Reproductive System 1. This tract is lined by what type of membrane? 2. The opening of this tract...
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Reproductive System1. This tract is lined by what type of membrane?2. The opening of this tract (vagina, penis) is lined with what type of epithelium?3. Past the opening, what type of epithelium lines the uterus?4. How many layers of muscle are in the wall of the tubes like the fallopian tubes and vagina?5. How many layers of muscle are in the uterus (holding chamber)?6. What parasympathetic nerve would supply the reproductive system?
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Basal laminaSpermatogonium(stem cell)
Mitosis
Growth
Late spermatids
Early spermatids
Secondaryspermatocytes
Primaryspermatocyte
Spermatozoa
Type B daughter cell
Enters meiosis I and moves toadluminalcompartment
Meiosis Icompleted
Meiosis II
Type A daughter cellremains at basal laminaas a stem cell
(b) Events of spermatogenesis, showing the relative position of various spermatogenic cells
1031
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CentriolesSpermatidnucleus
GolgiapparatusAcrosomal
vesicleMitochondria
Approximately 24 days
Excesscytoplasm
Nucleus
Acrosome
MicrotubulesFlagellum
Tail
Midpiece Head(a)
(b)
1 2
3
4
5
6 7
1032
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Meiotic events Follicle developmentin ovaryBefore birth
Infancy andchildhood(ovary inactive)
Primary oocyte
Primary oocyte (stillarrested in prophase I)
Vesicular (Graafian)follicle
Primary follicle
Primordial follicle
Primordial follicle
Oocyte
Ovulated secondaryoocyte
In absence offertilization, ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum andultimately degenerates.Degenating
corpus luteum
Secondary follicle
Primary oocyte(arrested in prophase I;present at birth)
Oogonium (stem cell)
Each month frompuberty to menopause
Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month in response to LH surge)
First polar body
Mitosis
Growth
Meiosis II of polarbody (may or may not occur)
Polar bodies(all polar bodiesdegenerate)
OvumSecondpolar body
Meiosis IIcompleted(only if spermpenetration occurs)
SpermOvulation
Secondary oocyte(arrested in metaphase II)
Follicle cells
Spindle
1044
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Head of epididymis
Body of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Efferent ductule
Rete testisStraight tubule
Duct of epididymis
Ductus (vas)deferens
Lobule (250)
Testis
SeptumTunica albuginea
Tunica vaginalisCavity oftunica vaginalis
Spermatic cord
SeminiferousTubule (1-4) 2’
Blood vesselsand nerves
(a)
1021
SpermTestosterone
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Basal lamina
Spermatogonium(stem cell)
Cytoplasm of adjacentsustentacular cells Sustentacular
cell nucleus
Tight junction betweensustentacular cells
Lumen ofseminifer-ous tubule
Late spermatids
Earlyspermatids
Secondaryspermatocytes
Cytoplasmicbridge
Primaryspermatocyte
Spermatozoa
Type B daughter cell
Type A daughter cellremains at basal laminaas a stem cell
(c) A portion of the seminiferous tublule wall, showing the spermato- genic cells surrounded by sustentacular cells (colored gold)
1031
Aka Sertoli cells
-Inhibin-ABP-acidic testicular fluid
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Spermatogeniccells in tubuleepithelium
Interstitial cells(Testosterone)
Areolarconnective tissue
SpermMyoidcells
(c)
Seminiferoustubule
1031
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Penis
Internal spermaticfascia
Superficial inguinalring (end of inguinal canal)
Urinary bladder
Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens
Autonomicnerve fibers
Testicular artery
Epididymis
Pampiniformvenous plexus
Tunica vaginalis(from peritoneum) Tunica albugineaof testis
Middle septumof scrotum
Cremaster muscleExternal spermaticfascia
Superficial fasciacontaining dartos muscle
Skin
Scrotum
102091.4 degrees
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Head of epididymis
Body of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Efferent ductule (Vas efferens)Rete testisStraight tubule
Duct of epididymis
Ductus (vas)deferens
Lobule
Testis
SeptumTunica albuginea
Tunica vaginalisCavity oftunica vaginalis
Spermatic cord
Seminiferoustubule
Blood vesselsand nerves
(a)
1021Mature & storage (4 weeks)
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PeritoneumSeminalvesicle Ampullaof ductus deferensEjaculatoryduct
RectumProstateBulbourethralgland
AnusBulb of penisDuctus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
UreterUrinary bladder
Prostatic urethra
Pubis
Membranousurethra
Urogenitaldiaphragm
Corpuscavernosum
Corpusspongiosum
Glans penisPrepuceExternalurethral orifice
Spongyurethra
TestisScrotum
1019
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Urinary bladder
Dorsal vesselsand nerves
Skin
Deep arteries(b)
(a)
Bulbourethral gland and duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum
Section of (b)
Spongy urethra
Glans penisPrepuce (foreskin)
External urethral orifice
Corpora cavernosa
UrethraTunica albuginea of erectile bodies
Corpus spongiosum
Crus of penisBulbourethral duct opening
Ductus deferens
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Prostatic urethraOrifices of prostatic ducts
Prostate
Membranous urethra
Root of penis
Shaft (body) of penis
Ejaculatory ductSeminal vesicle
Epididymis
Testis
Ureter
1023
Milkyalkaline
-60%, fructose, mucous, prostaglandins
Alkaline mucous
Semen 7.5pH + 4 = 6.5pH
Male Reflexes
ErectionParasympathetic reflex with relaxation of smooth
muscle of arteries and erectile tissue
EmissionSympathetic reflex with peristalsis of ducts and glands
to allow semen to enter urethra
EjaculationSomatic reflex with contraction of bulbospongiosus
muscle to allow semen to exit the body
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Anteriorpituitary
Inhibin
GnRH
Testosterone
Via portalblood
Interstitialcells
SustentacularcellSpermatogeniccells
Seminiferoustubule
Somatic andpsychologicaleffects atother bodysites
LHFSH
1
2
2
3 4
5
6
78
Stimulates
Inhibits
1034
Hypothalamus
Testosterone
Targets organs associated with the male primary sex characteristics (penis, testicles, ducts and glands)
Targets organs associated with male secondary sex characteristics (bones, skeletal muscle, larynx, hair
distribution)
Stimulates protein synthesis (anabolic steroid)
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Monspubis
Prepuceof clitoris
Clitoris(glans)
Vestibule
Anus
(a)
LabiaMajora (adipose)LabiaminoraUrethralorificeHymen(ruptured)
Opening of the ductof the greater vestibular gland
Vaginalorifice
1040
Vulva
Vestibular bulbs(c. spongiosum)
Paraurethral gl.
Bartholen’s gland (mucous) (bulbourethral gland)
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Peritoneum
InfundibulumUterine tubeOvary
UterusRound ligamentVesicouterine pouchUrinary bladderPubic symphysisMons pubis
UrethraClitorisExternal urethralorificeHymenLabium minusLabium majus
Suspensoryligament of ovary
UterosacralligamentPerimetriumRectouterinepouch
RectumPosterior fornixCervixAnterior fornixVaginaAnusUrogenital diaphragmGreater vestibular(Bartholin’s) gland
Fimbriae
1035
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Vagina
External osCervical canalInternal os
Wall of uterusPerimetriumMyometriumEndometrium
Round ligament of uterus
Uterinetube
InfundibulumFimbriae
IsthmusAmpulla
Lumen (cavity)of uterus
Suspensoryligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tubeOvarian bloodvessels
MesosalpinxMesovarium
Broadligament
Mesometrium
Ovary
Ovarian ligamentBody of uterusUreterUterine blood vesselsIsthmusUterosacral ligamentLateral cervical(cardinal) ligamentLateral fornixCervix
(a)
Fundusof uterus
1037
CiliatedEctopic pregnancy
Slough, placenta
peritoneum
-pH 4-stratified squamous-erectile tissue-sm. muscle peristalsis
-plugged-HPV (90%)
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Lumen of uterus
Uterine glands
Smooth muscle fibers
Straight artery
Radial artery
Arcuate artery
Uterine artery
Endometrial vein
Capillaries
Venous sinusoids
Epithelium
Spiral (coiled)artery
Lamina propria ofconnective tissue
(b)
1039
Stratumfunctionalis
Stratumbasalis
Mucous membrane
Myometrium
Placenta
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Medulla
Tunicaalbuginea
Germinalepithelium
Cortex
Oocyte Granulosa cellsLate secondary follicle
Antrum
Primaryfollicles
Oocyte
Zonapellucida
Thecafolliculi
Ovulatedoocyte
Mesovarium andblood vessels
Vesicular(Graafian)follicle
Coronaradiata
Developingcorpus luteum
Corpus luteum
Ovarianligament
Degenerating corpusluteum (corpus albicans)
(a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior
1036 & 1046
-Oogenesis-Estrogen & Progesterone
cuboidal
progesterone
Estrogen
Secondary oocyte
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Skin (cut)
Pectoralis major muscle
Suspensory ligament
Adipose tissueLobeAreolaNipple
Opening oflactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Lobule containingalveoli
(a)1042
ampulla
15-20 progesterone
Prolactin-Ant. Pit.-Pregnancy-breast growth-Postpartum-milk production
Oxytocin-Post. Pit.-Milk release-Contraction of uterine wall
E
E
E
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Alveolar glandsrespond by
releasing milk through ducts of
nipples.
Hypothalamussends efferent
impulses to the posterior
pituitary where oxytocin is stored.
Anterior pituitarysecretes prolactin
to blood.
Inhibits hypothalamic neurons thatrelease dopamine. Hypothalamus
releases prolactin releasing factors(PRFs) to portal circulation.
Oxytocin isreleased from theposterior pituitary
and stimulatesmyoepithelial cells
of breasts to contract.
Prolactin targetsmammary glands.
Milk production
Start
Stimulation ofmechanoreceptors in nipples by suckling
infant sends afferent impulses to the hypothalamus.
1088Let down reflex
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Hypothalamus
Travels viaportal blood
Anterior pituitary
Early and midfollicular phases
Slightlyelevated estrogen and rising inhibin levels. Granulosa
cells
Inhibin
Androgens
Convertandrogens toestrogens
Thecalcells
FSH LH
3
1
2 2
2
4 Positive feedback exerted by large inestrogen output.
Hypothalamus
8
8
ProgesteroneEstrogensInhibin
5
6Rupturedfollicle
7
LH surge
Late follicularand luteal phases
1
5
Mature follicle Corpus luteumOvulatedsecondaryoocyte
Stimulates
Inhibits
GnRH
1048
Growth & dvlpmt ovulation
ProgesteroneUterine build up
Estrogen
-Primary and secondary sex characteristics
-Development of breast tissue (adipose, ducts, nipple)
-Stimulates the build-up of the endometrium for the menstrual period
Progesterone
-Development of the glandular breast tissue
-Works with estrogen to build-up endometrium
-Decrease in progesterone responsible for the sloughing of the endometrium