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Transcript of Reptilia
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Reptilia
Damnjanović Ivana
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Gambassa
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Groups of ReptilesSauria (lizards) Serpentes (snakes) Testudines (turtles) Crocodylia (crocodiles) Rhynchocephalia (tuataras)
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Reptile Characteristics• Ectothermic• Dry skin covered in scales• Most have 2 pairs of short legs & clawed feet• Oviparous reproduction (Internal fertilization – to
avoid desiccation of gametes)• Eggs have a leathery shell and yolk (amniotic)• Lungs to breathe• 3 or 4 chambered heart• No metamorphosis (young look like miniature parent)• Hibernate & aestivate
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Ectothermy
– Body temperature regulated by ambient air temperature
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Dry Scaly Skin
The body of reptiles is covered with horny epidermal scales to reduce water loss and provide protection.
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Shedding
• Snakes turn old skin (scales, epidermis) inside out when shedding
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• Turtles add new layers of keratin under old layers of the plate-like scutes (modified scales)
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Reptile Legs• Short tetrapods for
walking• Positioning of the
legs more directly under the animal. This position provided more support than the splayed arrangement of the Amphibian legs.
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Paired Limbs• The paired limbs usually have five toes and are
variously adapted for:• Swimming• Running• Climbing• (Absent altogether in the snakes)
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Reptile Lungs• Respiration is no longer through the skin, but
only through internally protected and moistened lungs.
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Reptile Hearts• Reptiles have a 3-chambered heart• Crocodiles have a 4-chambered heart
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Nervous System
• Sense organs generally well-developed• Hearing generally poorly developed in most
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Excretory Waste
• The excretory waste of the reptiles is uric acid unlike the dilute, water wasting ammonia in the urine of Amphibians.
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Oviparous• Eggs have a leathery
shell to prevent desiccation
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Amniotic Egg
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Squamata
• “Characterized by scales”
• Lizards, snakes• Most recent products
of reptile evolution• Most successful - 95%
of known living species of reptiles
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Squamata
• Lizards began diversifying at time when dinosaurs were near end of their dominance
• Were successful because of adaptability
• Adopt various body forms, occupy various habitats
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Lizards
• Very diversified group • Terrestrial, burrowing,
aquatic, arboreal, aerial
• Many familiar groups
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Lizards
• Geckos • Mostly small,
nocturnal, with adhesive toe pads (walk anywhere)
• Iguanas • Often bright-colored
New World lizards
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Lizards
• Skinks • Elongate bodies
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Lizards
• Chameleons• Tongue flicked to
greater distance than body length
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Draco volans
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Snakes
• 10 cm long up to 10 m long
• Highly specialized body form
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Snakes• Rearranged internal
anatomy• Left lung reduced or
absent• Hearing - no obvious
external ear• Sensitive to vibrations
carried in ground
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Snake Sense Organs
• Olfaction important, but not in nostrils
• Jacobson’s organs (vomeronasal organs)
• Tongue carries scent particles to organ
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Snake Feeding
• Skull, jaws highly specialized for feeding
• Eat prey several times their own diameter
• Non-joined mandibles• Loose skull bones
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Snake Feeding
• Venom - toxic concentrations in saliva
• Neurotoxic - blindness, paralysis
• Hemolytic - ruptures blood vessels, cells
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Snake Feeding
• King cobra most dangerous, largest (5.5 m) - kill 9,000 people per year
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Snake Locomotion
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Crocodilia
• Unchanged for 160 million years
• Crocodiles larger, more dangerous than alligators
• Prey drowned, ripped into pieces by rapid rolling
• No natural enemies
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Crocodilia
• Oviparous - lay eggs in mass of vegetation
• Guarded by mother• Incubation temperature
determines sex of alligator hatchlings
• Low - females• High - males• 5:1 (M:F) in some areas
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Chelonia• Turtles • Very ancient group• Little change in
morphology since Triassic period
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Turtle Shell Anatomy
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Turtle Life Cycle
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Sphenodonta
• Tuatara - single species in New Zealand
• Lizard-like, <66 cm• Lives in burrows• Slow-growing, long-
lived (77 years)
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