reproduction in primate
Transcript of reproduction in primate
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Comparative aspects of reproduction inComparative aspects of reproduction in
female primatesfemale primates
Seasonality
Ovarian cycles
Pregnancy
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Jan
Feb
Mar Ap
rM
ayJun
Jul
AugSe
pOct
Nov
Dec
0
20
40
60
80Annual distribution of birth (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Most species exhibit some seasonal variation in timing of births
HighHigh degreedegree ofof variationvariation -- fromfrom mild to extrememild to extreme
SeasonalitySeasonality in Primatesin Primates
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Taxonomic group Degree of seasonality
Prosimians
Malagasy +++Galagos/Iorises +++/++
Tarsiers ++/??
New World monkeys
Callitrichidae ++/+Cebidae
Saimiri ++
Others (howlers) +/-
Old World monkeys
Cercopithecinae ++/+ (>20 from equator)+/- (
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PrimatesGeographical distribution
Prosimians
Anthropoids
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Seasonality: Causal factors
1 Photoperiod
Latitudinal gradients-rhesus/Japanese macaques-higher latitudes, more strictly
seasonalLemurs-breeding onset at reduced photoperiod (very sensitive, ie 0.5h change)
2 Rainfall and vegetation
Expect to be important in equatorial regions where light (temperature)
differences are minimal
Wet season births (eg Saimiri and other Neo-tropicals)-linked to food
abundance during weaning. Thus, nutrition one of the main influences
3 Proximate causes
If rainfall (food availability) coincides with births/weaning, what triggers onset of
mating behaviour (and conception) 5-6 months earlier???
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Reproductive Seasonality in Hanuman Langurs
JanFebar
Apr ay
JunJ
ulAugSepOctNovDec
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Number
Koenig et al., 1997
Distribution of births
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Hanuman Langurs: Faecal Progestin Profiles
Proge
stin
(g/g)
0
5
10
15
20
June July August
Conc
Female O2
Proge
stin
(g/g)
0
10
20
30
40
May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov
Female O7
Ov Ov Conc
Ziegler et al, 2001
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Onset of ovarian
cycles
A M J J A S O N
A M J J A S O N
Month of year
Onset of ovarian
cycles
n = 7
Rainfall Female condition
Seasonal onset of ovarian cyclicity in relation to rainfall andbody condition in Hanuman langurs (Ramnagar)
Ziegler et al, 2001
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Ovarian cycles
Oestrous cycle
Term oestrus or heat refers to brief, restricted and intense period
of sexual receptivity/urge
Menstrual cycle
Term menstruation, initially used for human female, refers to
discharge of blood from uterus at approximately monthly intervals
(Latin mensis=month). Absent in prosimians, most New Worldmonkeys
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Ovulation
Post-ovulatory
Luteal or
secretory phase
Pre-ovulatory
Follicular or
proliferative phase
Component phases of the primate ovarian cycle
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Gonadotrophin (LH
and FSH) and steroid
hormone (E2 and P)
profiles during theprimate ovarian cycle.
Hormone levels and
timing of events are
based on the humancycle
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Monitoring the menstrual cycle
Alan McNei lly
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Endocrine changes in menstrual cycle
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Ovarian cycle
- repetitive expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian axis, with
associated structural and functional changes in target tissues of the
reproductive tract
Brain-pituitary-ovary-uterus/oviduct
Behaviour-mating
Gamete-release mature egg
Reproductive tract-fertilization and implantation
Co-ordination of events at multiple levels:
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Control mechanisms
Pulsatile secretion of gonadotrophins
Feedback mechanisms Follicle selection
Ovary is Zeitgeber
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Pulsatile LH secretion and the menstrual cycle
Follicular Luteal
LH pulse frequency 1 per h 1 per 4h
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The GnRH pulse generator
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When the follicle is ready to ovulate, estradiol triggers a
surge release of GnRH switching LH secretion switches
from pulsatile to surge type
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The ovary is Zeitgeber
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Menstrual cycle characteristics in thelowland gorilla
26 - 3930.4 1.5Total cycle (days)
12 - 1514.0 0.4Luteal phase (days)
12 - 2416.4 1.5Follicular phase (days)
RangeMean s.e.m.
(From Czekala et al., 1988)
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Relative standard deviation of luteal
phase length
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Freque
ncy
1.0
(S.D. luteal phase / S.D. follicular phase)
(16 species)
From van Schaik, Hodges and Nunn, 2002
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Total cycle Follicular phase Luteal phase
Radiation
Prosimians
New World
Old World
ANOVA:
Post-hoc:
N x SD
19 33.77 7.91
20 20.03 5.84
38 31.01 3.67
N x SD
3 7.33 4.04
8 6.90 2.15
22 14.99 3.37
N x SD
4 26.38 1.78
8 13.54 4.83
21 14.94 1.58
F[2,74]=35.71***
Pla
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Mating periods within the ovarian cycle of primates
3-18
3-12
Cercopithecoidea- Cercopithecinae
- Colobinae
4-15Hominoidea
5-12
2-8
Ceboidea
- Callitrichidae
- Cebidae
1Tarsoidea
1-2Lorisoidea
1-3Lemuroidea
Median mating period
(range)
Superfamily/Family
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Why extend the receptive period?
multiple mating partners possible
male monopolization more difficult
To promote promiscuity
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IncreasedIncreased promiscuitypromiscuity isis linkedlinked to ato a femalefemale strategystrategytoto protectprotect herher ownown reproductivereproductive interestsinterests
improved group defense, reduced predation risk
increased paternal carereduced risk of infanticide
increased genetic diversity
reduced risk of fertilization with low quality sperm
potential for female to influence paternity outcome
Help maximize female reproductive output; quality vs quantity
Potential benefits include:
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Why extend the receptive period?
multiple mating partners possible
male monopolization more difficult
To promote promiscuity
Requires that timing of ovulation is unpredictable
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Hanuman Langurs: Receptive Periods and Timing of Ovulation
Receptive periods
Number of ovulations
days relative to ovulation
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
**
**
*
*
**
*= conception cycles
% of receptive period
0-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100
From Heistermann et al, 2001
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0
510
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
0.0
0.8
1.6
2.4
Days from ovulation
Female solicitations
Copulations
Copulations persolicitation
Sexual behaviour in relation to time of ovulation
%o
ftotal
%o
ftotal
N
umber
From Heistermann et al, 2001
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Male rank
1 2 3 extra-group
%C
opulatio
ns
Numberofinfants
Male rank, copulations and paternity outcomein Hanuman langurs
0
10
20
3040
50
60
0
1
2
3
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PregnancyPregnancy
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cl formation cl regression
Ovulation
129630
P (non-fertile)
P (fertile)
CG
Implantation
Window cl rescue
15
Maternal recognition of pregnancy corpus luteum rescue
Luteo-
placental
shift
30-40
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Total cycle Follicular phase Luteal phase
Radiation
Prosimians
New World
Old World
ANOVA:
Post-hoc:
N x SD
19 33.77 7.91
20 20.03 5.84
38 31.01 3.67
N x SD
3 7.33 4.04
8 6.90 2.15
22 14.99 3.37
N x SD
4 26.38 1.78
8 13.54 2.33
21 14.94 1.58
F[2,74]=35.71***
Pla
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Significance of extended luteal phasein Prosimians
at 28 days, luteal phase approaches timing of onset
of luteo-placental shift in Anthropoid primates
endocrine response to conception is minimal
no detectable chorionic gonadotrophin; gene for CG absent
no corpus luteum rescue comparable to that seen in
Anthropoid primates
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Total cycle Follicular phase Luteal phase
Radiation
Prosimians
New World
Old World
ANOVA:
Post-hoc:
N x SD
19 33.77 7.91
20 20.03 5.84
38 31.01 3.67
N x SD
3 7.33 4.04
8 6.90 2.15
22 14.99 3.37
N x SD
4 26.38 1.78
8 13.54 2.33
21 14.94 1.58
F[2,74]=35.71***
Pla
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cl formation cl regression
Ovulation
129630
P (non-fertile)
P (fertile)
CG
Implantation
Window cl rescue
15
Maternal recognition of pregnancy corpus luteum rescue
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Timing of Key Events Occurring During Early Pregnancy in Primates
Species Gestation *Embryo *CG first *Luteo-
length attachment detected placental(days) shift
Marmoset
Rhesus
Baboon
Chimpanzee
Human
* approximate days after ovulation
144
168
184
235
280
10-11
8-10
8-10
7-8
7-8
13
12
12
11
10
40-60
20-25
20-30
?
40-50
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Relationship between gestation length and maternal
body weight in primates
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Deviation from expected gestation length in Callitrichid monkeys
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Schematic diagramme of the main hormonal changes
during human pregnancy
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Progesterone
Oestrone (E1)
Oestriol (E3)
O E i d i P i L
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Oestrogen Excretion during Pregnancy in Lemurs
Eulemur coronatus
Estrogen Excretion during Pregnancy in Lemurs
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Estrogen Excretion during Pregnancy in Lemurs
-130
-120
-110
-100-9
0-8
0-7
0-6
0-5
0-4
0-3
0-2
0-1
0 0 10 20 30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Col 1 vs Elba-Eges
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-120
-110
-100-9
0-8
0-7
0-6
0-5
0-4
0-3
0-2
0-1
0 0 10 20 30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Male fetus
Female fetus
C
C
Days before and after birth
Days before and after birth
Et
(
g/g
fae
ces)
Et
(
g/g
fa
ece
s)
Individual profiles
Lack of early gestational
estrogen rise
Estrogen production dependent onfetal sex
0
5
10
15
20
25
E. rubriventer
E. flavifrons
E. coronatus
H. griseus
Relation to sex of fetus
Et
(
g/g
fa
ece
s)
M F
Primates
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Primates
Highly successful, widespread and diverse
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.the end
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Field Endocrinology
Combines laboratory and field-based methodologies
Contributes to more integrated approach
Ecology
Genetics BehaviourPhysiology
Infectious diseases
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