid Lands, 23:379-396.

Ringrose, S.; Matheson, W. and Boyle, T., 1988: Differentiation of ecological zones in theOkavango Delta, Botswana by classification and contextural analyses of Landsat MSS data.Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 54(5): 601-608.

Ringrose, S., Sefe, F., Chanda, R. and Musisl-Nkname, 1996: Human Perceptions andDesertification in the Rakops area, Botswana. Environmental Management, 27pp.

Roodt, V., 1995: Field guide to the common trees of the Okavango Delta and Moremi GameReserve, Shell Company, Johannesburg, 110pp.

Rubin J., 1968: Theoretical analysis of two-dimensional transient flow of water inunsaturated and partly unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America proceedings, 32,607-615.

Rushton, K.R. and Redshaw, S.C., 1979: Seepage and Groundwater Flow. John Wileyand Sons, Ltd., pp 1-339.

Scholz, C.H., 1975: Seismicity, Tectonics and Seismic Hazard of the Okavango Delta.Lamont - Doherty Geological ObservatOlY of Columbia University, Palisades, New York.Investigation of the Okavango as a Primary Water Resource for Botswana. BOT/71 1506.Consultant Report to United Nations Development Programme, Food and AgricultureOrganisation (UNDP/FAO). April.

Schwartz, M.O. and Akanyang, P., 1993: Ngwako Pan (Geological Map), 1:125,000.Geological Survey of Botswana.

Sekwale, M., 1984: Hydrogeological data collection, storage, retrieval and water law inBotswana. Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources. Proceedings of theHarare Symposium, July 1984. IAHS Publ. No. 144.

Simmers I., 1996: Challenges in Estimating Groundwater Balance, Proc. Wkshp onGroundwater - Surface Water Issues in Arid and Semi-Areas 16-17 October 1996,Warmbath, South Africa (in press).

Shaw, P.A., 1984: A historical note on the outflows of the Okavango system, Botswana Notesand Records. 16: 127-130.

Shaw, P.A. and De Vries, J.J., 1988: Duricrust, groundwater and valley development in theKalahari of southeast Botswana, Journal of Arid Environments 14:245-254.

Shaw, P. A., 1988: After the flood: the fluvio-Iacustrine landforms of northern Botswana:Earth Science Review. vol. 25. pp. 449 - 456.

Smith, R.A., 1984: The Lithostratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup in Botswana. GeologicalSurvey Department Bulletin 26. Lobatse, Botswana.

Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation Ltd. (SMEC), WLPU Consultants, andSwedish Geological International AB., 1991: Botswana National Water Master PlanStudy. Final Report to Botswana Department of Water Affairs, Volume 5 - Hydrogeology.

E.".nd In.·..' ...nt.(~'y) Lui: Joioi V•• t.....'w.,,, R........... C..... I...u ('ly) Lcd.. _ .....d VI.«., UbI Asood.'n 1.<.• USA 23

MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELoPMENT PflQJECT PHASE I F....I R.pon:

Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC), 1987: Southern OkavangoIntegrated Water Development. Phase 1. Final Report, Technical Study to BotswanaDepartment of Water Affairs. June.

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Project, 1990a: Land Systems Map of the Republic ofBotswana, AG:DP/BOTI851011, Scale 1 : 2000000.

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Project: 1990b: Soil map of the Republic ofBotswana, FAO/BOTI8S101 1, Scale 1: 1 000 000.

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Project, 1991: Vegetation map of the Republic ofBotswana, AG:DP/BOTI85101 1, Scale 1: 2000 000.

Stanistreet, I. G. and McCarthy, T. 5., 1993: The Okanvango Fan and the classification ofran systems: Sedimentary Geology, vol. 85, pp. 115 -133.

Swedish Geological Co., 1988: Serowe Groundwater Resources Evaluation Project. FinalReport to Botswana Geological SUlvey Department. CTB No. 10/217/84-85. August.

Swedish Geological Co., 1990: Ground Probing Radar Measurements at Sand RiversShashe·Maun and Shashe-Francistown. Draft Final Report to Department of Water Affairs.

Tankard, A.J.; Jackson, M.P.A.; Erlcksson, K.A.; Hobday, O.K.; Hunter, O.R. andMinter, W.E.L., 1982: Crustal Evolution of Southern Africa: 3.8 Billion Years of EarthHistory. Springer-Veriag, New York, 523p.

Tchalenko, J.S.and Ambrasey, N.N., 1970: Structural analysis of the Dasht-e-Bayaz (Iran)earthquake fractures. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 81: 41-60.

Terra Surveys Ltd., Undated: Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey of Botswana 197577: Final Interpretation Report. Geological Survey Department Lobatse and CanadianInternational Development Agency.

Thomas, C.M., 1973: Geological Map of South Ngamiland. Geological Survey of Botswana.

Thomas, D.S.G. and Shaw, P.A., 1991: The Kalahari Environment. Cambridge UniversityPress, 284p.

Thomas, C.M., Undated: A Short Description of the Geology of South Ngamiland (coveringQuarier Degree Sheets 20 22C, 20 220, and 20 23C).

Timm, J" 1986: Hydrogeological aspects of Shashe Wellfieid I Maun. DWA Reperi,Gaborone.

Timm, J., 1987: Shashe River Wellfield / Maun: Progress in overcoming the present watersupply shoriages. DWA Reperi JT12/GWD8-87, Gaborone.

Tredoux, G., Ross, W. R. and Gerber, A., 1980: The potential of the Cape Flats Aquiferfor the storage and abstraction of reclaimed effluents (South Africa). InternationalSymposium on Artificial Groundwater Recharge, Dortmund, Germany 23-43.

24

MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I Flnol Rtporl

United Nations Development Program 1997: Food and Agriculture Organisation(UNDP/FAO). Investigation of the Okavango Delta as a Primary Water Resource forBotswana. AG:DP/BOTI71/506. Technical Reports and Terminal Report - Project Findingsand Recommendations. Gaborone and Rome.

Verhagen, H., 1990: The isotope geohydrology of the Karoo Basin underlying the Kalaharithirstland, southern Africa. Proceedings of the International Conference on Groundwater inLarge Sedimentary Basins, Australian Water Resources Conference, pp 390-402.

VIAK, 1989: Rural Water Supply Design Manual. Vol 2. Design Criteria and TechnicalRequirements. - Department of Water Affairs. Feb 1989.

Walton, W.C., 1970: Groundwater Resource Evaluation. McGraw Hill, New York.

Water Resources Consultants (pty) Ltd., 1991: Ground Water Investigation in MaunCopper Venture Lease Area, Ngamiland District. Final Report to Anglo AmericanProspecting Services, Botswana.

Water Resources Consultants (Pty) Ltd., 1992a: Groundwater Development in Five PilotRanches, Hainaveld Third Development Area, Ngamiland District. Final Report toDepartment of Water Affairs. February.

Water Resources Consultants (Pty) Ltd., 1992b: Groundwater Investigation in Bodibengand Bothatogo Area, Ngamiland District. Final Report to Botswana Department of WaterAffairs. September.

Water Resources Consultants (pty) Ltd., 1995: 19 Link Roads Water Supply Programme,Division West - Toteng to Ghanzi Road Section. Final Report to Botswana Department ofWater Affairs. April.

Water Surveys (Botswana), 1997: Rural Village Water Supply Programme - Mogotho,Ngarange and Bodibeng Villages, Final Report.

Weaver, J., 1992: Groundwater Sampling - A Comprehensive Guide for Sampling Methods.WRC Report TT54/92.

Wellfield Consulting Services (pty) Ltd. and International Institute for AerospaceSurveys and Earth Sciences of the Netherlands, 1994: Palla Road GroundwaterResources Investigation Phase r. CTB 10/3/26/91-92. Final Report to Botswana Departmentof Water Affairs. August.

Wilcox, R.E.; Harding, T.P. and Seeley, D.R., 1973: Basic Wrench Tectonics. Bulletin ofthe American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 57: 74-96.

Williams, R.E. and Fernando, O.N.K., 1976: Hydrostatic Levelling in the Okavango Delta.Technical Note No.8. Investigation of the Okavango as a Primary Water Resource forBotswana. BOT171/506. United Nations Development Programme, Food and AgricultureOrganisation (UNDP/FAO). Maun. July.

Wilson, B. H., 1973: Some natural and man-made changes in channels of the OkavangoDelta: Botswana Notes and Records, vol. 5, pp. 132 - 15.

Zoback, M.L., 1992: First and second order patterns of stress in the lithosphere: the worldstress map project. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97: 11703-11728.

E....md 1m,.."...... (P'y) l.Id: .IeI1., \'.m'u••fW.,.. R........ CDD.~llO... (P'y) l.Id•• Ilo.....m•••d Vlm«m' 11Io1 ANod.'.. I..... USA 25

MAUN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I Finil RejlOft

Zoeteman, B. C. J., Hrubec, J. and Brunkmann, F. J. J., 1975: Water qualitymanagement aspects of the Veluwe artificial recharge plan. RID Mededeling 75·2.Rijksinstituut Veor Drinkwaterveorziening, The Hague, Netherlands.

E.",.d I.,·..' ....,. ("Y) Ud: Joto. v,••~....rw••,r Rt.I~rttI C....ulu.,,("y) L'd., 110"..... ud Vi..... ' U.l A_"'" I ••.• USA 26

MAUN GROUNOWATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I

9.0 Ackllowledgemellts

17,e Personnel involved in the project included:

Tech"ical Staff

Final R.pan

Project Team Leader

Project Manager

Senior Hydrogeologist

Senior Geophysicist

Hydrogeologists

Geophysicists

Modelling ExpertReticulation ExpertsArtificial Recharge ExpertHydrochemistry ExpertGIS I Computer ExpertIsotope ExpertStructural Expert

University ofBotswana Team

Vegetation ExpertGeomorphologistStrucLUral GeologistHydrologistEIA ExpertsGIS I Computer Expert

Senior Technicialls

TecJ",icialls

Techllical AssistalUs

Vincent W. Uhl and Dr. David P. Ede

Tej B. Bakaya

Mookamedi Mosie

Dr. Ed Wightman

Anthony J. RanaSanjay SinhaFlenner LinnDan JenkinsVictor Masedi

Abhinandan KumarHarish Kumar

Dr. M. ThangarajanSteven Noakes and Roscoe JenningsAlan WrightDr. G. TredollXDeepakMamDr. S. TalmaDr. H. Blignault

Dr. Susan RingroseDr. Marty McFarlaneDr. M. ModisiDr. Francis SefeM. Mporokwane and E. SegosebeDr. C. Vander Post

David Ntsane, Late Mokgele Tumelo

David SenabeMcFrank MaramboAndrew Kgakge

Mamo MpolokangSonny WilliamJohn Mothowakgosi

27

MAUN GROUNDWATER OEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE I

Secretarial andAdministrative Staff

Contractors

DrillingTest PumpingSeismograph InstallationGPS Surveys

Ms. Julia BagopiMs. Kgalalelo KgosidintsiMs. Agnes JomaneMs. Tiny SegokgoMs. Boikanyo D. RamasimongMs. Florence Muwayo

Dewet Drilling and R. A. LongstaffIT WaterGeotronGlobal Surveys

FI ...tReport

We would like to express our appreciation to the Director of Water Affairs, B. B. J. Khupe, forproviding us with an opportunity to work on this challenging Project and Project Supervisor G.Gahaake for his advice and guidance throughout the project. We also take this opportunity to thankmembers of the Project Steering Committee: 0. Katai, J. Ntsatsi. R.K. Mmolawa, K. Kalaote, C.Chilume representing the Department of Water Affairs; M. Monamati and G. Laletsang representingNational Conservation Strategy; T. H. Ngwisanyi, G. Nkala. I. Mabua and C. Campbell. representingDepartment of Geological Survey; Dr. A. Gieske (University of Botswana); K. Senye (Ministry ofMinerals, Energy and Water Affairs) and I. Tema ofDistrict Commissioner's Office, Maun.

We are also thankful to the DWA staffin Maun and in particular the officer- in- charge G. Mlmsiwaand Pelotshweu Willie for their assistance and co-operation.We also wish to thank H. Holmes and M. Obotsang (Department of Geological Survey) for theirassistance in the installation of seismographs and Dr. I. Asudeh for interpretation of the recordedseismic data.

We would like to thank the following individuals in Maun for their support and assistance: PeterSmith; Albert Weljing of Agora Properties; Karen Ross of Conservation International; PeterThomicrojt of Water Africa; Elizabeth Sejabodile; George and Marie Van Meer and the entire staffat the Crocodile Camp.

We would also like to express our appreciation to members of the joint veflture firms of WaterResources Consultants (WRC) and Vincent Uhl Associates. Inc. (VUA) who assisted in many aspectsof the project.

For VUA we would like to thank Jadyn Baron for her editorial works on the Project Reports. Thereports benefited substantially from her critical reviews. Eva Kilinska is thanked for her assistancewith the preparation ofthe Shashe Welljield Management Report.

For WRC we would like to thank M.M. Bakaya. A. Ahmad. Sanjeev Pandey, Diganta Sarma andRakesh Razdan for their technical and administrative support during the project.

Swapna Sarma ofEditorial Services (Ply) Ltd is thanked for her editorial support.

We wish to pay tribute to Mr. M. Tumelo, a Senior Technician who died in a road accident while onhis way from Maun to Qangwa to inspect the seismic station. May his soul rest in peace.

Finally we would like to express our appreciation to the Maun Council Secretary, Governmefltofficials, and the Maun community as a whole, for their kind hospitality and support.

E..".d I.,"..,."".. (P'y) L'd: Jol,,' V,n'.re .fW.". R_'<a Co.,oll."" ('t)I) Ud.• 110< d VI , U~I "-10'.. l.t.. USA 28

TABLES

Comparatjve Analvsls of Exploration Areas

leXPloration Atn IlAna (Km7) I !VOIUrtMI of Groundwater In StOf'ill~(MCM) I IThICI<t1NS of Fr•.,h IGrQUndwate' 1ml

A.Lower~~kane 30 110 ·325 30 - 40

B. Upper Thama~kane 70 450 - 1,350 70 - 85

C. Upper Bore 170 1,200 - 3,600 40 - 110; > 10 NOI1hwesl

D. Kunyere 140 700-2,100 50 - 70

lExplorauon /4rA IIOISt.1nct to Maun (kill) I !Rec:twlrQ9 MliIc:hanlstTl$ I ILast Rtc:h.rge e'o'em I I~awral Rm OfWa1tr....velOKlIne (rn'Y4ar)

A. Lower Thamalakane 101015 Flo<XllnfillraUon 1995 1.3

B. Upper Thamalakane '01020 Flo<Xllnftltrallon 1996 : Partial 1.110 1.6

C. Upper Boro '5 to 25 Flood Infiltration 1996 1.5

O. Kunyere 30 to 45 Flood Infiltration Periodic 1992 Recorded 0.7101.2

1~ltnUonAtoa I Range In Aqulf.r Hydr.ulk: Cilaractertsties INat~re01 Fre.h AquIfer ISystemIJ

T'm'ld) S K'ImidI Te.sted yr.lds fm'IHI1

A. Lower Thamalakane 91073 <21018 Shallow Unconfined

B. Upper Thamalakane 13 6·7.5 Shallow Unconfined30 - 55 2x10-4 1.9x10-410 22 - 49 Lower Confined

2.9x10-4

C, Upper Bora 14 to 58 8x10-410 6x10-410 2.510 12.7 Lower 5emt-eonfined41l10-3 21l10·2 (ellper. hole = 17)

D. Kunyere 10 to 70 3x10-4 551l10·3 41045 Upper Unconlloed / seml-Confin6dand Lower semi-Confined

Table E·3. Statistics on Exploration Borehole Data

R ' S .8M HO. 0""" TOP SCREEN (m) BOTTOM SCREEN (m) TOTAL SCRl!:EN (m) YlELD(m /h) .-os

8109 50 28 37 9 2.5 2.0008111 33 21 28 7 8 5008112 37 26 34 8 16 3008116 86 38 60 42 16 8.0008117 45 20 39 19 18 2,2008118 66 35

~.55 20 1.8 750

MIN 33/" ~20_ ." " 1.8' 300MAX 86 .~ ..~ ,.38 _ 'l.~ ·:;X~,.80 .. 4,," 1& 80QO.MEDIAN 48. . ·'·2T.E:-

~.38 , . Ii- - '.14 11"" .1;375

MEAN .so:; .- 28 46, a" 1l);" ;2292'. " ..

[OWERTHAM E

I 8110 I 84 I I I I I IYpem IfIPMrA6:ti!l!118H No. OEPTH TOP SCREEN 1m) BOTTOM SCREEN (m) TOTAL SCREEN (m) YIELD (m /h) TOS

8114 30 19 28 9 7.5 1408162 80 44 60 16 24 5508262 73 30 84 34 12 4508163 32 23 29 6 6 2208272 90 40 75 35 49 2,000

MIN30&••• " a a 140

MAX 90~ f'!'. . " . .15- . 35 49 2000MEDIAN 73 r 3~: 60 .. la " '2 450MEAN 61'_.1. 51 "' _ '20 • , 20. 872

UPPER~EO 0 0 .

8337 101 95 101 6 8,0008347 78 46 76 30 5006349 85 79 65 6 4,0008350 69 44 68 24 630

UPPERTHAMALA 0 ORE OLES

8351 74.0 43 69 26 35.0 5006348 81.0 47 76 29 22.0 800

~ORO . ,

BH No. DePT>< TOP SCREEN (m) BOTTOM SCREEN (m) TOTAL SCREEN (m) YIELD (m /h) .-os8155 75.0 39 58 19 7.0 1,7008157 69.0 53 62 9 9.0 6408158 150.0 87 102 15 8.5 8008276 68.0 37 47 10 2.4 7508277 90.0 41 73 32 5.5 1,0008299 65.0 42 51 9 9.0 1,2008300 55.0 32 41 9 6.0 2508301 40.0 25 34 9 12.7 1,3008387 40.0 33 39 6 6.0 1,587

MIN

40.""'_'~"" , . , • 2-4 250MAX 150:?>~' ':~02 . ~'~, 32 ", 12.7 1,700MEDIAN '58£:; jjt.t.......... • :-. . 51-' - • , 8.0~ 1.000'MEAN 72" ;". . 56: .

-~13 T.S" 1025

UPPlORB S ./Ii 0 0 0 S

8302 37 25 34 9 1,5008303 76 44 73 29 1,0008328 47 32 41 • 200

Page 1 of 2

Table E-3. Statistics on Exploration Borehole Data

480250

12.08.0

2317.5

4740.5

2423

52.045.0

83548386

SHNO. DE"'" TOP SCREEN 1m) BOTTOM SCREEN (m) TOTAL SCREEN (m) YIELD 1m Ih) TDS8352 62 56 62 6 5008353 48 24 47 23 4808355 55 23 40 17 1,4508356 50 47 50 3 2,8008384 41 23 41 18 8008385 41 32 41 9 250

sy

BH No. DE"'" TOP SCREEN 1m) BOTTOM SCRfEN (m) TOTAl. SCREEN (m) YIELD (m /h) TOS8255 70 54 60 6 18 9808257 38 29 35 6 9 3408259 70 41 44 3 15 6008261 68 33 41 8 9 4678273 66 30 33 3 4 2188274 66 46 55 9 45 2,1448275 74 60 66 6 44 845

MIN • 29./ ,;.~, ...,;== 3 . • 218•MAX '14;.0'", ,1-;;::'; ~it7:~

. >;;,. • 45 2144MEDIAN .6«- . .

41 ~ lii~ci~Hi~", .6 1.. 600

MEAN 6S:: ~ . ':;.-. 6 21 799

U

8115 51.0 18 48 30 20 2008329 61.0 40 52 12 1,4008330 86.0 71 77 6 4,5008331 65.0 44 62 18 1,3508333 50.0 31 46 15 3008335 60.0 57 63 6 10,000

D

83348336

62.051.0

4233

5947

1714

185to 10

1,400400

.

BHNo. DE"'" TOP SCREEN (m) BOTTOM SCREEN (m) TOTAL SCREEN (m) YIELD (m /h) TDS

8389 99 73 93 20 12 5508390 40 29 35 6 7 3008393 63 41 68 17 37 258

MIN ~ "~4a ... . . J5~ •• '6 7 268MAX '~,'199

~2. 37 550

MEDIAN ."'" 41,. . -11 12 300MEAN 67 ,

" 19 369..

Ci!1Mo~MEJ:!l:t!lIlSelMJ1O[JMOIl!lo!llNJ;.~QllmOU;SX

8388 119 72 93 21 5508391 36 29 35 6 3208392 65 42 59 17 300

TOTAL BOREHOLES • 59

PaQ8 2 of 2

FIGURES

\

I

I Northeost/'---1,-,J ~District

\-~

\ ........

Cenuol Oilltriet

I-~

A----------------~ \..

~ ,~ Kweneng District t"

i

Ghanzi District

_._._._"IIIIIIIIIIIIi NgomHol'Idi District

~-_._-----

III

'''---;

NAMIBIA

-

2"S

".,

,..

..,

..,

24·s1I

: KoloFi" Distn<:t

"\2!l'S \.

\

\\I

i(

'-

I,I

~ ~~:-----~~--.---------

II

~., ,.., ,..,

LEGENDo

•

Project Area

Main Road

Minor Rood

Vitloge/Town

District Boundary

o

~-N-

~50 100 ISO

kilometertl200

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS

MAUN GROUNDWATER D~OPMENT PROJECTPHASE 1; EXPLORATION AND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

EASTEND INVESNENTS (Ply) Ltd.

Joint Ynltvn oJ

WATER RESOURCES CONSULTANlS (pty) Ltd., Botswonak

VINCENT UHL ASSOCIATES, Inc., USA

Internationol Boundary Project Area Location Mop

/'--...I River Figure 1

,

...... : : .

...... : ; .

,,...,h'-....., ..- r" '1' ..

t--j-""1

".,

t

""jlhllili'J:- ...... :,

-," .;-

l---:--ti~ ....I

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-........ ; .

,

......~~---'---:::===~"'~;::::-=:~~~------=="71~ 'rOOi . ~-. ~ ~ :-.<~ ............•........\r;:.....-~..!:'<..~::'S;:j'~~~.......__Tj

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?/---.. ~.

_ ,: 1.IIlIUllO, ...,-.

J -...• ..... I _ UIaItIi>n 0-------.. Go... R_ 8ouncIot)'

Location of Exploration .......".

13000I • I

600I J\ I -:;;

U700 .j. \ A I \ I :;;

11000 -- 0::Ii .aU E::Ii 600 ..

J:- 0CO :;;..'t: -~500 9000 '"0.a Cl't: c:- '"CO >0400 '"""c: KUNYERE 0

~ ---- ..7000 J:

0 -ii:300 c:

'ii

AOKAVANGO ~

::l 0c: THAMALA NE u.Cc( 200 ::.... t:.. '"5000

::lc:c:c(. . . . .. . .. .. .

100I BORD \ V~ "\ /\ v/\ ~I\ ~SANTANTADIBESHASHE

o~ 1-> / I ~ /....¥== k <i> .c->=-- F" ~ 3000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Figure E - 3 : Annual Surface Water Flow of the Okavango atMohembo and Selected Distributaries.

100 -

90

80

~ 70 "....," 80;0I-~ 50·0

•01l!l 40c

~•" 30

20

10

01989 1990

FI9ure E -4:

78

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Percentage of Recorded Water from Each Source (1989 to 1996)Maun Water Supply

• Shashe Wellfield(%)

• Thamalakane Wellfield(%)• Thamalakane River(%'

o r----'c740000oooNco

"

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750000 760000

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951.971951.33t!950.74.19$O.ZVJ949.7S1!9.9.H49411.7U9.8.~

947.887947.416946.959946.502946.152945.70.1H5.25J9U.llOJ944.4469.J.98994.1.5189• .1.047942.661942.1829.'.11.11g41.1129.0.662g40.0709,S\j.4349~.H9

9J.l1.149931 . .11.936.3579035. \72933.9J79Jl.ne

Altitude(m"t,,~)

740000 750000 7600002500 0

....... -- 2500 5000 7500

(metres)

Figure E5 Digital Terrain Model

7810«cN

780000lN

~tiL·n70000N

Figure E - 6 : landsat Thematic Mapper Image

760000

l'.l$24.7'24.21D."D."U.4"n.1I".M".~".M".~

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C- ~=L-.,~----=_='=_=------.Jo740000 750000 760000

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2500 0.... - 2500 5000 7500j

(metres)

Fi ure E-7: Airborne EM Conductonce Mo

LEGENDIi River

Fence

I Main Road

I .-.... Come Reserve Boundary

IIIJ I .

IExploration Areal (Inception Report)

I,I•i

-- I Final Exploration Area

I

I0f

Project Area Boundary

I +IIr\, ':750.000

I !

f.~,

" m m~

OEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS

I -.... Cl'CIUICl'f(,l.ttll~ l'IlIOJ[Cf;........

~ t ElCPUllWlOIl »«J Il£$Ol.IlC( ASSt5S'ENT

I &STENO INVESTMENTS (pty) Ltd.

f .. ....... '__ <If

-.rot I£SCIUII:O o:.&.uJMS N lJII..~

I •waHf lK. ASSOao\Il1 ft., W.

~......

Comparllon 01 txplorotlon NfIO BoundoM..... - ot inception Period ond

F"1I'lOl Explotution Neo Boundories

Figure E-8

'"IW

l'~

a>u:

756.000£

,I,

:;,/./.

I/ ..

-

------

LEGEND

River

RiYer Volley

Flood Plain Boundary

F~.

lo4oin Rood

Idinor Rood/Trock

COLOUR CODES

Iotonitorinq Borehole

Deep Production 8«.no!.

Shallow Production Borehole

Deep uplorotion eor.hoIe

Project Boreholes

Ab<:IndonecI and other Non-PTodl,lCtion Boreholes

SYMBOL CODES

Production I3or"eh<Me

Non-production/ Abondoned Borehole

Project Borehole

./

/-~-

SE ""

Bottom Sand, Silt and Cloy

Upper Sand

lower Send

Silty Send

Gr"n Cloy

o

o

~o 1 2 km

•D

875

880

920

885

915

900

905

910

890

865

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895

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79667988 7962 7963 7964 ._,", "';<"!1;:"'~.;~. 9357935 8113 961

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930 _"'''' '. "",,_.,<.,. " ....'..,.. ," .. '.' '=' "".' '..',.',.'''''" ",-, >">,-,,,.., ,"., <.".. ,,', ',,' .', d • ":"/"'""" .'.0.. ,••. '~'''';:~;:' 'C' /~~ " ,.. """. ".",.•. "",,_ "'_""'·,··.... ' ..·····.~c,,,·, "*', ".,.., "'.",'" "'"''''''''9.~;. ,'; -'. '~~'A . ;'. .,~. ', •..,......... ';,:;, f " :,;•., ..V . -'''''''''''''''' ',,,' ",",< "'"'" ,\,.1::. ..'." ' 'C <~." "" ,'. .., ...'...... '" . ,. "".,., '">,,;,.;;;,;,., ..~,;,,',;., .... ·"'i'., .'i'[ .••• """'.,>..:~:_,..•..., .. " ",' .. ~. .......'... "".- ". "",

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885

880

850 I I 850

Figure E-11 Geologicol Cross Section Along the Shoshe Valley

fi m = OHM METER

TDS = TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

TEM = TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETICSOUNDING

NW

LOCATION ,¥OAP

8277 ~! ~

G

~>: ~83568276

iL-------'74O,OOOE 750,0001

SE

950(m. 0,1) TEMS D44 TEMS D48 TEMS D159

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930 l_~C:,,-"""-~11-~920

910

900

890

880

870

860

850

840

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Figure E-12 Resistivity SectionFrom TEM Sounding Interpretation(Section along Bora River)

Horizontal Scale: 1: t 25.000

I

-LEGEND -"'-l'liv« Volley

flood Plain Boundary Project E><plorotion Borehole

-f-~O~~)UoJ,

J_ '_-tlIVDI IUIIlQ:li __ fir) LM. _

•__ .onxM:S, ...... U5Io

Stoge 1Recommended Development

750,OOOE 800.000E

Mo

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•

. .

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. . . . . . i

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Matlopaneng•

MAUN

Shorobe

........ -Water '

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'-

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, .

+ DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFF

MAUN GROUNDWATER DE'¥nOPMENT PRO

PHASE I: EXPlORATION AND RESOURCE AS

Stolt 1: 500,000EASTENO INVESTMENTS (Pt>,)

Stage 2 : Recommended Development Pion

Upper Thomalakone and Upper Bora River Volleys

Joint ventun 01WATER RESOURCES CONSULTAtfTS (pty) Ud.,

&

'", t ask !lame

S rAGE \ II.lMEfll" IE !!.IN (Melt!" lION

Figure E· 15: Implemelltation Schedule of ReCOI11Il1CIH.Jctl Dovclojllllenl Plan

---I I I - I I I -- \- IlQ08 2098 l008 4098 ,Q99 '099 3099 4099

~rl~~~~~~,MI~~~IW~JJ"t~I~~~yIJw'J~~ISep~~~~~~,

2 111\' Develop",e"t 01 Uew Capa<;lIy (1,150 rnJ/day)

,•,•

SIle "ud 1"~';l11 4 I"ool<'fll,,,, Ilorehulc5 lIorU, of K""yo<l' """11 10, ~"Ml ... VAlley

S~e ",><I In$',,11 6 PII"I"Ch<lu UOIllloolcs jn Lowe' SI'A~!1tJ AI'" r:""'i{~"",s 1h"".I"k"'1ll iii".., VAII..y ,I, lOll ",:l"l~

Reconr'!/U,o a".tt""'" t OGBI""" in E."ti'lQ Shasl.., W,.lIfl..I,t

r"i1ialc 0"'01001., flp,!"v"k~"''''o''l A'l\1 Frr.~e"cy 1"~'Io~1

C::;. ;...:.;:;-:-:":-: ~=~:·:-.='1cz=.~::., "" .. ''':''01['5'-:::-1

·.....,"'='".~" ..~17 17"" Technical Stud'.,

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Iniliale 51,",1", W"If" 111",,1 mod Wale' quahly Mor"'01IoI{l """ rlf'CZIhbl;ll~5h~<he MudI'I ...", l'l"ln

Inihate EIA'S ICIIl\Jhrtaal Ht'(hll'ye

Idenhly Ollli,,,,,1 o.",,"I"1{l 5yslem lOf Wellhead Const""'l"", ntlll nf'"w'l~ Wl"lI'il"ld 0p'·,,,1,,",

EXp!orllIlOl;/OI'IAI W~II rM'Al>ilily

API~Y Rl!ve,sll C"c,~"I;"" 1ec'.1OIogy in Up,..... Sh"~l>e "'''II .........' I l",n",I ..~a"" H"'e< V"lIl"Ys

••

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"15 ISI"ge 2; MEDIUM I (riM IMPI.EMEN I A1lOti • OEVElOPMEIl' or UPPER BOlla 111m UPPER I tlAMlIllIKlIIl , I I ::

~

""

1Id(J,Hon"t Ctm,"rl(',I,,,lkll, A"t1 LO"lI TC'''' 1I'I"ill-' lot~'I"IJ (Q""""lw"t... SIIIr""" W"I", I"h:'", I"",~

IIppbc<lhon 01 n""f'r,e Ci<(.~,I"h,)I, U,il~"!l

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""""

"'oriel Cal"".. llo" "'III SH"ufallo", I'1GOl1'Ol31l''ll n .... 'tt\ ,,,,,,, IId,',Uon"I"'~~H>dl",iS"'"'"

Develop r"",1 OM1U" (:"I~"" ",,,I P",d"clio" Wcllfi~I,11 nY''''1

hlllia'e Jlf"l'hll'll'l r""I"al"),, Sl"'I....'

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1..... :., .... 1l~ ,< ~I

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=::"...:: .' :~ :-:- : c.::J,., .. - 1L-.~2L_.~~· ~ .....

"Il~e("l Reoolllmendl"d Oev(llopm('1l1 "'<InJilltl Jue 18111197

I;lSk I... H" __ •• 1 $UlIlm;l.y ... ...

":1lJ!' I

IYear Demand Available Develop oe,lgn Tot.1 ShortFall Project Comments

(m3/d) Source Addltlon.1 ."" Av,lI.ble OR Implement.tlon

(m3/d) Source(m3/d) Construcllon(m3/d) Supply(m3/d) Eltcen(m3/d) Velr1997 3950(1 44 Mcm) 2800(102 Mcm) · · 2000 (1150) 1997 ShorttaH of 1150 m3ld· Urgent lnterven\lon Requrred1998 '200 2800 mo 175O '550 350 1998 Install 10 Boreholes in upper sathe & Lowei' Shuh. & lowe!" TlUImelak

1999 4400 '.5O 2500 · '.5O 15O 1999 Develop Welt Field in Upper ThamalakanelUpper Boro

2000 '500 '500 · 2500 7050 2550 2000·2001 Design, Construct & Supply2000 6800 7050 5000 5000 12050 25O 2005·2007 Expansion of Upper ThamalakWlelUpper Boro2012 11000(4Mcm) 12050 · · 12050 1050 2010 Initiate Longer Term Development

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

lJOO()

iI" 1200()

~ 1100()

Ii~

10000

•:> 9000

~ 8000, 700()()

!8000

5000

~400()

JOO()

;: 200()

100()

0 ,~

.~ ~ ~

Development of Water

So"""oemlnd(m3ld)

Current (1997) SuwtY

~o _ N M

~ ~ ~ ~Years

Figure E -16: Outline of the Resource Development Plan For Maun

REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA Ministry of Mineral, Energy and Water ... · The Maun Groundwater Development...

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