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44 45
(Re)Post-IndustrialWindmills, Stem Cells, and Marijuana:
Through the Artistic Lense of Rivera
Conor Wood
Left : “Detroit Industr y” by
Mexican Painter
Diego Rivera, 1933 1
46 47
So described the 1933 reaction to Detroit
Industry, a collection of murals newly
displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA).
Painted by Mexican muralist Diego Rivera, the
comission had been stirred by controversy
from the very beginning. Edsel Ford and DIA
Director William Valentiner had approached
the popular and succesful Rivera two years
earlier about the work. Though Rivera had an
already extensive career, he had never worked
in the United States and was enthusiastic. Yet
this was amidst the turbulence of the Great
Depression, and many DIA patrons were upset
by the fact that Rivera was chosen instead of
an American artist. Further still, Rivera had
communist ties and frequently implicated
Marxist ideals in his murals. Nevertheless,
Ford and Valentiner invited Rivera and his
wife, Frida Kahlo, to Detroit to see the River
Rouge Plant. Inspired by Rivera’s fascination
with automotive operations, Ford and
Valentiner agreed to have Rivera’s commission
expanded from merely two murals to all four
walls of the Garden Court. The only guidelines
were that the murals were to somehow
portray the industrial development of Detroit.
Rivera immediately set to work sketching, and
began painting the murals in July of 1932.
Left : Rivera (center) with
communist s Leon Trot sky
and Andre Breton2
Right : Ford and
Valentiner, as por trayed
by Rivera3
“Coarse in conception.”
“Foolishly Vulgar.”
“Un-American.”
“Pornographic.”7
48 49
Ford River Rouge Plant ,
Under Construction4
“Production and
Manufacture of Engine
and Transmission,
Detroit Industr y”5
50 51
Balcerzak Family Por trait , Detroit 192211
Right : Ford Plant
Assembly, 193010
[Rivera] saw Detroit “as an expression of the steel that goes into automobiles and skyscrapers.”8
“The yellow race represents the sand, because it is most numerous.”
“The red race, the first in this country, is like the iron ore, the first
thing necessary for the steel.”
“The black race is like coal, because it has a great native esthetic
sense, a real flame of feeling and beauty in its ancient sculpture, its
native rhythm and music.”
“The white race is like the lime, not only because it is white, but
because lime is the organizing agent in the making of steel.”8
—Diego Rivera
Rivera spent a significant amount of his time
wandering through the city, visiting not only
manufacturing plants, but the homes and
neighborhoods of Detroit’s working-class
citizens. He saw Detroit as “an expression
of the steel that goes into automobiles and
skyscrapers.”8 The great diversity of ethnic
and racial groups represented in Detroit
also fascinated Rivera. He sought to preserve
these themes in the murals, illustrating the
men and women of all racial groups as equal
contributors to industrial processes. His
painting placed no hierarchy between the
laborer and the factory manager, showing
both as equally beneficial to production.
For Rivera, Detroit was a thriving culture of
making and doing, regardless of the job title,
financial situation, family life, or heritage.
52 53
Left : “Detroit Industr y”
Murals, shor tly after
completion in 193312
With the small murals still incomplete,
Detroit Industry was opened to the public on
St. Patrick’s Day, 1933. The backlash to the
work was roaring within a matter of hours.
Many, including Marygrove College President
Dr. George H. Derry, proclaimed that the
entire composition objectively empowered
Communist propaganda.
The Catholic and Episcopalian communities
were particularly appalled by part of the
mural entitled Vaccination, where a nativity
scene illustrated an infant Jesus, with the face
of the Lindenbergh baby, being vaccinated
by doctors. Citing the work as “a travesty,”
the kindest suggestion the clergymen could
muster was to whitewash over the murals.9
“Senor Rivera has perpetrated a heartless hoax on his capitalist
employer, Edsel Ford. Rivera was engaged to interpret Detroit; he
has foisted on Mr. Ford and the museum a Communist manifesto.
The key panel that first strikes the eye, when you enter the room,
betrays the Communist motif that animates and alone explains the
whole ensemble. Will the women of Detroit feel flattered when they
realize that they are embodied in the female with the hard, masculine,
unsexed face, ecstatically staring for hope and help across the panel
to the languorous and grossly sensual Asiatic sister on the right?”9
—Dr. George H. Derry, president of Marygrove College, 1933
“Pharmaceutics, Detroit Industr y”13
54 55
Right : South Wall,
“Detroit Industr y”14
Despite the resounding criticism and piles
of letters in complaint, Edsel Ford never
once showed any disapproval for the murals.
“I admire Rivera’s spirit. I really believe he
was trying to express his idea of the spirit of
Detroit.”7 Valentiner and the DIA thanked both
Ford and Rivera for their contributions, firmly
standing behind the Garden Court and its
controversial murals.
Valentiner would go on to say, “Edsel Ford was
the only person in Detroit industry who had
any interest in modern art. …Diegeo Rivera
and Edsel Ford understood each other very
well…Diego confessed to me that Edsel had
none of the characteristics of an exploiting
capitalist, that he had the simplicity and
directness of a workman in his own factories
and was like one of the best of them.”8
Though it may have not looked like it to
the upper-class citizens and clergymen of
Depression-era Detroit, Rivera attempted to
capture the conscious of the city itself. It did
not look like that of New York or Boston, yet
still obtained a beautiful and robust strength.
Rivera’s most peculiar approach to the
composition was the portrayal of not
only manufacturing, but also processes
of medicine, agriculture, and education.
The Motor City is globally recognized for
automotive and yet Rivera understood
its advantageous position for industrial
diversification.With the bottom currently
falling out on the consolidated automotive
industry, the “New Normal” of Detroit is
shaping around large-scale, enterpreneurial
diversification. It poses a radical shift in
thinking about the city. By viewing this shift
through the lense of Rivera, a better mural of
Detroit’s future can be painted.
“I really believe he was trying to express his idea of the spirit of Detroit.”7
62 63
Detroit’s manufacturing prowess began in the
1820s with flour mills, and ship building soon
thereafter. The shipping industry required
the continuous development of steam engine
technology. Coupled with a booming Michigan
mining industry, machining soon came to
be the predominant activity in Detroit. One
growing realm in machine work was the
building of horse-driven carriages. It did not
take long until the horse became irrelevant.
Henry Ford, former carriage-maker,
conceived that all Americans would one-
day own the new automobile. His attempts
to mass-manufacture the vehicles resulted
in the transportation trend that dominates
American culture. Edsel Ford and Diego
Rivera knew that the city’s legacy manifest
itself in the manufacturing industry. Ford
may have never anticipated the rapid decline
of the automotive industry, but Rivera’s
murals suggest that industry would evolve.
Detroit has been placed at the center of
development in “green-collar industry” under
the direction of former Governor Granholm.
Governor Snyder (2010) claims to continue
this tradition with several new manufacturing
facilities opening and several others being
repurposed around the state of Michigan.
Michigan has become the new center of the world’s electric vehicle and advanced battery industry.”23
—Governor Granholm
Chassis Manufacturing, A.O. Smith Corporation20 Construction of GM’s Brownstown Batter y Manufacturing Plant21
Right : Chev y Volt at the
Highland Park Plant22
“
66 67
“Located in Detroit, we are within an hour of more than a dozen
major research universities, and in the heartland of America’s
transportation, technology, and manufacturing industries. Fostering
dynamic research and innovation, we combine this intellectual capital
with Michigan’s legendary manufacturing prowess and entrepreneurial
ingenuity to help generate new technologies, viable businesses, solid
growth, and industry leadership.”29
—“Who We Are,” NextEnergy Former Gov. Granholm and Vice Pres. Biden at the opening of NextEnergy26 Construction of GM’s Brownstown Batter y Manufacturing Plant27
Posing Michigan as a leader in green-collar
industries necessitates a point organization
for continued bodies of research and
collaboration. The NextEnergy non-profit
serves to meet the needs of entrepreneurs,
researchers, manufacturers, and investors,
provided by funding from the state. The
contemporary facility, sited in the New
Amsterdam district, is the work of initiatives
for green industry under Governor Granholm.
NextEnergy can be an incubator space
specifically catering to those interested in
establishing and preserving an industrial
culture in renewable energy industries in
the state of Michigan. CEO Ron Gardhouse
brings experience to NextEnergy as a former
manager at Chrysler. Current NextEnergy
operations include recruiting wind turbine
manufacturers, furthering the manufacture of
electric vehicles, and improving the efficiency
and mobility of power-grid networks. The
organization has also been crucial to the
recruitment of battery manufacturers for
the state. Michigan has been awarded the
8th largest amount of state funding from the
State Energy Program, part of the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009). With
these funds, NextEnergy works to provide
incentives to potential manufacturers to
bring their organizations to Michigan.
“Geological Strata, Detroit Industr y”28
70 71
“Surger y, Detroit Industr y”13 The Henr y Ford Hospital, New Center32
The “Detroit Industry” murals’ inclusion of
medical science was an initial surprise to
Edsel Ford. The DIA board of trustees and
Ford had stressed that the mural should be
about automotive history in Detroit, but had
never considered the medical legacy that
Ford’s father had established for the city.
Henry Ford formed the Henry Ford Health
System in 1915 as a commitment to improving
the health and well-being of Detroiters. At
the time, Detroit became one of the leading
centers of medical research and operation in
the country. The Henry Ford Health System
has now grown into several institutions
across the state, and local universities
continue to push bodies of research. The
current era marks a renaissance of radical
medical and life-sciences industry in Detroit.
Companies such as Asterand PLC are being
drawn to Detroit by organizations like MichBio
and Tech Town, an entrepreneurial incubator
north of Wayne State. Asterand specializes in
stem-cell research, a new field that the city
hopes to capitalize on. In October of 2010,
Detroit hosted the World Stem Cell Summit,
in conjunction with the opening of the Great
Lakes Stem Cell Commercialization Center
in Tech Town. The summit served to educate
locals and recruit other researchers to the
city, in the name of regenerative medicine.
“Commercial Chemical
Operations, Detroit
Industr y”31
72 73
“Pharmaceutical research is at a critical crossroads. Despite
a dramatic increase in R&D budgets, the number of new drug
applications is falling because the failure rate in clinical trials remains
high. Researchers have always known that animal models provide
only a partial guide to drug response in humans. Thus, scientists are
becoming increasingly reliant upon human tissue-based models to
bridge this knowledge gap and improve decision making during the
development of medicines for man.”35
—“Serving a Critical Need,” Asterand PLC
Right : Asterand’s Lab,
Cellular Research34
“Healthy Human Embr yo, Detroit Industr y”33
74 75
“End the War,” Detroit Metro-Times37 Home-grown Cannabis Plant38
Industrial enterprise can often be a result
of localized policy-changes. The passing
of Michigan’s Medical Marihuana Act in
2008 signified a change of stance on the
controversial medical and recreational
product. Local confidence was behind the
bill, as it passed with a 63% state vote, and
received the majority vote in every one of
Michigan’s 83 counties.39 It is currently the
only mid-western state that has passed a
bill on medical marijuana dispensation.
Provisionally, Michigan’s act differs greatly
from those in states like California and
Colorado, as caregivers in the state can
only service up to five patients. This has led
to two nationally unique industrial trends.
The first is that the dispensation of medical
marijuana is highly decentralized in the state,
with many caregivers opening up shop to
service their limit of patients. The number of
caregivers in the state is nearly half of those
qualified for prescription. Alternatively, many
patients choose to be their own caregivers
under policy of household production.
MedGrow Cannabis College in Southfield
offers training in horticulture, history, and
legal policy of medical marijuana. Only the
second institution of its kind in the nation,
the college predicts that the controversial
industry will continue to thrive in Michigan.
“Manufacture of Poisonous Gas
Bombs, Detroit Industr y”36
76 77
“Med Grow Cannabis College is a medical marijuana trade school
dedicated to the education and advocacy of patients and caregivers.
Our primary goal is to provide our students with an education that
will allow them to be extremely successful in the medical marijuana
industry. We teach students how to operate within the provisions of
the state law, while providing quality, compassionate care to those in
need. . . . This state needs jobs, and we think medical marijuana
can stimulate the state economy with hundreds of jobs and millions of
dollars.”
—Med Grow Cannabis College, Southfield, Michigan42
Hor ticulture and Hydroponics Lab, Med Grow40
Right : Protest of illegal
MMMA procedure, Lansing41
78 79
New Amsterdam and Piquette Industrial Districts:Automotive’s Fertile Ground
Left : American Electrical
Heater Company, New
Amsterdam District43
82 83
The New Amsterdam district began as a small
periphery community, grown around the
Burroughs Adding Machine Company (today
known as UniSys). Their manufacturing facility
was built in 1904, off of North Cass Avenue.
The American Electrical Heater Company
followed suit, constructing a facility directly
on Cass. Several other entrepreneurs began
to enter the now-vibrant community. A major
draw for industry in the New Amsterdam
In 1996, General Motors decided to move
operations to the Renaissance Center in
downtown, leaving the New Center behind.
Looking for a catalyst to boost the decaying
districts to the north, Wayne State University
President Irvin D. Reid, (Wayne State occupies
the neighborhood to the south of New
Amsterdam) conceived of Tech Town as a
master-plan community. Such a community
would be a mixed-use development that
district was the proximity to railroad lines,
just to the north. The area continued to
steadily grow as an industrial center until
1919, when General Motors came into the
area. Constricted by the density of downtown
Detroit at that time, GM President William
C. Durant decided to move the corporation’s
central operations further out, settling on
the north side of the railroad from the New
Amsterdam district. Durant hired architect
sought to support entrepreneurs and
growing companies. This plan would
effectively stimulate growth industrial
growth. The dream of Tech Town was realized
when General Motors donated the Chevy
Creative Services Building to the mission.
Construction set to work for TechOne, an
industrial incubator space that would be the
first piece of the Tech Town plan. TechOne
was opened to business in 2004 and is now
Albert Kahn to design what would be one
of the largest office buildings in the world
at that time. Construction was finished in
1923, and the neighborhood soon became
known as the “New Center,” with the Fisher
Brothers constructing another skyscraper
and Kahn building a facility for his firm. The
New Amsterdam district slowly faded as a
distinct community, until it was recognized as
a National Historic Place in 2001.
at full capactiy. Two more facilities for the
project will be opening up in the next few
years, creating a contemporary “New Center”
in the New Amsterdam district. The facilities
provide incubation space for start-ups in the
medical, educational, and energy industries.
Companies lease discounted space until
they can grow enough capital for expansion.
Demand is high, and an entrepreneurial
waiting list for Tech Town grows by the day.
“The New Amsterdam District was an incredibly vibrant place... ...thousands were employed there.”43
“Steam, Detroit Industr y”48TechOne Lab, Tech Town47General Motors, under construction, 192046Burroughs Adding Machine Company45
84 85
GENERAL MOTORS
OLDSMOBILE
AC SPARK PLUGS
FISHER BODY
RAPID MOTOR VEHICLE CO.
EVERITT METZGER FLANDERS
PONTIAC
CADILLAC
BUICK
CHEVROLET
PACKARD
STUDEBAKER
FORD MOTOR COMPANY
JEEP
NASH-KELVINATOR
HUDSON MOTOR CAR CO.
AMERICAN MOTORS CORP.
CHRYSLER
WILLYS-OVERLAND
CHALMERS MOTOR CO.
DODGE BROTHERS
MAXWELL MOTOR CO.
LINCOLN
Detroit’s Automotive
Consolidations
86 87
Just east of Woodward from New Amsterdam,
Detroit’s railroad established the perfect
conditions to launch a manufacturing
revolution. Named for the confluence of
rail lines between Detroit, Chicago, and
Milwaukee, the Milwaukee Junction became
one of the busiest hubs of rail traffic in the
Midwest. For the start-ups down the road,
this seemed to be one of the most logical
places in which to manufacture and
Because the Model-T was inexpensive and
very popular, demand outpaced the size
of the Piquette Plant. Ford began to move
operation’s to a new facility, at Highland
Park, in 1910. Studebaker, a newer neighbor
down the road, purchased the Piquette
facility in 1911 to house the recently acquired
E-M-F Company operations. Over the first
two decades of the twentieth century, the
Piquette Industrial district and surrounding
ship goods. The first automotive company
on the scene was Cadillac, citing not only
the benefits of the railroad, but also the
junction’s position on the periphery of the
city. At the time, Ford Motor Company was
a small automotive manufacturer on Mack
Avenue. Ford’s operations were growing too
large for the facility (now present-day site of
the Michigan Theater parking structure), so
the company decided to build a larger
vicinity housed many of the first major
automakers: Ford, Studebaker, Cadillac,
Dodge Brothers, Regal, Fisher Body (including
plants #21 and #23), Anderson Electric, Brush,
Hupp, Packard, and Everitt Metzger Flanders
(E-M-F).53 The area now stands as a monument
to the birth and the death of automotive
production. While Ford’s Piquette Plant
remains an active museum of the Model-T,
Fisher Body #23 stands directly across the
space out at Piquette and Beaubien. The
new plant produced vehicles in the typical
craft construction method of the time, a
procedure that Henry Ford believed was too
expensive. He desired to sell large quantities
of cheap automobiles, and constantly was re-
tooling the Piquette facility for more efficient
production. In 1907, Ford was able to produce
14,887 out of the plant, far ahead of Buick’s
4,641 units. The Model-T rolled out in 1908.
street, closed up in continual hibernation.
The haunting shell of Fisher Body #21 is
down the block from there, breathlessly
standing in a frozen explosion of time.
Though it is difficult to see in the ashes of the
Studebaker Plant (burnt down in 2005), life is
beginning again. New housing is being built.54
Businesses are filling up Tech Town’s waiting
list. These two districts may be reborn again,
launching a new industrialization for Detroit.
“Not only was it the place where the Model-T was born... ...it was also Detroit’s hotbed of automotive production.”53
“Production of Automobile Exterior, Detroit Industr y”52Ford Piquette Plant , or “T-Plex”51Wiring Diagram, Ford Model-T50Postcard of Detroit Railroad Tracks and Tunnels49
90 911. Gilchrist, Scott. Detroit Industry Murals View: South
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