Ovaries & Testes, Sperm & Egg (and their reproduction), and Fertilization/Early Development
Reproduction & Development - Weeblyjcosbey.weebly.com/.../reproduction___development.pdf ·...
Transcript of Reproduction & Development - Weeblyjcosbey.weebly.com/.../reproduction___development.pdf ·...
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Reproduction & Development
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Asexual Reproduction
Defined: only 1 parent, offspring are genetically identical to the parent & each other
Types: • Binary fission: cell undergoes mitosis example: ameoba, paramecium, bacteria • Budding: mitosis with unequal division of
cytoplasm example: hydra • Sporulation: spores are scattered & grow into new
identical organisms example: mushrooms • Regeneration: new organism produced from the
severed parts of a single organism example: planaria worm, starfish
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Asexual Reproduction
Binary fissionBudding
Sporulation
Regeneration
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Sexual Reproduction
• 2 parents • Each parent contributes half the genetic information
to the offspring • Offspring are genetically different from the parents
and each other (unless they are identical twins)
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Fertilization & Development
A. Terms 1. Fertilization: process of sperm joining an egg 2. Development: series of events that give rise to
a fully grown organism 3. Zygote: formed by the union of gametes (egg
& sperm), 1st stage of development after fertilization, contains a complete set of DNA for the offspring
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Types of Fertilization & Development
B. External Fertilization- External Development: example: most fish C. Internal Fertilization-External Development: example: birds & some reptiles D. External Fertilization-Internal Development:
example: species of fish that carries developing eggs in their mouth • Internal Fertilization-Internal Development: example: humans & most mammals
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Human Reproductive System
A. Reproductive Glands: produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
female: ovaries male: testes B. Sexual Development:
1st 6 weeks: male & female embryos are identical
7th week: ovaries & testes form
40 weeks: Birth
Puberty: Reproductive organs are fully developed
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Male Reproductive System
Hormones & their function:
Hormone FunctionFSH
(follicle stimulating hormone)
Stimulates cells in testes to produce testosterone
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Same as FSH
Testosterone Stimulates sperm development & secondary
sex characteristics
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Main Structures & their Function
• Testes-produce sperm • Epididymis-stores sperm until fully
mature • Vas deferens- connects to urethra
(sperm move into it from the epididymis)
• Urethra-tube leading outside the body through the penis
• Penis-male reproductive organ
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Male Reproductive System
1.
2.3.
4.
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7.8.
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Female Reproductive System
Hormones & their function:
Hormone FunctionFSH Stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen;
causes follicle to matureLH Causes follicle to mature
Estrogen Causes uterine lining to thicken; stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone Adds finishing touches to the uterine lining
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Main Female Structures
• Ovaries-produce eggs & secrete estrogen
• Fallopian Tubes- carry eggs to uterus • Uterus- receives & protects fertilized
egg • Vagina- blood, tissue & unfertilized
egg leave; birth canal
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1.2.
3.4.
5.6.
5.
4.
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Egg vs. Sperm Development
• Each ovary contains 400,000 immature eggs (primary follicles)-only use about 400
• Females do not produce any new eggs during her lifetime
• Males produce sperm throughout their lifetime
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The Menstrual Cycle-28 day cycle (on average)
1. Follicular phase • approximately 10 days • Estrogen level is low • FSH & LH are released & cause follicle to mature • Maturing follicle causes an increase in estrogen,
causing uterine lining to thicken
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Menstrual Cycle Cont.
2. Ovulation: process of releasing a mature egg from an ovary
• Approximately 3-4 days • A sudden rush of FSH & LH causes the follicle to
rupture & release a mature egg into one of the fallopian tubes
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Menstrual Cycle Cont.
3. Luteal Phase: • Begins after ovulation ends • Ruptured follicle continues to release estrogen &
begins to produce progesterone • Both hormones stimulate cell growth & tissue
development in the lining of the uterus
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Menstrual Cycle Cont.
4. Menstruation: • Occurs when fertilization does not • Estrogen & progesterone levels decrease • Uterine lining detaches from the uterine wall • Tissue, blood, & unfertilized egg are released
through the vagina
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Human Fertilization & Development
• Even though hundreds of millions of sperm are released during each ejaculation, only about 1% will reach the upper region of each fallopian tube
A. Fertilization: occurs in the fallopian tubes B. Implantation: fertilized egg embeds itself in the
wall of the uterus C. Early Development: Zygote: fertilized egg Embryo: 1st 8 weeks of development Fetus: after 8 weeks of development
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Differentiation & Specialization
• Zygotes divide by mitosis • Cells begin to differentiate (become different from
one another) to form the specialized structures of multi-cellular organisms (example: tissues & organs)
• All cells contain a complete set of genetic information; however not all cells use every part of the DNA
• Specific genes (segments of DNA) are turned on or off depending on the function of the cell.
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Placenta & Umbilical Cord
A. Placenta B. Umbilical Cord C. Uterus D. Amnion(fluid inside
the amnionic sac)
A
BC
D
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Stem Cells
• Nature’s Master Cells- unspecialized cells that have the ability to grow into any one of the body’s more than 200 cell types
Types of Stem Cells: • Embryonic Stem Cells: can grow into any one of
the body’s more than 200 cell types Drawback: must be extracted from embryos • Adult Stem Cells: exist in many major tissues
including blood, skin, & brain; can be harvested without using embryos
Drawback: can only generate a limited number of cell types & are difficult to grow in culture
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Stem Cells
• Umbilical cord cells: contain stem cells that can turn into blood, bone, cartilage, heart muscle, brain and liver cells; can be harvested without using embryos
Drawback: umbilical cord is not very long and doesn’t hold enough cells to treat an adult
What can they be used for? • The basis for new treatments and even cures for
disorders ranging from Parkinson’s and heart disease to diabetes and even spinal cord injury and Alzheimer’s
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Label the diagram by using the following word bank:
1. Ovary 2. Follicle 3. Egg 4. Fallopian tube/oviduct 5. Uterus 6. Cervix 7. Vagina 8. Sperm
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Factors that Could Negatively Affect Pregnancy & Development
• Inadequate diet: not getting enough vitamins, minerals & nutrients
• Toxins: including alcohol (FAS), drugs (both over the counter & prescription) & tobacco (low birth weight & other complications)
• Infection: certain diseases can be passed to the unborn child & cause serious problems
example: herpes, HIV, measles, mumps
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Other Factors that Affect Reproduction & Development
• Gene expression: chromosomal & gene mutations like Down Syndrome & Sickle Cell Anemia
• Hormones: incorrect amounts of specific hormones or a lack of a certain hormone
example: not enough growth hormone • Environment: environmental factors can turn
specific genes on or off; there is a direct connection between learning disabilities, ADD, ADHD, health problems, physical deformities and the environment