Reporter : Chin-Tzu Chang

Advisor : Cheng-Chien Wang

Date : 2014-06-16

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Outline

1. Introductions

2. Experimental2.1 Material and compounding

2.2 Mixing and cure characteristic determination

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusion

Introductions

NRModified

ENR

CH3

(CH2)2O

C C

CH3H

(CH2)2

n

• Tg• Oil resistance• Permeability• Polarity

Review of the Literature

ENR

Silica

Si

R1

R2

R3

SH

• Tensile strength• Tear strength

Epoxidized natural rubber

Natural rubber

Introductions

Rice Husk Ashes (RHA)

white rice husk ash (WRHA)

black rice husk ash (BRHA)

silica and carbon

Evaluate

RHA

Commercial silica

Commercial carbon

ExperimentalMaterial and compounding

CH3

(CH2)2O

C C

CH3H

(CH2)2

n

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR50)

OH

O

SSulfur

Zinc oxide ZnOStearic acid

N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole-2-sulphenamide (CBS)

ExperimentalMaterial and compounding

Tetrametylthiuram disulphide (TMTD)

‘N-isopropyl-N-phenylenediamine (IPPD)

γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (A-189)

ExperimentalMaterial and compounding

Table 2. Chemical property of WRHA and BRHA

Table 3. Physical properties of WRHA, BRHA, silica and carbon black

Table 1. Typical formulations

ExperimentalMixing and cure characteristic determination

laboratory size two roll mixing mill

ENRFiller Siliane

ENR

Filler Siliane

Curing agents

Curing agents

various filler of compounds

Results and discussion

Fig. 1. Typical torque-time curves of WRHA-filled ENR vulcanizates.

Results and discussion

Fig. 2. Typical torque-time curves of BRHA-filled ENR vulcanizates.

Results and discussionTable 4. Cure time (t90), scorch time and maximum torque of WRHA-tilled ENR vulcanizates with coupling agent

Table 5. Cure time (t90), scorch time and maximum torque of BRHA-tilled ENR vulcanizates with coupling agent

Results and discussion

Fig. 3. The effect of filler loadings on tensile strengths of WRHA and BRHA-filled ENR vulcanizates.

Results and discussion

Fig. 4. The effect of filler loadings on tear strengths of WRHA and BRHA-filled ENR vulcanizates.

Results and discussion

Fig. 5. The hardness of WRHA and BRHA-filled ENR vulcanizates.

Results and discussion

Table 8. Cure time (t90), scorch time and maximum torque of WRHA, BRHA, silica and carbon black-filled ENR vulcanizates with and without coupling agent (20 phr)

Results and discussion

Table 9. Physical properties of WRHA, BRHA, silica and carbon black-filled ENR vulcanizates with and without coupling agent (20 phr)

Conclusion

1. The main objective of this study is to gauge the possibility of utilizing the

low-cost rice husk ashes (RHA) as alternative filler materials in epoxidized

natural rubber (ENR).

2. It has been shown that with white RHA, apart from exhibiting better

physical properties than black RHA, properties are not much more inferior

when compared to the commercial carbon black or silica-filled vulcanizates.

3. As a whole, this study indicates that the potential of RHA, especially the

white RHA, can be exploited further by controlling particle size and particle

size distribution, improving filler dispersion and also its surface

functionality.

樣品打滑

• 材料除水• 腔體內的清潔• 檢查溫度參數

發生打滑便暫停混摻，將材料取出並重新啟動 (累積混摻時間 )。

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