Republic of Angola

Formerly: People’s Republic of Angola

Michael MilesSpring 2010

Coming Attractions

• Quick Facts– Context– History

• Why should the United States care about Angola?– The Real Picture– ~23 minute documentary of Angola

• Angola Educational Structure• Angola Educational Statistics• Remaining Questions and Discussion

Quick Facts• Population: 18.5 million (UN, 2009)• Capital: Luanda• Size: 481,354 square miles (approximately twice the size of Texas (www.insidervlv.com/landmass.html)

)• Languages: Portuguese (official language), Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo, Bantu

(indigenous language)• Religion: Christianity• Life Expectancy: 45 years (men), 49 years (women)

– Median age: 18– 0-14 years: 43.5% (2,812,359 male, 2,759,047 female)– 15-64 years: 53.7% (3,496,726 male, 3,382,440 female)– 65 + years: 2.7% (153,678 male, 195, 043 female)

• 2009 estimates, (CIA - The World Factbook -- Angola. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html)

• Main Exports: Oil, diamonds, minerals, coffee, fish, timber• Gross National Income: $3,450 US (World Bank, 2008)

BBC News - Angola country profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1063073.stm

Additional Context• Natural Resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar,

gold, bauxite, uranium• Natural Hazards: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau• Environmental Issues: overuse of pastures, erosion, desertification, deforestation,

loss of biodiversity, inadequate water supply• Population Growth: 2.095% in 2009

– Birth Rate: 43.69 births/1,000 population– Death Rate: 24.08 deaths/1,000 population

• HIV/AIDS: 190,000 people living with HIV/AIDS; 2.1% of adults have HIV/AIDS• GDP: $113.9 billion (country comparison to the world: 62)• GDP Growth Rate: -0.2%• Population Below Poverty Line: 40.5%• Labor Force: 7.769 million

– 85% Agriculture– 15% Industry and services

CIA - The World Factbook -- Angola. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html

History• 1483

– Diogo Cao, Portuguese Colonization– White minority rule– Major source of slaves for Portugal’s colony in Brazil (Neto &

Jamba, 2006)• 1961

– Armed struggles in pursuit of independence began• 1975

– End of 14-year war (Neto & Jamba, 2006)– Portugal withdrawal ended; ending the first and most enduring

European overseas empire

Sidaway, J. D., & Simon, D. (1993). Geopolitical transition and state formation: The changing political geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies, 19(1), 23-39.

History Continued…• 1975

– Two groups of powering peoples begin the foundations of civil war• National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)• Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) This was the group ascending to power• Foreign Support provided by Cuba and Soviet Union to ascending MPLA; US supported UNITA ("BBC

News - Angola country profile," n.d.)• 1989

– Civil war continues– Cuba withdraws troops due to cold war fade– Transition to multiparty democracy

• 1992– End of 16 years of civil war; 300,000 people killed ("BBC News - Angola country profile," n.d.)– Free Elections (MPLA representative Jose Eduardo dos Santos versus UNITA Jonas Savimbi;

MPLA won by landslide)– UNITA rejected outcome of elections and civil war resumed ("BBC News - Angola country

profile," n.d.)

Neto, A., & Jamba, I. (2006). Economic reforms in Angola in the general context of Africa. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 6(2),

153-164.

History Continued…• 1994

– Peace agreement– UN sent peacekeepers

• 1999– After fighting continued, peacekeepers withdrew

BBC News - Angola country profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1063073.stm

• 2002– MPLA troops kill UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi– April 4: rebel leaders sign cease-fire; civil war official ends

• Journeyman Press (video we will watch) comments that fighting actually ceased in 2005, ending a 27-year long civil war

Neto, A., & Jamba, I. (2006). Economic reforms in Angola in the general context of Africa. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 6(2), 153-164.

• Why should the United States care about Angola?

America's New Frontier- Angola (Journeyman Pictures)

Educational Structure Pre-1990s

Bauduy, L. (2008). The educational system of Angola. In International Education Association of South Africa- IEASA (12th Annual Conference). Boston, MA: Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc.

Current Educational Structure

Bauduy, L. (2008). The educational system of Angola. In International Education Association of South Africa- IEASA (12th Annual Conference). Boston, MA: Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc.

Compulsory Education: 4 years("NationMaster - Angolan Education statistics," n.d.) Enrollment: 1,057,181

("NationMaster - Angolan Education statistics," n.d.)

Enrollment: 413,695("NationMaster -

Angolan Education statistics," n.d.)

Enrollment: 12,566("NationMaster -

Angolan Education statistics," n.d.)

Current Higher Education

Bauduy, L. (2008). The educational system of Angola. In International Education Association of South Africa- IEASA (12th Annual Conference). Boston, MA: Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc.

Higher Education Institutions Name of Institution Programs Offered

1. Universidade Agostinho Neto (public) Natural sciences, law, agrarian sciences, economics, engineering, medicine, education, nursing

2. Universidate Católica de Angola (Private) Business sciences, computer sciences, economics,

law

3. Universidade Jean Piaget de Angola (private) Business sciences, economics, engineering, law, medicine, psychology, sociology

4. Universidade Lusíada de Angola (private) Accounting, business sciences, economics, law

5. Instituto Superior Privado de Angola (private) Administration and management, architecture and

urban planning, information and management, journalism and mass media, nursing, dental

medicine, pharmacy, physiotherapy

6. Universidade Nova de Angola (private) Study programs in the fields of humanities and technologies to be launched in 2002

INHEA | Angola Higher Education Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Angola.htm

Higher Education Statistics

INHEA | Angola Higher Education Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Angola.htm

Students in Higher Education in the Post-Colonial Period: 1977-98*

School 1977 1997 1998 Natural Sciences 404 665 713 Agriculture 86 300 290 Law - 891 1,134 Economics 172 1.115 1.201 Engineering 78 621 428 Medicine 260 506 672 Education – Benguela - 546 595

Education – Huambo - 629 629

Education – Luanda - 1.705 2.022 Education – Lubango 109° 938 852

Total 1.109 7.916 8.536*Universidade Agostinho Neto only

° School of Arts

Education Statistics• Education expenditures: 2.4% of GDP in 2005 ("CIA - The World Factbook -- Angola," n.d.)

• Education expenditure of government as percentage: 6.4%• Children out of primary school: 752,989• 39% of pupils starting grade 1 reach grade 5• Literacy

– Definition: age 15 and over can read and write– Total population: 67.4%

• Female: 54.2%• Male: 82.9%

NationMaster - Angolan Education statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/ao-angola/edu-education&all=1

Questions and Discussion

• Why should we care?• What can we learn from a country with such

poor educational levels?• What influence does context have on the

educational structure?• What have other countries contributed to

Angola’s efforts (or lack thereof) to rebuild/reform education?

References• Angola - EDUCATION. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://countrystudies.us/angola/80.htm • Angola - EDUCATION - Conditions after Independence. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

http://countrystudies.us/angola/81.htm • Angola - Education in UNITA-Claimed Territory. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

http://countrystudies.us/angola/82.htm • Bauduy, L. (2008). The educational system of Angola. In International Education Association of South Africa- IEASA

(12th Annual Conference). Boston, MA: Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc. • BBC News - Angola country profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1063073.stm • CIA - The World Factbook -- Angola. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html • Foreign Country Land Mass Compared to United States. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

http://www.insidervlv.com/landmass.html • INHEA | Angola Higher Education Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Angola.htm • NationMaster - Angolan Education statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2010, from

http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/ao-angola/edu-education&all=1 • Neto, A., & Jamba, I. (2006). Economic reforms in Angola in the general context of Africa. OECD Journal on

Budgeting, 6(2), 153-164. • Sidaway, J. D., & Simon, D. (1993). Geopolitical transition and state formation: The changing political geographies

of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies, 19(1), 23-39. • Stucke, M. (Writer). (n.d.). America's new frontier- Angola [Television series episode]. In Journeyman pictures.

Thames Ditton, Surrey, UK: BBC. Retrieved March 11, 2010, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMOxUZAHNLk&feature=related