F R O N T L I N E E N G L I S H

G R A M M A R S E R I E S

Ken Singleton

REPORTEDSPEECH

REPORTED SPEECHWritten by - Escrito por:Ken Singleton

Translated by - Traducido por:Eduardo Rosset

Published by - Editado por:Editorial Stanley

Design - Diseno:Angela Gomez

Layout - Maquetacion:MIZAR PUBLICIDAD,S.C.

Design front page - Diseno portada:DISENO IRUNES

© 1998 Ken Singleton© 2003 Editorial StanleyApdo. 207-20300IRUN-SPAINTelf. 943 64 04 12 - Fax 943 64 38 63richard@stanleyformacion.comwww.gentedellibro.com

ISBN: 84-7873-370-1Dep. Leg.: BI-1267-03

Primera edition 2003Printed at - Imprime:Imprenta Berekintza

REPORTED SPEECH

CONTENTSPag.

Introduction 1

1. Verbos de oracion indirecta (1) 4Exercises 5

2. Verbos de oracion indirecta (2) 7Exercises 8

3. Oracion subordinada. Tiempos del verbo (1) 10Exercises 11

4. Oracion subordinada. Tiempos del verbo (2) 13Exercises 14

5. Oracion subordinada. Tiempos del verbo (3) 16Exercises 18

6. Verbos modales 21Exercises 23

7. Referencias de tiempo 26Exercises 28

8. Referencias a sitios, cosas y gente 30Exercises 32

9. Preguntas indirectas 35Exercises 38

10. Resumiendo 41Exercises 43

Summary 46

Consolidation exercises 57

Answers to exercises 62

List of irregular verbs 73

M* REPORTED SPEECHPROLOGUEThis book aims to capture the essence of a veryimportant and interesting area of English Grammar:Reported Speech.The book focuses on the core of reported speech.It covers the use of many common 'Reporting verbs'how to 'click back' the tenses of verbs, time words,modal verbs, words for things and people, etc.

Este libro tiene como objeto capturar la esencia deun area muy importante e interesante de la gramaticainglesa: la oracion de estilo indirecto.El libro se centra en el corazon mismo de la oracionindirecta. Cubre el uso de muchos verbos comunes'verbos informativos'; como 'retroceder' los tiempos delos verbos; las palabras de tiempo; los verbos modales;las palabras para cosas y gente, etc.

What the book consists of: En que consiste este libro:* • 10 Main units which logically present all the main

areas of reported speech, from the reporting verbssay and tell through to reporting questions andsummarizing.

*. -. A comprehesive summary in two parts. Part onesummarizes the main reporting structures: part twois a chart of the tense changes which are posiblewhen changing direct speech to reported speech.

* « A series of useful and fun consolidationexercises that test what you have learnt in widercontexts.

* Full answers to all exercises.' * * A complete English/Spanish list of all irregular verbs

used in the book (and some others).

Key features of the book:Clear, concise grammar explanations and rules inSpanish which take into account your very individualproblems.

* Nearly 250 simple, real and reliable examplesentences in English/Spanish complement thegrammar explanations.

* "1 Over 50 exercises, which entertain as wellas test, are linked very closely to the grammarexplanations.

Who is the book for?The book is designed for intermediate studentsof English, who are working by themselves or in a schoolor language institution. Students above and belowintermediate level will also gain much indispensibleknowledge about reported speech from this book.

10 unidades principals que presentan de formalogica todas las areas principales de la oracionindirecta, desde los verbos informativos say y tell,hasta las preguntas informativas y resumidas.

* Un resumen en dos partes: la primera parte trata de lasprincipales estructuras informativas; la parte segundaes una tabla de los posibles cambios de los tiemposcuando se pasa de oracion directa a indirecta.Una serie de ejercicios de consolidation utilesy divertidos que verifican lo que usted ha aprendidoen unos contextos mas amplios.Solucionario de los ejercicios.

1 Una lista completa de todos los verbos, tanto inglesescomo espanoles, que se usan en el libro (los otros).

Principales caracteristicasdel libro:

Explicaciones gramaticales claras y concisas enespanol, que tienen en cuenta su problematicaindividual.Cerca de 250 frases de ejemplos bilinguesreales en las explicaciones gramaticalescomplementarias.Mas de 50 ejercicios, que entretienen y sirvende tests. Guardan una relation directa con lasexplicaciones gramaticales.

Para quien es este libro?El libro esta pensado para estudiantes de inglesde nivel medio, bien scan autodidactas o queestudien en una academia o instituto. Los estudiantesque tengan un nivel superior o inferior al mediotambien obtendran de este libro unos conocimientosindispensables sobre las oraciones de estilo indirecto.

REPORTED SPEECHINTRODUCTION¿Que es la oracion indirecta?La oracion indirecta informa sobre lo que alguien ha dicho, a menudo en un momento dife-rente y en un lugar diferente, o informa de la idea de lo que alguien ha dicho.Ciertas consideraciones deben ser tomadas en cuenta para la oracion indirecta:

• Esta usted informando sobre un mensaje escrito o hablado?

(Bob, hablando por telefono a Kate) (Kate, transmitiendo el mensaje de Bob a Sue)Til be late home.' Bob says he'll be late home.'Llegare tarde a casa.' Bob dice que llegard tarde a casa.

(En una senal de trafico) (Senalando una senal de trafico)No cycling. Look. The sign says no cycling.No bids. Mira. La senal dice que bids no.

• /.Son las palabras del que habla todavia ciertas cuando se informa sobre ellas?

'I'm two metres tall.' He says/said he's two metres tall.'Mido dos metros de alto.' Dice/dijo que mide dos metros de alto.

• /,No son ciertas ya las palabras del que habla cuando usted informo de ellas?

'There's a bird on the fence.' She said there was a bird on the fence.'Hay un pdjaro en la valla'. Ella dijo que habia un pdjaro en la valla.

• /,Eran incorrectas las palabras de los que hablaban cuando fueron dichas o cree usted queno eran correctas?

'I'm very rich.' He said he was very rich, but he isn't.'Soy muy rico.' Dijo que era muy rico, pew no lo es.

^Esta usted informando desde el mismo lugar que el que habla o en otro sitio?

'I hate it here.' She said she hated it there.'Detesto este lugar.' Ella dijo que detestaba aquel lugar. ,

/,Cuanto tiempo ha pasado, si ha pasado alguno, entre el momento en que se habla y el queseinforma? - - -

' / (Bob en marzo) (Todavia en marzo)'I saw Kate about a month ago.' Bob said he saw Kate about a month ago.Ti a Kate hace un mes.' Bob dijo que vio a Kate hace un mes.(En abril)Bob said he saw/had seen Kate about a month before.Bob dijo que habia visto a Kate un mes antes.

^Hay verbos modales en la frase?

'I won't resign.' He said he wouldn 't resign.'No dimitire.' Dijo que no dimitiria.

• ^Hay que cambiar algiin pronombre posesivo o adjetivo?

'Mj coat is red. The blue one is yours.''Mi abrigo es rojo. El azul es el tuyo.'She said her coat was red and that the blue one was mine.Ella dijo que su abrigo era rojo y que el azul era el mio.

Hay que cambiar algunas otras palabras como this/that o come/go?

6 This book is terrible.' He said the book was terrible.'Este libro es terrible. ' Dijo que el libro era terrible.'Come in and sit down!' He told me to go in and sit down.'Entra y sientate! ' Me dijo que entrara y que me sentara.

^Seria mejor abreviar o sumarizar...?

'I've lost my wife, my friends, my job and all my money.''Heperdido a mi mujer, a mis amigos, mi trabajo y todo el dinero.He said he had lost everything.Dijo que habia perdido todo.

... ousarunverbo informative que -•anada ruerza a su informe? Esto 'I definitely won't resign. Good night.'puede, a menudo, ser el equivalen- 'No pienso dimitir. Buenas noches.'te de informar sobre acciones mas He stubbornly refused to resign and left.que palabras...: Testarudamente se nego a dimitir y sefue.

... o para informar simplementede la existencia de algo que se They discussed their holiday plans.dijo (que en el segundo ejemplo a Discutieron sobre sus planes de vacaciones.continuation informa sobre algo She wouldn't tell me what was wrong with her.que no se dijo en absoluto): No quiso decirme lo que le pasaba.

• Y usted como informador, puede elegir no quedarse neutral. Puede, por ejemplo, anadir supropia interpretation de lo que se ha dicho eligiendo ciertos verbos 'cargados' o 'con cier-to sentido':

He said he was going mad.El dijo que se estaba volviendo loco.He thought he was going mad.Elpenso que se estaba volviendo loco.He imagined he was going mad.El imagino que se estaba volviendo loco.

Todas estas consideraciones se tienen en cuenta en las paginas de este libro.

Sobre este libroEste libro consiste en diez unidades principales, nueve de las cuales se concentran en infor-mes que parafrasean o hacen eco de lo que se ha dicho. La decima unidad examina las mane-ras de sumarizar el contenido de un mensaje.Cada unidad comprende una o dos paginas de explicaciones gramaticales y ejemplos sobreel aspecto de la oration indirecta. A continuation, hay ejercicios en conexion directa con lasexplicaciones.El sumario esta en dos secciones. Section 1: Las estructuras principales de las que se in-forma. Section 2: Cambios de los tiempos de los verbos que tienen lugar para la oration indi-recta.A continuation del sumario hay una serie de ejercicios de consolidation, que usan muchosde los verbos que vienen en el sumario.Hay una lista de verbos irregulares en la pagina 75 para ayudarle con los cambios de tiempode los verbos en los ejercicios.

UNIT t VERBOS DE ORACION INDIRECTA (1)

Say y tell y otros verbos que se usanpara informar

Se usa tell con un objeto personal (pronombre o nombre). Ejemplo: Si se menciona la per-sona a la que se dirige ('el me dijo...'/'ella dijo a su amiga...').Se usa say sin un objeto personal, o raramente con un objeto personal precedido de to.

Correcto y usualHe told me (that).He said (that)...

IncorrectoHe told (that)...He said me (that)...

RaroHe said to me (that)...

Say y tell van seguidos ambos por una oracion subordinada 'that'. (Vease sumario 1.1,pagina 46 para tell usado para ordenes indirectas, etc). Una oracion 'that', es el tipo mascomun de oracion subordinada: * -

I am a student.''Soy estudiante.'

He said / He told meDijo/Me dijo

(that) he is/was a student.que es/era estudiante.

Fijese en el ejemplo anterior que el tiempo presente I am en la oracion directa puede con-vertirse en pasado he was en el estilo indirecto. (Vease unidad 3, pagina 10)

Otros verbos usados para informar seguidos de una oracion 'that': claim (reclamar), insist(insistir), inform (inform), assure (asegurar). Como tell los verbos inform y assure debenser usados con un objeto personal:

'I'm a police officer.' 'Soy oficial de policia.'

claimedinsisted

She informed meassured metold me

(that) she was a police officer.

(Vease tambien sumario 1.1 pagina 46 para otros verbos que informan seguido de una ora-cion 'that').

Omision de la palabra thatEn todos los ejemplos en 1.1, la palabra that esta entre parentesis. Esto es porque con lamayoria de los verbos que informan se puede omitir el that. Es mas formal incluir that.(Vease tambien el sumario 1.1, pagina 46): -

- Hello, Ulli. How are you? - I'm fine, thanks.I met Ulli this morning. She said that she was fine.

No se puede omitir that despues de estos verbos: reply (replicar), answer (contestar),argue (discutir), explain (explicar):

- Hello, Dave. How are you? - I'm ill. I'm going to the doctor's.I met Dave this morning. He explained that he was ill and that he wasgoing to the doctor's.

(Fijese en el ejemplo anterior, que el presente en la oration directa (I'm ill/I'm going)se convierte en el pasado en habla indirecta (he was/he was going). (Vease unidad 3,pagma 10).

^ EXERCISE 1Vuelva a escribir las frases. Use told y uno de los objetos de la casilla.

the policeman the doctor estate agent* the traffic warden travel agent hotel receptionist j

1. They said the parking meter wasn't working.2. She said she had a sore throat.3. He said he wanted a single room for three nights.4. They said they had seen the thief run out of the bank.5. He said he wanted to buy a small flat in Brighton.6. They said they wanted a return flight to Athens.

«* EXERCISE 2Eh'ja el verbo correcto, A o B^para cada frase.1. The traffic warden me I couldn't park my car there.

A said B informed2. The teacher they had to do their essays before Friday.

A said B informed3. He the girl the time.

A said B told4. They that the information was correct.

A insisted B assured5. She she was the daughter of the Tzar.

A told B claimed

«* EXERCISE 3iSon estas frases correctas (/) o no (X)?

1. She explained me the time was 10 o'clock.2. He told to me the way to Brighton.3. He told me he was going to London.4. The policeman informed it was dangerous.5. The man assured them it was safe.6. She replied that she was very well.7. He answered he was going to be late.8. He argued that they were wrong.

Ahora vuelva a escribir las frases equivocadas correctamente.

**- EXERCISE 4Una las afirmaciones directas 1-6 con las de estilo indirecto A-F.

1. 'I really didn't do it.' A He claims he never remembers anything.2. 'We're fifteen years old.' B He insists he never forgets anything.3. 'I can speak five languages.' c They claim they're teenagers.4. 'I've got a fantastic memory.' D She says she's an athlete.5. 'I've got a terrible memory.' E He assures me he's innocent.6. 'I'm good at all kinds of sport.' F She claims she's a linguist.

UNIT 2 VERSOS DE ORACION INDIRECTA (2)1 El tiempo de un verbo informative puede estar en presente (says, claims, etc.) o en pasa-

do (said, claimed, etc.).Para verbos informativos en pasado, el tiempo de la frase del que habla se puede cambiar.Para los verbos informativos en presente, el tiempo del verbo del que habla no se debecambiar.

Verbos informativos en presenteSe usa el presente de los verbos informativos en las siguientes situaciones:- Cuando se esta leyendo parte de un periodico, tarjeta, etc. a algun otro. Se usa el verbo

say incluso si el mensaje esta escrito. Se usa it says.., cuando se informa lo que estaescrito en objetos inanimados tales como senales de trafico, menus:

(En una postal de Sally) (Usted le dice a otra persona sobre la postal)I'm having a great time... I've got a postcard from Sally.Me estoy divirtiendo... She/It says she's having a great time.

He recibido una postal de Sally.Dice que se esta divirtiendo.

(Sobre la cuenta del restaurante) (Esta leyendo la cuenta a otra persona)Service charge is not included. It says the service charge isn't included.El servicio no esta incluido. Dice que el servicio no esta incluido.

- Cuando se esta informando sobre un mensaje oral (ejemplo: si se informa inmediata-mente):

(Helen en un tren, hablando con usted por su movil)The train has broken down, so I'll be late home.'El tren se ha averiado, asi que llegare tarde a casa.(Usted informando a Mary lo que Helen dice)Mary, it's Helen on the phone. She says the train has broken down,so she'll be late home.Mary, es Helen al telefono. Dice que el tren se ha averiado,asi que llegard a casa tarde.

Recuerde: El tiempo del verbo en la frase original del que habla no cambia cuando el verboinformative esta en presente.En la pagina siguiente, a la izquierda, es lo que un hombre acusado de robo dijo a suabogado. A la derecha esta lo que el abogado informo a los reporteros fuera del palacio dejusticia.

Fijese en estos cambios logicos (I se convierte en he; my se convierte en his). Los tiem-pos del que habla no cambian (I am cambia a he is; I deny a he denies; was stolen a wasstolen; will a will, etc.):

'I am totally innocent of all charges.I know nothing about the robbery.''Soy completamente inocente de todos los cargos. No se nada del who.'My client says he is totally innocent of all charges and thathe knows nothing about the robbery.Mi cliente dice que es completamente inocente de todos los cargosy que no sabe nada del robo.

'I totally deny the money in my flat was stolen.''I'm sure that justice will be done.''Niego que el dinero en mi piso era robado.''Estoy seguro de que se hard justicia.'He totally denies that the money in his flat was stolen.He says he is sure that justice will be done.Niega rotundamente que el dinero de supisofuera robado.Dice que estd seguro de que se hara justicia.

**• EXERCISE 1Una los billetes, las tarjetas, las etiquetas, etc., 1-10 con las informaciones A-J.

1. PARKING TICKET A It says we owe £58.6 Ip.2. INVITATION B It says we need lots of garlic.3. HOLIDAY POSTCARD c It says we've got to pay a fine of £20.4. CHANGE OF ADDRESS NOTICE D It says I'm overdrawn.5. GAS BILL E It says they're having a party.6. CLOTHES LABEL F It says the shirt was made in Scotland.7. BANK STATEMENT G It says they've moved house.8. RECIPE H It says it leaves from platform 2.9. TRAIN TIMETABLE i It says it's raining in Greece.

10. DICTIONARY J It says it's an 'adverbial phrasal verb'.

*» EXERCISE 2Complete las frases indirectas con says o said.

1. 'I am not very happy.'

2. 'I wish it was Friday.'

3. 'I'm not feeling well.'

4. 'I'm trying to concentrate.'

5. 'I've just been to France.'

6. 'I haven't eaten since last night.'

7. 'I don't like this restaurant.'

^ EXERCISE 3Lea lo que le dijo el cantante asu manager cuando estaban enuna gira:

'I don't want to continue thistour. I'm homesick and I feeltired. I know my fans will hateme for this, but I don't care. Ihave no regrets, I just want to gohome and never come back. Infact, I'm very bored with the popmusic industry.'

A He says he isn't very happy.B He said he wasn't very happy.A He he wishes it was Friday.B He he wished it was Friday.A She she isn't feeling well.B She she wasn't feeling well.A She she's trying to concentrate.B She she was trying to concentrate.A She she's just been to France.B She she had just been to France.A He he hasn't eaten since last night.B He he hadn't eaten since the night before.A She she doesn't like this restaurant.B She she didn't like the restaurant.

£1 manager informo a los periodistas, pero no lohizo muy bien. Lea el texto que va a continua-tion y escriba lo que deberia haber dicho.

Dan Starburst says unfortunately he can't

continue the tour. His father is ill in hospital,so he has to return home. He says he lovesall his fans and knows they will understand.He says he feels very sorry to disappoint his

fans and says he will be back again very soon

as he loves pop music so much.

UNIT 31 QRACION SUBORDINADA. TIEMPOS DEL VERSO (1)Cambios de tiempo:El presente se convierte en pasado

Normalmente se informa sobre algo que se ha dicho en el pasado. El verbo informative,por lo tanto, esta generalmente en pasado.Cuando el verbo informative esta en pasado, a menudo, se da un paso hacia atras en la frasedel que habla.Por ejemplo: si el verbo esta en presente en la forma directa, se pone en pasado en la in-directa:

Am/is cambia a wasAre cambia a were

Tw depressed.''Estoy deprimido.''My friends are late.''Mis amigos vienen tarde.

He said he was depressed.Dijo que estaba deprimido.He said his friends were late.Dijo que sus amigos venian tarde.

Go cambia a went

'I often go to the theatre.''A menudo voy al teatro.'

She said she often went to the theatre.Ella dijo que a menudo iba al teatro.

Don't/doesn't cambia a didn't

'I don't like computers.' She said she didn >t like computers.'No me gustan los ordenadores.' Ella dijo que no le gustaban los ordenadores.'It doesn 't matter.' She said it didn't matter.'No importa.' Ella dijo que no importaba.

Am/is-ing cambia a was-ingAre-ing cambia a were-ing

'I'm studying Polish.' He said he was studying Polish.'Estoy estudiando polaco.' Dijo que estaba estudiando polaco.'My parents are working hard.' He said his parents were working hard.'Mis padres estdn trabajando duro.' Dijo que sus padres estaban trabajando duro.

Intercambios tales como los quesiguen a continuation son corrien-tes en ingles:

- My name is James.-Pardon?-1 said my name was James.-1 don't know the answer.- But you told me you did.- Ym not very busy at the moment.- Oh, you said yesterday that you were.- They're married.- But you told me they weren't.

**> EXERCISE 1A Cambie el tiempo de los verbos subrayados en las frases del que habla para com-

pletar las frases indirectas.

1. 'I never drink alcohol.'2. 'I don't sleep very well at night.'3. 'I am not married.'4. 'I have a young daughter and I go

to work every day.'5. 'I'm training to be a barrister.'6. 'Bob speaks English and Spanish.'7. 'We are working for Greenpeace.'

He said he never drank alcohol.He said he sleep very well at night.He said he n't married.She said she a young daughter andthat she to work every day.She said she training to be a barrister.He said Bob English and Spanish.They said they working for Greenpeace.

B Lea la oration indirecta debajo de los dibujos y escriba lo que dijo la gente.

He said he always gotnervous in small rooms.

She said her sister wasexpecting a baby.

He said the hat didn'tquite fit.

!*• EXERCISE 2Escriba formas alternatives para informar de las frases en los ejercicios 1A y 1 B. Uselas palabras y las frases de la casilla:

teetotalto-lingual

a working mother, pregnant

an insomniac

a law studentclaustrophobicenvironmentalists

a batchelorthe wrong size

1. He said he was teetotal.

*•• EXERCISE 3Escriba lo que habia dicho la gente originalmente.

1. - I'm not hungry.- But you said you were.

2. -1 don't know the way to Oxford.- But you said you did.

3. -1 know that man.- But you said you didn't.

4. - I'm going home.- But you said you weren't.

5. - I'm not looking for a job.- But you said you were.

6. - This clock works OK.- But you told me it didn't.

7. -1 didn't go out this afternoon.- But you told me you did.

I'm hungry.

UNIT 4 QRACION SUBORDSNADA. TIEMPOS DEL VERBO (2)*

No hay cambio de tiempoCuando las palabras del que habla son 'todavia deltas' en el momento en que se informasobre ellas, se puede, o bien volver a usar el tiempo del verbo del que habla sin cambiar(lo mas corriente) o bien usar el pasado.Si se usa el pasado, entonces las palabras del que habla son ciertas en ese momento (ejem-plo: cuando fueron dichas originalmente) pero no necesariamente ciertas en este momen-to (ejemplo: cuando se informa sobre ellas):

'I don't like modern jazz.' He said he doesn 't like modern jazz.'No me gusta el jazz moderno.' Dijo que no le gusta el jazz moderno.

Lo mismo sucede cuando lo que se dice es una 'verdad general' o describe un habito regu-lar (a menudo con adverbios de frecuencia) always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom,never, etc.:

'The Moon goes round the Earth.''La luna gira alrededor de la Tierra.'The child told me the Moon goes/went round the Earth.El nino me dijo que la luna gira/giraba alrededor de la Tierra.'I usually go skiing in March.''Generalmente voy a esquiar en marzo.'She said she usually goes/went skiing in March.Ella dijo que generalmente va/iba a esquiar en marzo.

... o lo que se dice es una afirmacion o prediction sobre el future que se cree que se reali-zara (will/won't en la oration directa cambia a sus formas would/wouldn't en estilo indi-recto). (Vease unidad 6, paginas 18-19).

'I will see Clara next Christmas.''Vere a Clara por Navidades.'He said he will/would see Clara next Christmas.Dijo que verd/veria a Clara por Navidades.'England won't win the World Cup.''Inglaterra no ganard la Copa del Mundo.' He said England won't/wouldn't win the World Cup.Dijo que Inglaterra no ganard/ganaria la Copa del Mundo.

42; Informando sobre afirmadones Inciertas'• Si hay alguna duda de que lo que dice el que habla todavia 'es cierto' en el momento en

que se informa sobre ello, entonces se usa el verbo en pasado:

'!/&/terrible.''Me siento terrible.'He said he felt terrible (but he's better now).Dijo que se sentia terrible (pero estd mejor ahora).

De la misma forma se pone el verbo en pasado si lo que se expresa podria no ser ciertocuando se dice (o si el que informa sobre ello no se lo cree)...:

'I don't smoke.' She said she didn 't smoke (but I know she does).'Nofumo.' Ella dijo que nofumaba (pero se que lo hace).

0 una afirmacion o prediction sobre el futuro ha resultado ser incorrecta:

Til win the lottery.''Ganare la loteria.'You said you would win the lottery (but you didn't).Dijiste que ganarias la loteria (pero no lo hiciste).'I won't be home late tonight.'Wo llegare tarde esta noche.'You said you wouldn't be home late (but it's 3 o'clock in the morning).Dijiste que no llegarias tarde a casa esta noche (pero son las 3 de la madrugada).

EXERCISE 1Escriba dos frases indirectas por cada dibujo. Empiece con He/She said... cada vez.

He said he usually gets up at 7 o'clock.He said he usually got up at 7 o'clock.

«* EXERCISE 2Complete las frases indirectas A-F y unalas con las de oration directa 1-6.

1. Til never retire.'2. Til never give up.'3. Til never sell this house.'4. 'I won't say I did it.'5. 'I won't go.'6. 'I won't do it straight away.'

She said she....She said she.....He said heShe said she...He said heHe said he

. confess.do it immediately.

.... work until he dropped dead.leave.

.... live there until he died.

.... never stop trying.

EXERCISE 3Lea el parrafo siguiente. Despues escriba el dialogo entre Ben y Polly. Empiece asi:

BEN Good morning.POLLY Good morning.BEN My name's Brown.

Ben Brown went into a garage one morning because his car needed a service. At first hecouldn't see anybody, then Polly Smith, a car mechanic, came out from under a car.They said good morning to each other and Ben told Polly that his name was Brown andthat his car needed a service. He said there was nothing wrong with the car, but hedrove it a lot. Polly told Ben she would check everything for him, change the oil, giveit a test run and added that she wouldn't charge more than £50. She said it would beready for collection at 5 o'clock. Ben said that was fine and that he would see her laterand he said goodbye.

a

B

CD

E

F

ORACION SUBORDINADA. TIEMPOS DEL VERBO (3)

Lo que dice el que habla en el pasado simple• Mira estos ejemplos de estilo directo. El que habla esta comentando sobre pasados acon-

tecimientos (usando el tiempo Past Simple):

'I went to school in Brighton.''Fui a la escuela en Brighton.''I had a very happy childhood.''Tuve una infancia muyfeliz.'

Hay dos maneras de comunicar lo anterior, la que viene a continuation es la mas corriente:

A Se vuelve a usar el tiempoPast Simple: He said he went to school in Brighton.

He told me he had a very happy childhood.

B Usar el pluscuamperfecto:(Past Perfect): He said he had gone to school in Brighton.

*He told me he had had a very happy childhood.

• Es posible usar los tiempos en los dos informes anteriores, A (Past Simple) y B (PastPerfect) de forma intercambiable:

'I heard an explosion just after the plane took off9

Vi una explosion justo despues de que el avion despegara.'A witness said she had heard an explosion just after the plane took off.Una testigo dijo que habia oido una explosion justo despues de que el aviondespegara.A witness said she heard an explosion just after the plane had taken off.Una testigo dijo que oyo una explosion justo despues de que el avionhubiese despegado.

Lo que dice el que habla en Present Perfect(preterite perfecto)

Estos ejemplos del uso del estilo directo con <j ̂ ave never been so cold.'tiempos en Present Perfect: <Nunca he tenido tantofrio.'

'I have broken my arm.''Me he roto el brazo.'

Se vuelve a usar el Present Perfect para informar y para dar enfasis al hecho de que la situa-tion que empezo en el pasado es 'todavia cierta' o relevante cuando se informo sobre ella:

He said he has never been so cold, (Segummente todavia tienefrio)She told me she has broken her arm. (Su brazo todavia estd roto)

Si la situation ya no es 'cierta' (o nunca ha sido 'cierta'), o no se quiere poner enfasis enque todavia es 'cierta' cuando se informa sobre ella, entonces se usa el Past Perfect (plus-cuamperfecto):

He said he had never been so cold.She told me she had broken her arm.

• Algunas profesiones querrian un informe de sus expresiones para enfatizar que sus situa-ciones todavia son 'deltas'. Los politicos, por ejemplo, acaso les gustaria que sus politi-cas fueran vistas como 'continuadoras':

The Minister told reporters that money for nurses has risenover the past year.El ministro les dijo a los periodistas que el dineropara lasenfermeras ha subido durante el anopasado.

... y los acusados podrian querer que lo que sostienen pudiera ser considerado cierto cuan-do se dice y 'todavia cierto' cuando se informa sobre ello:

I told you yesterday, I have never seen the jewellery before.Yo le dije ayer que nunca habia visto lajoyeria antes.

Lo que dice el que habla en Past Perfect(pluscuamperfecto)

• Se puede informar sobre algunas cosas que se dicen en el Past Perfect (pluscuamperfec-to), usando tambien el pluscuamperfecto:

'I hadn't seen Martha for years.''Hacia ahos que no veia a Maria.'She said she hadn 't seen Martha for years.Dijo que hacia anos que no habia visto a Maria.

Sumario de cambio de tiempos(Vease seccion 2 del sumario para una tabla completa de cambios de tiempo).

Present Simple

'I live at number 8.'Two en el numero 8.'

'I've lost the letter.''Heperdido la carta.'

Past Continuous

'I was sleeping.''Estaba durmiendo.'

Past Simple

He said he lived at number 8.Dijo que vivia en el numero 8.

Present Continuous

'It's raining.''Esta lloviendo. ''We're leaving.''Nos vamos. '

Past Simple

'I slept badly.''Dormi mal. '

Present Perfect

Past Continuous

He said it was raining.Dijo que estaba lloviendo.They said they were leaving.Dijeron que se iban.

Past Perfect

He said he had slept badly.Dijo que habia dormido mal.

Past Perfect

He said he had lost the letter.Dijo que habia perdido la carta.

Past Perfect Continuous

He said he had been sleeping.Dijo que habia estado durmiendo.

Past Perfect

'I hadn't done the work.''No habia hecho el trabajo.'

Past Perfect (ejemplo: No hay cambio)

He said he hadn't done the work.Dijo que no habia hecho el trabajo.

• Acuda a la lista de verbos irregulares en la pagina 75 para que le ayuden con los ejerciciosde esta pagina y la siguiente.

*•• EXERCISE 1Una la oracion directa 1-6 con la indirecta A-G

1. I m ink . . .2. I am thinking...3. I don't think. . .4. I didn't think.. .5. I've been thinking...6. I had thought...

A He said he didn't think. . .B He said he had been thinkingc He said he thought...D He said he hadn't thought...E He said he was thinking ...F He said he had thought.. .

«* EXERCISE 2Informe sobre lo que decia esa gente. Gamble el tiempo del verbo cada vez y cambie laspalabras subrayadas de forma apropiada. Empiece con She said...

1. 'I prefer winter to summer.'She said she prefered winter to summer.

2. 'I don't like noisy parties.'3. 'My father doesn't like my haircut.'4. 'I'm looking for a new job.'5. 'My sister is getting married tomorrow.'6. 'My parents are thinking about selling their house.'

** EXERCISE 3Lea estas frases indirectas. Escriba lo que habia dicho la gente. Gamble el tiempo delverbo cada vez y cambie las palabras subrayadas de forma apropiada.

1. He said he had been unhappy when he lived abroad.I was unhappy when I lived abroad.

2. He said he had been in the bath when I phoned.3. She said she had taken lots of photos when she was in Florida.4. She said she had written a letter before she went to sleep.5. She said her brother had been unhappy when he was young.6. They said they had eaten too much when they went to Luigi's.

** EXERCISE 4Lea estas frases indirectas. Escriba lo que habia dicho la gente. Cambie el tiempo delverbo cada vez.

1. They said they had been married for ten happy years.We've been married for ten happy years.

2. They said they had never seen snow.3. He said he had just seen a ghost.4. He told me I had won first prize.5. She claimed she had never been so happy.6. She insisted she had only just arrived.7. He told me he had been very ill.8. He told me I had had a lucky escape.

**• EXERCISE 5Informe sobre lo que habia dicho esta gente. Gamble el tiempo del verbo cada yez si esposible y cambie las palabras subrayadas de forma apropiada. Gomience con El dijo...

1. It's raining and I hate the rain.We said it was raining and that he hated the rain.

2. It was snowing and I love the snow.3. I'm not joking.4. I wasn't joking.5. My sons are playing football in the garden.6. My daughters were playing a game in the kitchen.7. I haven't thought about a holiday.8. I hadn't thought about a holiday.

** EXERCISE 6Lea la oracion indirecta debajo de los dibujos. Escriba lo que dijo la gente en los dibu-jos. Gamble los tiempos del verbo y las palabras subrayadas de forma apropiada.

He told the boy that he'd been sittingthere since 6 o'clock and all he'd caughtwas an old boot and a bicycle tyre.

He said he'd been boxing since he wasten and he'd never won a fight.

She said she'd been waiting there fortwenty minutes and she'd never beenso cold.

He said he'd been watching the film forhalf an hour and he'd bitten off all hisfingernails.

VERBOS MODALES

Verbos modales que cambian en el habla indirectaAlgunos verbos modales tienen formas en el 'pasado' y en el 'no pasado'. Would(wouldn't), could (couldn't) y might son formas de 'pasado' de will (won't), can (can't)ymay.

Los verbos modales 'no pasados' a menudo cambian a las formas 'pasadas' en la orationindirecta:

ORACION DIRECTA

willwon'tcancan'tmay

ORACION

wouldwouldn'tcouldcouldn'tmight

INDIRECTA

'I'//write soon,''Escribire pronto.''I won't forgive you.''No teperdonare.''You can sit down if you like.''Puedes sentarte si quieres.''You can't come in.''No puedes entrar.'

He said he would write soon.Dijo que escribiria pronto.She said she wouldn't forgive me.Ella dijo que no me perdonaria.He said she could sit down if she liked.El dijo que ella podia sentarse si queria.He said I couldn't go in.El dijo que yo no podia entrar.

Shall/shan't, cuando se usan de la misma forma que will/won't, a menudo tambien cam-bian a would/wouldn't:

'I shall/will tell you the truth.' She said she would tell me the truth.'Te dire la verdad.' Ella dijo que me diria la verdad.'I shan 't/won 't tell you my secret.' She said she wouldn 't tell me her secret.'No te dire mi secreto.' Ella dijo que no me diria su secreto.

• Por lo demas, shall a menudo cambia a should, sobre todo en consejos y sugerencias:

'What shall I wear?''^Quemepongo?'

She asked him what she should wear.Ella lepregunto que se deberia poner.

(Vease preguntas indirectas, unidad 9).

Verbos modales que no cambianpara el estilo indirecto

Los modales siguientes no cambian en el estilo indirecto:would/wouldn't ought tocould/couldn't used tomight had bettershould/shouldn't

'You should/ought to be more careful.''Deberias tener mas cuidado.'She told the boy that he should/ought to be more careful.Ella le dijo al chico que deberia tener mas cuidado.'I used to play cricket when I was young.''Soliajugar al cricket cuando erajoven.'He said he used to play cricket when he was young.El dijo que soliajugar al cricket cuando erajoven.

Los verbos modales must no tienen forma en pasado, a menudo se vuelve a usar o bienmust sin cambiar o la forma en pasado had to:

'I must work harder.''Debo trabajar mas duro.'

She said she must/had to work harder.Ella dijo que debe/debia trabajar mas duro.

Would para informar de promesas, etc.para el futuro

Los siguientes verbos informativos se pueden usar con would para decir que alguien diceque va a hacer algo (o no va a hacer) en el futuro (oration that - would):

promise prometerswear jurarvow hacer voto

He promised he would take care of the house.Prometio que cuidaria de la casa.

She swore she HW«/</write to her mother soon.Ellajuro que escribiria a su madre pronto.

He vowed that he wouldn't ride his motorbike again.Prometio solemnemente que no volveria a montar en moto.

Estos verbos informativos pueden ir seguidos de una estructura de infmitivo:

He promised to take care of the house.She swore to write to her mother soon.He vowed not to ride his motorbike again.

(Vease las estructuras de infmitivo en el sumario 1.2, pagina 47).

«*• EXERCISE 1

Informe sobre lo que dijo la gente. Cambie el tiempo del verbo cuando sea posible ycambie las palabras subrayadas segun convenga. Empiece con She said...

1. 'I can swim quite well now, but I couldn't when I was young.'2. 'I can't see him, but I can hear him.'3. 'He had better phone me because I won't phone him.'4. 'Jack shouldn't have acted so badly.'5. 'My sister used to be an actress until she was thirty.'6. 'I shall always remember my first day at school.'7. 'I shan't wait for her.'8. 'I had better get the hole in my roof mended.'9. 'Mr White ought to have his house painted.'

** EXERCISE 2Lea lo que la gente dijo o penso. Busque a la gente en los dibujos.

I'll service any car for £50.I can ski really well.I'd better not look down!I won't listen.I'd better lose some weight.I might as well go to the fishmongers.I ought to stop smoking.

Ahora complete los informes de lo que dijo la gente.

1. Al said he had better lose some weight.2. Bill said he3. Carla said she4. Daisy claimed she5. Emma said she6. Felix thought that he7. George advertised the fact that he

^ EXERCISE 3Lea lo que dijo la gente. Despues complete las frases indirectas.

We won't let down the people of this country.I won't send him to prison this time.You won't die before you're a hundred.We won't cut off the phone if the bill is paid within two days.My team won't win.I won't come down from the tree.We won't settle the claim unless the policy is up to date.

1. The telephone company said it wouldn't cut off the phone if the bill was paid withintwo days.

2. The insurance man said they3. The football supporter said that his4. The politicians said they5. The gypsy fortune teller said I6. The demonstrator said she7. The judge said

*• EXERCISE 4Lea lo que dijeron las seis personas. Despues complete las frases indirectas.

It'll be fine in the morning but wet and windy later.I'll finish writing the book by December.We'll definitely deliver the package on Monday.I'll pick up all the toys.I'll print 5000 books and sell them at $10 each.It will be all right.It will all go wrong.

1. The author said she would finish writing the book by December.2. The pessimist said3. Emma's mother said4. The weatherman said5. The optimist said6. The courier company said it7. The publisher said he

**• EXERCISE 5Una las oraciones directas en 1-7 con las indirectas A-G1. We won't fight. A They promised to drive carefully.2. We won't make a noise. B They promised not to hit each other.3. We won't scratch your car. c They promised not to be a nuisance.4. We won't be late. D They promised not to wash it in hot water.5. We won't shrink your shirt. E They promised to arrive on time.6. We won't inconvenience you. F They promised to keep the secret.7. We won't tell anybody. G They promised to be quiet.

REFERENCES DE HEMPO• Si se informa sobre expresiones de tiempo al mismo tiempo que se dicen o poco despues,

se pueden usar sin cambiar en la oration indirecta:

(Viernes a las 8.00) (Ahora viernes a las 8.30)'I went to a concert last Monday.' He said he went/had been to a concert

last Monday.

• Si ha pasado algun tiempo desde las palabras originales del que habla, las expresiones detiempo cambian para hacerlas mas apropiadas al momento en que se informa:

He said he went/had been to a concert the Monday before/the previous Monday.

Las expresiones de tiempo varian segun se refieran a un momento en el tiempo medidodesde el momento actual (columna A en la tabla siguiente), o un momento en el tiempomedido desde otra fecha (columna B).

\Xli Expresiones de pasado o tiempo 'anterior'A Blast Monday the Monday before/the previous Mondaylast month the month before/the previous month'I saw him last Monday.' He said he had seen him the Monday before/the

previous Monday.'Le vi el lunes pasado.' Dijo que le habia visto el lunes pasado/anterior.

five minutes ago fiveminutes before/earliera week ago a week before/earlier'I bought the car ten years ago? He said he had bought the car ten years before.'Compre el coche hace diez anos.' Dijo que habia comprado el coche diez anos antes.

yesterday the day before/the previous day'It snowed yesterday.' She said it had snowed the day before.'Nevo ayer.' Ella dijo que habia nevado el dia anterior.

the day before yesterday two days before/earlier'I left the day before yesterday.' He said he had left two days earlier.'Sail anteayer.' Dijo que habia salido dos dias antes.

Expresiones de presente o tiempo actualBthat day/on... (el dia o fecha del acontecimientoen cuestion)She said the road was closed that day/0«Sunday/on 5th May.Ella dijo que la carretera estaba cerrada esedia/el domingo/el 5 de mayo.

Atoday

'The road is closed today?

'La carretera estd cerrada hoy.

at the moment/at present'I'm reading Don Quixoteat the moment.''Estoy leyendo Don Quijoteen este momenta.'

at the timeHe said he was reading 'Don Quixote'at that time.Dijo que estaba leyendo Don Quijoteen ese momento.

Expresiones de futuro o tiempo 'mas tarde'Atomorrow'I'm taking an exam tomorrow.'

'Tengo un examen manana.'

the day after tomorrow

Bthe next day/the following day/the day afterShe said she was taking an exam the next day/the following day/the day after.Ella dijo que tenia un examen al dia siguiente/el proximo dia/el dia despues.

two days later/two days afterTil be in Warsaw the day after He said he would be in Warsaw two daystomorrow.''Estareen Varsovia pasadomanana.'

in five minutes' timein a year's timeTil phone you in fiveminutes time.''Te llamarepor telefono dentrode cinco minutos.'

later/after.Dijo que estaria en Varsovia dos dias mas tarde/despues.

five minutes latera year laterShe said she would phone me fiveminutes later.Ella dijo que me llamariapor telefono cinco minutosmas tarde.

next Mondaynext EasterTm starting a new job nextMonday.''Empiezo un trabajo nuevoel lunes.'

the following Mondaythe following EasterHe said he was starting a new job the followingMonday.Dijo que empezaba un trabajo nuevo el lunes.

the week after next'I'm going to Prague the week after next'Me voy a Praga la semana que viene.'

** EXERCISE 1

two weeks laterShe was going to Prague two weeks later.Ella iba a Praga dos semanas mas tarde.

Una las expresiones de tiempo en estilo directo 1-7 con las expresiones de estilo indirec-toA-G

1. yesterday2. the day before yesterday3. last Monday4. tomorrow5. the day after tomorrow6. next Monday7. the week after next

A the following MondayB the Monday beforec two days laterD two weeks laterE the day beforeF two days beforeG the next day

Complete los informes de las frases. Asegurese de que las expresiones de tiempo secorresponden con la bora en que son comunicadas. A veces hay mas de una respuesta,

1.

2.

3.

'I got married last month.'I saw Ben last month. He told me that he got/had got married the month before/theprevious month.'We moved house last week.'I saw Martin and Martha this morning. They said'I'm just on my way to Athens and it rained in Greece this morning.'I saw Polly last Tuesday. She said she was just

4. 'I broke my arm yesterday.'I bumped into John last month. He said he

5. 'I tried to phone you ten minutes ago.'I phoned Bill last night. He said he had _

6. 'My friend from Spain is arriving today.'I spoke to Sarah last month. She said her

7. 'It snowed in the Alps yesterday and we're going skiing tomorrow.'I met Paul on the bus last week. He said

8. 'I'm expecting a baby next April.'I've just seen Ulli. She told me she's

!"•• EXERCISE 3Lee este texto sobre Jock Smith.

Jock Smith is a very important man. He is a car dealer and he owns a car showroom andworkshop. Jock never goes anywhere without his mobile phone and his diary. He wasin his workshop one day when his mobile phone rang. He lit a big Havanna cigar andanswered the phone. It was his friend Mickey Finn from Mickey Finn Car Sales.

Ahora lea la conversacion entre Jock y Mickey en la otra pagina. Despues complete lasreferencias de tiempo en las frases de estilo indirecto debajo de los dibujos. Use las pala-bras subrayadas en el dialogo para ayudarle.

Exercise 2

MICKEY Hi, Jock. I tried to phone you last week, but there was no answer.And I faxed you yesterday but you didn't reply.

JOCK I'm a very busy man, Mickey. What can I do for you, Mickey?MICKEY I'm not very busy at the moment.JOCK Oh, dear. I'm sorry to hear that.MICKEY Perhaps we can meet for a drink tomorrow.JOCK Let's check my diary. Oh, no, sorry. I'm busy tomorrow. I'm going to Manchester.

And the day after tomorrow I'll be at a car auction in Wimbledon.MICKEY Maybe next week is better.JOCK Next week. Let me see. No, I can't meet then either. I'll be in Bristol next

Tuesday and Birmingham next Wednesday.MICKEY How about Thursday?JOCK Thursday next week. Let me have a look in my diary.... No, sorry, next

Thursday is no good. I'm getting married then. Listen, Mickey, there's a noiseon this phone line. Hang up and I'll ring you back in a couple of minutes' time.

Jock answered his phone and said hi toMickey. Mickey said he had tried tophone Jock (1) And he had faxedhim (2) He told Jock that he wasn'tvery busy (3) and Jock said he wassorry to hear about it.

Mickey suggested having a drink(4) Jock puffed at his cigar andchecked his diary, but said he was busy(5) as he was going to Manchester.And (6) he would be at a carauction in Wimbledon.

Mickey thought perhaps (7) wasbetter. Jock checked his diary again, butsaid he couldn't meet then either, as hewould be in Bristol (8) and inBirmingham (9) Mickey thensuggested meeting on Thursday.

Jock took a long puff of his cigar andflicked it over a fence. He checked hisdiary once more and told Mickey that hewas getting married (10) The phoneline was bad, so Jock said he would phoneMickey back (11)

UN!T 8 REFERENCES A sitios, COSAS Y GENTE

Here y there• Se hacen cambios logicos en palabras que se refieren a lugares, de manera que correspon-

dan al lugar desde donde se habla (ejemplo: No el lugar original del que habla):

'I arrived here an hour ago.''Llegue aqui hace una horn.'(el que habla esta en Oxford)

Til see you there in tenminutes.''Te vere alii dentro dedm minutos.'(there se refiere a un pub)

A He said he arrived here an hour before.Dijo que llego alii una hora antes.(el que habla tambien esta en Oxford)

B He said he arrived there an hour before.(el que habla no esta en Oxford)

A He said he would see us therein ten minutes.Dijo que nos veria alii endiez minutos.(el que habla no esta en el pub todavia)

B He said he would see us here in ten minutes.(el que habla ya esta en el pub)

Igual que se usa here y there segiin la position del que habla, se usa come y go de lamisma forma:

(dicho en el telefono en Londres)

'Why don't you come over herefor a drink later?1

'(Por que no venis luegoa tomar algo?'

(informando en el sur de Londresa otra persona)James just phoned. He suggested goingover there for a drink later.James acaba de llamar. Sugiere que vayamosa tomar algo, mas tarde.

(Para otros modes de sugerencias tales como He suggested going... en el ejemplo anterior,vease el uso de las oraciones de gerundio en el sumario 1.3 pagina 49).

This, that, these, thoseEl uso de los demostrativos this, that, these, those depende del contexto. Pueden cam-biarse a the en los informes, siempre que el sentido quede claro:

'This book I bought is a load of rubbish.''Este libro que he comprado es una porqueria.'She said the book she had bought was a load of rubbish.Dijo que el libro que habia comprado era una porqueria.

This, that, these, those se pueden repetir de forma indirecta, siempre que el significadoquede claro (a menudo suministrado por una information adicional):

'I write comments on all the students' essays. That is part of myjob.' The teacher said she wrote comments on all the students'essays because that was part of her job.'Escribo comentarios en los ensayos de todos los estudiantes. Espartede mi trabajo.' La profesora dijo que escribia comentarios en losensayos de todos los estudiantes porque eraparte de su trabajo.

Cuando this y that se usan como sujetos, se pueden cambiar a it, siempre que el signifi-cado quede claro:

' This/that is a lot of money.' They said it was a lot of money.'Eso es mucho dinero.' Dijeron que era mucho dinero.

Cuando these y those se usan como sujetos, pueden cambiar a they, siempre que el senti-do quede claro:

^These/those are difficult problems to solve.''Esos son problemas dificiles de resolver.'He said they were difficult problems to solve.Dijo que eran problemas dificiles de resolver.

Referencias a la genteLos cambios se hacen regularmente en los pronombres (I, me, mine, myself, etc.) y pose-sivos (my, your, etc.). Todos los cambios se hacen segiin el contexto del que informa. Lassiguientes personas se refieren a si mismas:

'I live at home with my parents.''Vivo en casa con mis padres.'She said she lived at home with her parents.Ella dijo que vivia en su casa con sus padres.'I built this garage myself.''Construi este garaje yo mismo.'

He said he had built the garage himself.Dijo que el mismo habia construido el garaje.'One of these bags isn't ours?'Uno de estos bolsos no es nuestro.'They said that one of the bags wasn't theirs.Dijeron que uno de los bolsos no era suyo.

Las siguientes personas estan hablando sobre su hija:

'Our daughter still lives with us in our house.''Nuestra hija todavia vive con nosotros en nuestra casa.'They told me that their daughter still lived with them in their house.Me dijeron que su hija todavia vivia con ellos en su casa.

Informando sobre ordenes• Los siguientes ejemplos muestran los cambios de palabras que se refieren a lugares, cosas

y gente (y come y go). Las frases que informan usan el verbo informador tell + to-infmi-tivo, una estructura comun de information para informar sobre ordenes, consejos, etc.(vease el sumario 1.2, pag. 47):

'Stay here and keep your He told me to stay there and keep myeyes open.' eyes open.Quedate aquiy manten Me dijo que me quedara alliy mantuviera

los ojos abiertos.' los ojos abiertos.'You must come in.' He told me to go in.'Debes entrar.' Me dijo que entrara.'Don't talk to yourself? He told me not to talk to myself.'No te hables a ti mismo.' Me dijo que no me hablara a mi mismo.'Hold on to this rail.' He told me to hold on to the rail.'Sujetate a esta barandilla.' Me dijo que me sujetara a la barandilla.'You mustn't come here again.' He told me not to go there again.'No debes venir aqui de nuevo.' Me dijo que nofuera alii de nuevo.

**• EXERCISE 1Lea estos tres mensajes que dejaron en los telefonos de Jock, Maddie y Holly. Senateque palabras hay que cambiar para informar sobre los mensajes. Despues, complete losinformes.

'Hi, Jock. I'm in Barbados. Having a great time, but a funny thing happened on theway here. We got to our hotel and we found that one of our bags wasn't ours at all.Someone else had obviously got our bag. Never mind, we haven't lost our passports.Give my regards to Sally. Hope to see you next Monday. I'll go round to your garage.See you.'

Mickey left a message on our answerphone. He said he's having a great time in Barbados.Lucky old Mickey. But he said a strange thing happened on the way (1) They got to(2) hotel and found that one of (3) bags wasn't in fact (4) But they didn'tlose (5) passports. He sent his regards to (6) , Sally, and said he would see (7)

at the garage next Monday.

A

B

'Hi, Maddie. I've come to Paris for a long weekend. It's raining here, but like anyEnglishwoman abroad, I've brought my umbrella. Actually, it's not mine, it's yoursYou left it at my house when you came round last week. Bye!'

Jodie called and left a message. She said she's in Paris for a long weekend. She said it wasraining (1) but that she'd taken (2) umbrella. In fact, she said, the umbrella isn't(3) , it's (4) She said I'd left it at (5) house last week.

'Hi, Holly. I'm on holiday with my new boyfriend, Steve. I didn't want to comeby myself, and Steve didn't fancy staying at home on his own, so we came together.The weather's great here. Hope it's not raining back there in England. We'll be homenext week. Why don't you come round to my flat for a drink and I'll show you ourphotos/

Mandy phoned from somewhere hot and sunny. She didn't say where. Anyway, she's on holi-day with someone called Steve. Apparently, she didn't want to go on holiday by (1)and Steve didn't want to stay at home by (2) So they (3) together. She said theweather's great and she hopes it's not raining back (4) She said she'll be home nextweek and she suggested that we should go round to (5) flat for a drink, so that she canshow off (6) photos.

**• EXERCISE 2Lea lo que dijo la gente. Despues complete las frases indirectas. Use they o it en sus res-puestas cada vez.

1. 'Those are the most expensive jeans I've ever seen.'He said had ever seen.

2. 'These are the darkest sunglasses I could find.'She said could find.

3. 'That is more money than I have ever seen.'She said had ever seen.

4. 'This is the biggest fish I have ever caught.'He said had ever caught.

C

** EXERCISE 3Escriba las palabras que pueden reemplazar a las subrayadas en estas frases.

1. A He said that fish was the biggest he had ever caught. theB He said that was the biggest fish he had ever caught.

2. A She said this room was her favourite.B She said this was her favourite room.

3. A He said these books brought back happy childhood memories.B He said these were the books that brought back happy childhood memories

4. A They said those photos showed their children at summer camp.B They said those were the photos that showed their children at summer camp

*•- EXERCISE 4Complete las frases de estilo indirecto. Cambie los tiempos de los verbos y otras pala-bras que sean necesarias.

1. 'I saw my mother yesterday.'He said

2. 'I came to work on my bike.'She said

3. 'This dictionary is not mine.'He said

4. 'This pen is not mine.'She said

5. 'These keys aren't ours.'They said

**• EXERCISE 5Escriba las frases de estilo indirecto. Use los verbos que estan entre parentesis. Cambielos tiempos de los verbos y las palabras subrayadas.

1. 'Stay where you are', she said to me.(told)

2. 'Come in and pull up that chair', he said to me.(told)

3. 'Come to our party', he said to us.(invited)

4. 'Stop at those traffic lights', she said to us.(ordered)

PREGUNTAS INDIRECTAS

Cambios de tiempos, referencias de hora y lugar, pronombres, etc. que se hacen para las fra-ses sobre las que se informa. Tambien valen para las preguntas sobre las que se informa. Nose usan los signos de interrogation en las preguntas indirectas.

Preguntas Si-NoPreguntas Si-No (ejemplo: las preguntas a las que se invita a responder si o no comienzancon if en el estilo indirecto:

'Are you busy?' She asked if I was busy.'^Estds ocupada? ' Ella pregunto si yo estaba ocupada.'Did you come here by bus?' He asked if I came here by bus.'<; Viniste en autobus? ' Pregunto si vine aqui en autobus.'Have you ever read "War and Peace"?' He asked if I had ever read

'War and Peace'.¿,Has leido alguna vez 'Guerra y Paz 7 ' Pregunto si yo habia leido alguna vez

'GverrayPaz'.

(Ve'ase tambien el verbo ask para informar sobre una petition en el sumario 1 .2, pag. 47).

Otros verbos aparte de ask se pueden usar para informar sobre una pregunta.For ejemplo:

'Will there be another She wondered if there would be anotherbus soon?' bus soon.'^Habrd otro autobus pronto? ' Ella se preguntaba si habria otro autobus

pronto.'Have you seen my cheque He wanted to know if I had seen hisbook?' cheque book.

visto mi talonario? ' El queria saber si yo habia visto su talonario.

La palabra whether (que indica 'si... o no') puede ser usada en vez de if:

'Have you heard the news?' He asked me if/whether I had heard the news.'^Has oido las noticias?' Me pregunto siyo habia oido las noticias.

Las palabras or not (ono) se pueden poner He asked whether or not I was interested in his idea.detras de whether Pregunto si yo estaba o no interesada en su idea.pero no despues de if:

Wh- preguntasUna pregunta Wh- es una pregunta que empieza con una de estas palabras.

who what which whose when why where how (how much/many)

Es importante notar que el orden de las palabras en las preguntas comienza con estas pa-labras.En preguntas directas Wh- el sujeto va detras del verbo; en preguntas indirectas, el sujetoprecede al verbo (ejemplo: El mismo orden que en una affirmation: I was, the time was,the train would arrive):

He asked how / was.Mepregunto como estaba.He asked what the time was.Elpregunto que horn era.He asked when the train would arrive.Elpregunto cudndo llegaria el tren.He asked where his car keys were.Pregunto donde estaban las Havesde su coche.

She told me how old she was.Ella me dijo la edad que tenia.He explained why he was late.Explicopor que llegaba tarde.

'^Como estas?''What time is itT'^Quehoraes?''When will the train arrive?''l Cudndo llegard el tren ? ''Where are my car keys?''^Donde estdn las Havesde mi coche? '

La misma estructura se usa para informarsobre las respuestas que incluyen pala-bras Wh-:

Las palabras Wh-i • f* • A •con to- mfmitivo

Todas las palabras Wh- listadasen 9.2 pueden ir seguidas de unto- infmitivo, excepto why.(Whether tambien se puede usarde esta manera, pero no if.) Estaestructura se puede usar a menu-do para informar sobre preguntaspidiendo consejo...:

... y tambien se usa para infor-mar sobre pensamientos nomuy seguros:

(Vease tambien la nota 7 de lapagina 37.)

She asked him how to get to the bank.Ella lepregunto como llegar al banco.He wanted to know what to do.El queria saber que hacer.They wondered where to put the furniture.Se preguntaban donde poner los muebles.

He wondered what to do.Sepreguntaba que hacer.He wasn't sure where to go.No estaba seguro de adonde ir.He didn't know whether to laugh or cry.No sabia si reir o llorar.

'How are you?

Lea esta historia corta y mire en las anotaciones de las frases subrayadas.

A man stopped outside an old house one day. He walked to the door andrang the bell. An old lady opened the door. She didn't know the man, butwhen she saw him she gasped.

'I want to ask you about the house/ the man asked.1 'What do you want to know?7 she asked.2/3 'Whose house is it?7 the man asked. 'Is it your house? Have you lived

here for a long time?'Yes. It's my house. I've lived here all my life/ said the old lady. 'Beforethat it was my mother's house. But now it's for sale.''I'd like to look inside the house.' Said the man.

4 Why do you want to do that?' asked the old lady.5 'Is the house for sale or not?'

You mustn't buy this house/ said the old lady. 'You can't come in.'6 'Why won't you let me in?' asked the man.

'Because it's haunted. There's a ghost/ she said.1 The man didn't know what to say. A dog howled in the distance and

the sun went behind a cloud.'Haunted? Haunted by who?' asked the man.After a couple of seconds, she replied... 'By you/ and she slowly clo-sed the door.

1. Do no se usa en preguntas indirectas.She asked him what he wanted to know. (No... what did he want to know)

2. He asked her whose house it was.3. He asked her if/whether she had lived there for a long time.4. She asked him why he wanted to do that.5. Se tiene que usar whether (no if) con las palabras or not.

He asked her whether or not the house was for sale.6. He asked her why she wouldn't let him in.1. Las palabras Wh- what, who, etc. seguidas de to- estructuras de infmitivo tambien

se usan para informar sobre pensamientos no muy seguros:

He didn't know what to say.No sabia que decir.She wondered who to ask.Ella se preguntaba a quien preguntar.They wondered whether to wait or not. (No if to wait)Se preguntaban si esperar o no.

Lea los textos de estilo directo de los dibujos. Escriba los mini dialogos de lo que dijo lagente en cada cuadro. Las palabras subrayadas en los textos le ayudaran.

One Tuesday afternoon Chas Brown wentinto a shoe repair shop. Mr Hills, the ownerof the shop, was behind the counter. Chastold Mr Hills that he had brought someboots in to the shop to be repaired. MrHills asked him when he had broughtthem in. Chas told him it was about tenyears before, but that he still had the ticket.Mr Hills asked Chas what the boots lookedlike and Chas told him they were long,brown boots made of Spanish leather.

A couple of minutes later, Mr Hills cameback with three pairs of dusty boots, a blackpair, a brown pair and a black and whitepair made of crocodile skin. He askedChas if any of the boots were his. Chassmiled and said the brown leather oneswere his and asked Mr Hills how he hadmanaged to find them so quickly.

Chas passed him the ticket. Mr Hills tookthe ticket and he asked Chas why he hadn'tcollected the boots before. Chas explainedthat he had been out of the country -.onbusiness. Looking carefully at the ticket,Mr Hills said he would try to find the bootsand that he would be back a couple ofminutes later.

Mr Hills blew dust off the long, brownboots made of Spanish leather and lookedagain at the ticket. He asked Chas againwhen he had brought them in to the shopto be repaired. Chas repeated that it hadbeen about ten years before. Mr Hillspolished the boots with his sleeve and toldChas that he had been very busy lately andthat the boots would be ready the followingMonday.

EXERCISE 1

*» EXERCISE 2Complete la segunda frase de cada par,

1. I wondered how old he was.'How old is heT

2. I wondered where my glasses were.'Where ............?'

3. I wondered why they had closed the road.'Why ?'

4. I wondered where all the people were.'Where ?'

5. I wanted to know who he was.'Who ?'

6. I wanted to know why they had come.'Why ?'

**• EXERCISE 3Hay equiv ocaciones en estas frases. Escriba las frases correctamente.

1. I asked had the post arrived yet.2. I asked her if or not she remembered me.3. She asked him where did he want to go.4. They asked me why did I want to visit America.5. They asked me who did the car belong to.6. He wondered if to go or stay.7. He wanted to know when could I do the work.8. They wanted to find out why couldn't I phone them.

«* EXERCISE 4Lea estas preguntas. Despues complete las frases de estilo indirecto.How long have you been waiting?Is there a package for me?Why are you studying English?How much will it cost to service my car?How many rolls of wallpaper will I need?Is service charge included?How long will it take to remove the tooth?Who scored the goals?1. I asked the waiter2. I asked the students3. I asked the football supporter4. I asked the postman5. I asked the woman in the queue6. I asked the mechanic7. I asked the painter and decorator8. I asked the dentist

«*• EXERCISE 5El Sr. Jones es testigo de un robo. Estas frases informan de la conversation entre elSr. Jones y una policia. Escriba la conversation.

The policewoman asked Mr Jones what he had seen.Mr Jones said he had seen a man with a scarf round his face.She asked what colour the scarf was.He said he couldn't remember, but he thought it was red with little white spots and that ithad a small cigarette burn in the comer.She asked him how he knew these details.He said he would have seen more if he had been wearing his other glasses.She asked him whether he recognized the man.Mr Jones said he had looked like his bank manager or it could have been his next doorneighbour.The policewoman asked Jones if he had any problems with his eyesight.Jones replied that he had perfect vision for a man of his age.The policewoman asked him how old he was.Jones asked the policewoman how old she was.She told him to answer the question.He said he was ninety-six but he felt like a young man of seventy-five.

** EXERCISE 8Complete la segunda frase de cada par. No use mas de cinco palabras, incluyendo lapalabra que esta entre parentesis. No cambie esta ultima.

1. 'Did you lock all the doors?' she said to me.(asked) She asked me if I had locked all the doors.

2. 'Could I see your passport?' he said to her.(asked) He see her passport.

3. 'Where is the airport from here?' she said to him.(asked) She from there.

4. 'What do you think you're doing!?' he said to the man.(asked) He he was doing.

5. 'Whose bags are these?' he said to her.(asked) He were.

6. 'Why are you searching my bags?' he said to the man in customs.(wondered) He his bags.

7. 'When will it stop raining? he said to himself.(wondered) He stop raining.

UNIT 1C RESUMIENDO

Introduction al resumen1 Cuando se usa una oration that para informar de una asercion, a menudo se parafrasea o

se hace eco de las palabras del que habla:

'I really don't like TV soap operas.''En realidad, no me gustan las telenovelas.'He said he really didn't like TV soap operas.Dijo que en realidad no le gustaban las telenovelas.

Pero no siempre es posible ni deseable repetir las palabras exactas del que habla. Ciertaspalabras, tales como please y now desaparecen en el habla indirecta...:

'Can I come in, please?' She asked him if she could go in.'^Pttedo entrar, por favor?' Ella le pregunto si podia entrar.'Now, what's the problem?' He asked him what the problem was.'Bien, ^cudl es elproblema?' El le pregunto cudl era elproblema.

el informador puede elegir usar otras palabras:

'It's time I went home.' She said she wanted to go home.'Ya es hora de ir a casa.' Ella dijo que queria ir a casa.

Muy a menudo, el informador se convierte en un 'comentador': por ejemplo usando cier-tas palabras 'cargadas' o 'con doble sentido' y ciertos verbos que 'comentan' lo que se hadicho...:

He claimed he didn't feel very well.El aseguro que no se sentia muy bien.He mumbled that he hadn't done the work.El mascullo que no habia hecho el trabajo.

Muy a menudo, lo que se ha dicho es demasiado largo, o demasiado complicado, parainformar de ello por completo. Se resume la idea principal sin revelar las palabras exactasdel que habla:

Oraciones Wh- para resumirUna oration Wh- se usa a menudo para resumir. Las palabras exactas del que habla no sonrepetidas sino imaginadas (ejemplo: El contenido de lo que ha dicho el que habla se indi-ca solamente). For ejemplo, no se podria describir como hacer una tortilla despues de leerel informe siguiente...:

She showed me how to make an omelette.Ella me enseno como hacer una tortilla.

... ni sabrias que libros estudiaran los alumnos o nada en absolute sobre la mujer en la para-da del autobus basado en los informes siguientes:

The teacher told the students what books they were going to study that term.Elprofesor les dijo a los estudiantes que libros iban a estudiar ese trimestre.The woman in the bus queue told me where and when she was born, whereshe worked, why she was standing at the bus stop and where she was going.La mujer en la cola del autobus me dijo donde y cudndo habia nacido,donde trabajaba, por que estaba en la parada del autobus y adonde iba.

• Las oraciones Wh- se pueden tambien usar para resumir lo que la gente no dijo (cuando,en realidad no hay palabras sobre las que informar):

He didn't tell me where to get off the bus.No me dijo donde bajarme del autobus.She wouldn't say what she had done.Ella no queria decir lo que habia hecho.They didn't say when they would arrive.No dijeron cuando llegarian.

Se pueden usar tanto whethercomo if: He didn't say whether/if'he would phone.

No dijo si telefonearia.

Frases preposicionales como resumenes• Las frases preposicionales a menudo se usan para resumir lo que alguien ha dicho. Una vez

mas, las palabras del que habla no son repetidas. Las preposiciones about, of to, for seusan a menudo con ciertos verbos informativos (vease sumario 1.4, pag. 49).

He told me about his plans.Me conto sobre sus planes.She spoke 0/her ordeal.Hablo de su aventura.

• (Recuerde que cual-quier verbo que va She objected to being searched by the policewoman.detras de una pre- Ella puso objeciones a que la registrara una mujer policia.position va en They apologized for making so much noise.gerundio): Pidieron perdon por hacer tanto ruido.

**• EXERCISE 1Escriba las preguntas directas.

1. You didn't tell me what the men were wearing.'What were the men wearing?'

2. You didn't tell me why you were there.3. You didn't tell me which way the men went.4. You didn't tell me what time it was.5. You didn't tell me what day it was.6. You didn't say if you were frightened.7. You didn't say if the men shouted at you.8. You didn't say whether the car was blue or red.9. You didn't tell me how many men there were.

10. You didn't say how you felt after the incident.

«*• EXERCISE 2Resuma estas frases. Reemplace las palabras que estan en cursiva por no mas de cincopalabras.

1. The policeman told the children how to look right, left, then right again before theycross the road.The policeman told the children how to cross the road safely.

2. Her mother told her to brush her teeth every morning after breakfast and every nightbefore she went to bed without fail

3. The golf instructor told his pupil to look at the ball before he played the shot and tokeep looking at it while he played the shot and even after he d played the shot.

4. The sign said the shop is open twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week,three-hundred and sixty-five days a year.

5. The press report said the minister had been in an accident and that he had sustained abroken finger, a cracked rib and several bruises and cuts to his face.

«* EXERCISE 3Escriba un resumen de las instrucciones. Use how cada vez.

1. Make a small hole in the end, bring the water to the boil in a saucepan and boil it forabout three minutes.He told me how to boil an egg.

2. Go down the road about a hundred metres, then up the hill about a mile, then leftat the church into Third avenue and the cinema is on the left.He told me

3. You loosen the wheel nuts first. Then you jack the corner of the car up. Take the wheelnuts off and take off the wheel. Put the new wheel on and tighten the nuts up by hand.Lower the car and tighten the nuts with a proper tool.He told me

4. You find a solicitor and you tell them who you want your money to go to if you die.You also give them the names of people who you want to be responsible for yourchildren and your possessions.He told me

** EXERCISE 4Escriba frases. Use las palabras entre parentesis.1. They made a mess and they apologized.

(apologized/for) They apologized for making a mess.2. He really wanted to be alone.

(insisted/on) He3. She passed the exam.

(congratulated/her/on) The teacher4. She helped them.

(thanked/her/for) They5. He said he had stolen the wallet.

(confessed/to) He _6. He said he had money problems.

(complained/of) He7. He told everyone he had lots of money.

(boasted/about) He8. She didn't like to waste her money.

(moaned/about) She

.-. EXERCISE 5Una lo que dice la gente en 1-6 con las frases de estilo indirecto A-F.1. 'Yes. OK. I stole the wallet.'2. 'I'm sorry. I didn't mean to upset you.'3. 'The standard of service in this hotel is really terrible.'4. 'Well done. You deserved to win.'5. 'I really do appreciate all your help over the past few days.'6. 'I need your advice about selling some shares.'A She apologized f o r . . .B He consulted the stockbroker about . . .c He congratulated her o n . . .D He confessed to ...E She thanked him fo r . . .F They complained about. . .

** EXERCISE 5Complete las frases con el verbo de la casilla mas apropiado en estilo indirecto.

accused argued blamed informed praised referring

1. The police the boys for acting so quickly in the emergency.2. The footballers about the referee's decision.3. The head teacher of the school all the parents of the term dates.4. He didn't know what she was to.5. He her for losing his keys.6. He wasn't sure what he was being of. He'd done nothing wrong.

^ REPORTED SPEECH

SUMMARYEste resumen esta dividido en dos secciones.La section 1 resume las principals estructuras informativas con ejemplos de verbos 'infor-mativos' que se pueden usar.La section 2 es una tabla de los cambios de tiempo que son posibles cuando se cambia delestilo directo al estilo indirecto.

Estructuras informativas

Verbo - oraciones that-• Esta es la estructura mas corriente para informar acerca de lo que alguien ha dicho

(o pensado):

'OK. You're right.' He agreed that I was right.'De acuerdo. Tienes razon.' El estuvo de acuerdo con queyo tenia razon.'No. You're wrong.' He said/thought that I was wrong.'No. Estds equivocado.' El dijo/penso que yo estaba equivocado.

• La palabra that a menudo se puede omitir.Amenudo se retiene that cuando la oration sobre la que se informa esta separada del verboque se usa para informar:

He told me, a week ago, that he was getting married.Me dijo hace una semana que se casaba.

• That no se puede omitir despues de los siguientes verbos:answer responderargue discutirexplain explicarreply replicar

• Lista de verbos que se usan con una oration that. Normalmente se menciona al que escu-cha con los verbos marcados*:agree estar de acuerdoassure* asegurarbelieve creerclaim reclamarfeel sentir

inform* informarknow saber, conocerremind* recordar He agreed that it was a good plan.say decir Estuvo de acuerdo con que era un buen plan.suggest sugerir They assurea me that they would arrive on time,tell* decir, contar Me aseguraron que llegarian a tiempo.think pensar, creer

NOTA:1. La estructura despues de tell es diferente cuando se informa sobre una afirmacion que

cuando se informa sobre una orden, mandato, etc.:

He told me what the time was. (afirmacion)He told me to stop shouting, (orden)

(Vease section 1.2).

• Con los verbos siguientes, un objeto (el que escucha) puede ser usado precedido de to:admit admitirannounce anunciarcomplain quejarseexplain explicar mention mencionarsay decirsuggest sugerir

He complained to the waiter that the food was cold.Se quejo al camarero de que la comida estabafria.

till Verbo - objeto - to - infmitivoSe usa esta estructura para informar sobre un pedido, peticion, aviso, consejo, etc.El que escucha (que se supone debe llevar a cabo la orden/peticion, etc.) debe ser mencio-nado como objeto del verbo:

He told the intruder to get out of the house.Le dijo al intruso que saliera de la casa.She asked the young man to help her.Ella lepidio aljoven que le ayudara.

Pongase not antes de to para negarla orden, la peticion, etc.: They told me not to forget.

Me dijeron que no me olvidara.He persuaded her not to go.El la persuadio para que nofuera.

Lista de verbos que se usan con esta estructura:adviseaskencourageforbidinstructinviteorderpersuaderemindrequesttellurgewarn

aconsejarpedir, preguntarcmimarprohibirinstruirinvitarordenarpersuadirrecordarrequerirdecirurgiravisar

Cuando el sujeto de la oration de infmitivo es el mismo que el sujeto del verbo principal,el que oye se omite despues de los siguientes verbos:

estar de acuerdopedir, preguntardecidirofrecerprometerrehusar

agreeaskdecideofferpromiserefuseswearvow

jurarhacer un voto/promesa

They agreed to turn the radio down.Estuvieron de acuerdo en bajar el volumen de la radio.They asked to have their bill.Pidieron que les trajeran la cuenta.She offered to call an ambulance.Se ofrecio a pedir una ambulancia.

NOTAS:1. La estructura despues de ask es diferente cuando se informa sobre una peticion que

cuando se informa sobre una pregunta:

He asked me to post the letter, (peticion)He asked me what my name was. (pregunta)

(Vease seccion 1.5 a continuation).

2. No se puede usar el infmitivo despues de suggest (sugerir). (No se puede decir hesuggested to go).(Vease la forma de gerundio para hacer sugerencias, seccion 1.3).

'13; Elgerundio• Un pequeno numero de verbos pueden ir seguidos por una oration en gerundio:

admit admitirdeny denegardescribe describirmention mencionarpropose proponerreport informarrecommend recomendarsuggest sugerir

He admitted causing the damage to the fence.Admitio haber causado dano en la valla.The developers proposed building a multi-story car park.Los promotores propusieron constmir un aparcamiento de variospisos.She suggested going to the swimming pool.Ella sugirio ir a la piscina.

NOTA:Use suggest -ing... para informar lo que usted o algun otro va a hacer mas tarde:

I suggested going to a disco/that we should go to a disco.Sugeri ir/que fueramos a la discoteca.

Use suggest that... para informar de una sugerencia a una tercera persona. Algo que ustedno va a hacer (no se puede decir suggest -ing):

I suggested that he should see a doctor.Le sugeri quefuese al medico.

!JL4i Verbo - preposicionCiertos verbos 'informativos' seguidos por una frase preposicional (ejemplo: about, of,on, to, for) dan alguna information sobre el mensaje y la razon del que habla para decir-lo. Esta estructura a menudo no revela las palabras exactas o pensamientos del que habla.

He enquired about their plans for the weekend.Elpregunto sobre sus planes para elfin de semana.She spoke o/her shock when she heard the news.Ella explico su conmocion cuando oyo las noticias.

Lista de verbos que se usan con las preposiciones about, of, on, to, for. Normalmente semenciona al que escucha con los verbos marcados *:

argueaskboastcomplainconsult*enquirejokemoanremind*tell*

discutirpedir, preguntarfarolearsequejarseconsultardemandarbromearquejarserecordardecir

about

assure*complainconvince*inform*speaktalk

asegurarquejarseconvencerinformarhablarhablar

of

agree estar de acuerdocomment comentarcongratulate* felicitarinsist insistir

onadmitagreeconfessrefer

admitirestar de acuerdoconfesarreferirse

to

apologizecriticize*pleadpraise*thank*

pedir excusascriticardeclararseensalzaragradecer

for

The two players argued about the referee's decision.Los dos amigos discutieron sobre la decision del drbitro.The patient complained 0/pains in his back.Elpaciente se quejaba de dolores en la espalda.The teacher congratulated her on her exam result.Elprofesor la felicito por los resultados de su examen.The robber admitted to the offence.El ladron admitio el delito.Their sons apologized for the mess.Sus hijos se excusaron por el desorden.

Se usa una oration de gerundio despues de la preposition para proporcionar mas informa-tion sobre el mensaje del que habla (los verbos que siguen a las preposiciones van siem-pre en gerundio):

Their sons apologized for playing loud music.Sus hijos se excusaron por poner la musica a tope.

Oracion de Wh-Una oracion de Wh- se usa:• Para informal sobre preguntas:

He asked me why I had been late.Me pregunto por que llegaba tarde.They wanted to know where the bank was.Querian saber donde estaba el banco.

• Para informar sobre las respuestas a las preguntas:

She told me how far it was to the beach.Ella me dijo a que distancia estaba laplaya.They told the policeman why they had parked there.Le dijeron alpoliciapor que habian aparcado alii.

• Con el infinitive para informar sobre preguntas que piden consejo:

She asked him how to open the window.Ella le pregunto a el como abrir la ventana.

Con el infmitivo para informar sobre pensamientos inseguros:

They weren't sure which way to go.No estaban seguros de que camino coger.He didn't know what to do.El no sabia que hacer.

Oracion ifSe usa para informar sobre preguntas cuya respuesta sea 'si' o 'no':

They asked me if they were on the right road for London.Me preguntaron si estaban en la carretera correctapara Londres.They wanted to know if I had seen his pet snake.Querian saber si yo habia visto su serpiente mascota.

Cam hios de tiempoEl tiempo del verbo del que habla a menudo da un paso hacia atras en el tiempo para elestilo indirecto. La tabla siguiente muestra estos cambios.Columna A = oracion directa Columna B = oration indirecta

PRESENT OF be

am -» wasis -» wasare -* were

'I am a postman.''Soy cartero.''My brother is in Paris.''Mi hermano estd en Paris.''They are my friends.''Son mis amigos.''My husband isn't at home.''Mi marido no estd en casa.''Bob and Mary aren't married.''Bob y Mary no estdn casados.'7s it Monday or Tuesday?''^Es lunes o martes?''Are they English or American?''^Son ingles es o americanos?'

BPASADO OF be

am not -» was notis not -» was notare not -» were not

He said he mis a postman.Dijo que era cartero.He said his brother was in Paris.

Dijo que su hermano estaba en Paris.He said they were his friends.Dijo que eran sus amigos.She said her husband wasn't at home.Dijo que su marido no estaba en casa.She said Bob and Mary weren't married.Ella dijo que Bob y Mary no estaban casados.He asked if it was Monday or Tuesday.Pregunto si era lunes o martes.He asked if they were English or American.Pregunto si eran ingleses o americanos.

PAST OF be PAST PERFECT OF be

was -» had beenwere -» had been

'Gil was here on Friday.''Gil estuvo aqui el viernes. ''We were friends until recently.''Fuimos amigos hasta recientemente.'I wasn't very good at French.''Elfrances no se me daba muy bien. '

'We weren't at home on Monday.'Wo estuvimos en casa el lunes. '

1 '^Estaba yo borracho?'''Were they friends?''^Eran amigos?'

wasn't -» hadn't beenweren't -» hadn't been

He said Gil had been there on Friday.Dijo que Gil habia estado alii el viernes.He said they had been friends until recently.Dijo que habian sido amigos hasta recientemente.She said she hadn't been very good at French.Ella dijo que el frames no se le habia dadomuy bien.They said they hadn't been at home on Monday.Dijeron que no habian estado en casa el lunes.He asked if he had been drunk.Pregunto si habia estado borracho.He asked if they had been friends.Pregunto si ellos habian sido amigos.

A

'Was I drunk?

PRESENT SIMPLE (presente)

workgo

workedwent

'I work in a bank.''Trabajo en un banco. ''I go to work by bus.''Voy a trabajar en autobus. ''I don't like loud music.''No me gusta la musica a tope. ''My brother doesn't eat meat.''Mi hermano no come came. '

'{Me hacefalta un visado? ''Does it rain in London every day?''^Llueve en Londres todos los dias? '

BPAST SIMPLE (pasado simple)

don'tdoesn't

didn'tdidn't

He said he worked in a bank.Dijo que trabajaba en un banco.He said he went to work by bus.Dijo que iba a trabajar en autobus.He said he didn't like loud music.Dijo que no le gustaba la musica a tope.He said his brother didn't eat meat.Dijo que su hermano no comia came.She asked if she needed a visa.Ellapregunto si necesitaba un visado.She asked if it rained in London every day.Ellapregunto si llovia en Londres todos los dias.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

am -ing -» was -ingis -ing -» was -ingare -ing -» were -ing

'I am studying Polish.''Estoy estudiando polaco.''Sue is working hard.''Sue trabaja mucho.''We are sunbathing.''Estamos tomando el sol.''I am not joking.9'No estoy bromeando.''Sue isn't watching TV.''Sue no estd viendo la tele.''We aren't going very fast.'Wo vamos muy deprisa.''Am I talking to the manager?''jEstoy hablando al gerente?'7s Helen listening1!9

'jEstd Elena escuchando?''Are the men building a wall?''^Estdn los hombres construyendoun muro?'

am not -ing -» was not -ingis not -ing -» was not -ingare not -ing -» were not -ing

He told me he was studying Polish.Me dijo que estaba estudiando polaco.He told me Sue was working hard.Me dijo que Sue estaba trabajando mucho.They told me they were sunbathing.Me dijeron que estaban tomando el sol.She said she wasn't joking.Ella dijo que no estaba bromeando.She said Sue wasn't watching TV.Ella dijo que Sue no estaba viendo la tele.They said they weren't going very fast.Ellos dijeron que no estaban yendo muy rdpido.He asked if he mis talking to the manager.Pregunto si estaba hablando al gerente.He asked if Helen mis listening.Pregunto si Elena estaba escuchando.He asked if the men were building a wall.Pregunto si los hombres estaban construyendoun muro.

A

'Do iI need a visa?'

APAST SIMPLE

worked -*

studied -*

had worked(had - participio)had studied(had - participio)

BPAST PERFECT (pluscuamperfecto)

didn't see -* hadn't seen(had - participio)

didn't hear -» hadn't heard(had - participio)

'I started school at the age of five.''Empece en la escuela a los cincoanos.''He studied at Oxford University,''Estudio en la universidad de Oxford.

'No me gusto la comida.''We didn't arrive until midnight.''No llegamos hasta medianoche.'

'Did I see a ghost?''iVi un fantasma?''Did you hear a strange noise?''^Oiste un ruido raw?'

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

He said he had started school at the age of five.Dijo que habia empezado en la escuelaa los cinco anos.He said he had studied at Oxford University.Dijo que habia estudiado en la universidadde Oxford.She said she hadn't liked the food.Ella dijo que no le habia gustado la comida.They said they hadn't arrived until midnight.Ellos dijeron que no habian llegado hastamedianoche.She wondered if she hadn't seen a ghost.Ella sepreguntaba si no habia visto un fantasma.She wondered if she had heard a strange noise.Ella sepreguntaba si habia oido un ruido raw.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

have/has - participio •* had - participio

haven't/hasn't - participio hadn't - participio

'I have never been to Moscow.''Nunca he estado en Moscu.''Paul has passed all the exams.''Paul hapasado todos los exdmenes.''We have met before.''Nos hemos encontrado antes.''I haven't received the cheque.'Wo he recibido el cheque.''Al hasn't finished hishomework.''Al no ha terminado sus deberes.''We haven't booked a hotel room.'Wo hemos reservado una habitacionde hotel.''Have I met Kate before?''jMe he encontrado con Kate antes?'

He said he had never been to Moscow.Dijo que nunca habia estado en Moscu.He said that Paul had passed all the exams.Dijo que Paul habia pasado todos los exdmenes.He said we had met before.Dijo que nos habiamos visto antes.She said she hadn't received the cheque.Ella dijo que no habia recibido el cheque.She said that Al hadn't finished hishomework.Ella dijo que Al no habia terminado sus deberes.She said they hadn't booked a hotel room.Ella dijo que no habian reservado habitacion.

He asked if he had met Kate before.Elpregunto si se habia encontradocon Kate antes.

'I didn't like the food.,

'Has Fred grown a beard?''^Se ha dejado Fred barba?''Have we remembered everything?'

hemos acordado de todo?'

He asked if Fred had grown a beard.Pregunto si Fredse habia dejado barba.He wondered if they had rememberedeverything.Sepreguntaba si se habian acordado de todo.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSBPAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

have/has been -ing had been -ing

haven't/hasn't -ing hadn't been -ing

'I have been sitting here for hours.''He estado sentado aqui durante horas.''She has been waiting since 3o'clock.''Ella ha estado esperando desde las 3.''I haven't been feeling well lately.''No me he estado sintiendo bienultimamente.''Guy hasn't been working herefor very long.''Guy no ha estado trabajando aquimucho tiempo.''Have you been sunbathing*!''flas estado tomando el sol?''Has it been snowingT'{Ha estado nevando?'

He said he had been sitting there for hours.Dijo que llevaba horas sentado alii.He said she had been waiting since 3 o'clock.Dijo que ella llevaba esperando desdelas 3.She said she hadn't been feeling well lately.Dijo que no se habia estado sintiendo bienultimamente.She said that Guy hadn't been working therefor very long.Ella dijo que Guy no habia estado mucho tiempotrabajando alii.He asked if I had been sunbathing.Mepregunto si habia estado tomando el sol.He asked it it had been snowing.Pregunto si habia estado nevando.

A

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

was/were -ing •* had been -ing

wasn't/were't -* hadn't been -ing

'I was laughing.''Me estaba riendo.''We were negotiating the price.''Estdbamos discutiendo elprecio.''I wasn't concentrating.''No me estaba concentrando.''No, we weren't arguing.''No, no estdbamos discutiendo.''WasitrainingT' ̂ Estaba lloviendo?''Were the boys fighting?'^Estuvieron los chicos

peledndose?'

He said he had been laughing.El dijo que habia estado riendo.They said they had been negotiating the price.Dijeron que habian estado discutiendo elprecio.She admitted she hadn't been concentrating.Ella admitio que no habia estado concentrdndose.They claimed they hadn't been arguing.Aseguraron que no habian estado discutiendo.She wanted to know if it had been raining.Ella queria saber si habia estado lloviendo.She wanted to know if the boys had been fighting.Ella queria saber si los chicos habian estadopeledndose.

El Past Perfect Simple (pluscuamperfecto) y el Past Perfect Continuous (pluscuamperfec-to continue) no cambian en estilo indirecto.

REPORTED SPEECHCONSOLIDATION EXERCISES

^ EXERCISE 1Una las sugerencia 1-4 con los informes A-D.1. 'Why don't we take the dog for a walk?'2. 'Why don't you take the dog for a walk?'3. 'Let's take the dog for a walk by the river.'4. 'Why don't you take the dog for a walk by the river?'A Yesterday he suggested taking the dog for a walk by the river.B Yesterday he suggested that I should take the dog for a walk.c Yesterday he suggested that I should take the dog for a walk by the river.D Yesterday he suggested taking the dog for a walk.

**• EXERCISE 2Escriba los informes de lo que dijo Polly a su novio, Charlie. Use She suggested -ingcuando pueda, si no use She suggested that... should.

1. 'Why don't you get a haircut.'She suggested that he should get a haircut.

2. 'Why don't we meet after college.'3. 'Why don't you phone Bob and Sarah.'4. 'Let's watch the news on the TV.'5. 'Wouldn't it be nice to go to university together.'6. 'Why don't you buy a new pair of jeans.'7. 'Let's go home.'8. 'Why don't you go home?'

*»• EXERCISE 3Una lo que dijo la gente 1-8 con los verbos indirectos A-H.1. 'If you want my opinion, you should go to university and study law.'2. 'Now, don't forget. The party starts at 8 o'clock.'3. 'Don't go near the edge. If you do, you'll fall.'4. 'That's it. I've made my mind up. I'm leaving.'5. 'Would you like me to carry that bag for you?'6. 'You can't come into my room.'7. 'Yes. I'll be there. You have my word.'8. 'The time is nearly half-past three.'A He reminded her tha t . . .B He forbade her . . .c He decided to ...D He told me ...E He advised her to ...F He promised to ...G He offered t o . . .H He warned her not to ...

^ EXERCISE 4Complete la segunda frase de cada par. No use mas de cinco palabras incluyendo lapalabra entre parentesis. No cambie esta ultima.

1. 'If I were you, I'd tell the police,' his neighbour said to him.(advise) His neighbour advised him to tell the police.

2. 'Would you mind sitting down,' the spectator said to Bill.(asked) The spectator

3. 'Don't forget to take some wine,' Mike said to Kim.(reminded) Mike wine.

4. 'Don't wait for me,' Jake said to Joe.(told) Jake for him.

5. 'You'd better not say that again,' Sally said to Toby.(warned) Sally that again.

6. 'OK, if it's disturbing you, I'll turn the radio down,' Anna said to Bill.(agreed) Anna the radio.

7. 'No, I will not sit down,' Tom told the spectator.(refused) Tom

8. Til send you the cheque by first-class post,' Jan said.(promised) Jan by first-class post.

**"• EXERCISE 5Complete la segunda frase de cada par. No use mas de cinco palabras incluyendo lapalabra entre parentesis. No cambie esta ultima.

1. 'I haven't done anything wrong,' Felix said.(denied) Felix denied doing anything wrong.

2. 'We're going to build a new road through the village,' said the developer.(propose) The developer through the village.

3. 'Let's go to see the new French film at the Odeon,' said Harry.(suggested) Harry the new French film.

4. 'If I were you, I'd paint the wall dark blue,' said Steve.(recommended) Steve dark blue.

5. 'We drove through the desert into the State of Nevada,' said Paul.(described) Paul into Nevada.

6. 'OK. I did it. I broke the vase,' said the girl.(admitted) The girl the vase.

7. 'I saw a strange person in Hill Street,' the girl told the policeman.(reported) The girl in Hill Street.

8. 'Why don't we buy a faster computer?' she said to me.(suggest) She computer.

*•• EXERCISE 8Complete la segunda frase de cada par. No use mas de cinco palabras incluyendo lapalabra entre parentesis. No cambie esta ultima.

1. 'What are your plans for a summer holiday?' her boss asked.(enquired) Her boss enquired about her summer holiday plans.

2. 'The service in this hotel is awful,' the man said to the manager.(complained) The man service.

3. 'Well done. I knew you would pass your law exams,' the teacher said to her.(congratulated) The teacher passing her law exams.

4. 'OK. I haven't got a train ticket. I was in a hurry to catch the train,' the man said to theticket inspector.(admitted) The man travelling without a ticket.

5. 'I'm really sorry I haven't written to you for so long,' the girl said to Pam.(apologized) The girl to Pam for so long.

«* EXERCISE 7Complete la segunda frase de cada par. Use asked cada vez.

1. 'Will you please take off your hat in the church,' the vicar said to me.The vicar asked me to take off my hat in the church.

2. 'Please close the door when you leave the building,' the man said to the boy.The man the door when he left the building.

3. 'Is there a doctor on the plane?' the pilot said to the passengers.The pilot a doctor on the plane.

4. 'Could I use a dictionary,' the student said to the teacher.The student a dictionary.

5. 'Why have you come here?' the doctor said to the man.The doctor had gone there.

6. 'Where are your parents?' the policeman said to the boys.The policeman parents were.

«•- EXERCISE 8A Lea la historia y escriba lo que dijo la gente en los dibujos de la otra pagina. Las

palabras subrayadas de la historia le ayudaran.

1. Giles is a politician. There is an election soon and today Giles is going into his localtown to meet people and ask for their votes. In the morning, his wife made him ahearty breakfast. She asked him whether he wanted to wear his grey suit or his blueone and what time he would be home that evening. Giles said he thought the bluesuit was more appropriate and he promised not to be late home.

2. Later in the town, Giles was wearing a big rosette and an enormous smile. He shookhands with everyone he saw. Outside the butcher's shop a man shook Giles' handand asked him what he was going to do about public health. Giles said it was one ofhis top priorities.

3. Giles moved on to the local children's nursery. A mother of six children asked himhow he was going to improve nursery education. Giles said he intended to improvenursery care and increase the number of sand pits. As he patted one child on thehead a toy brick hit him between the eyes. Giles smiled painfully and headed forthe door.

4. Next, Giles went to a community playground. A teenage boy came up to him, spaton his foot, and asked how he was going to get him a job in the film industry. Gilessmiled bravely and said he felt sure the boy would get a job by the following year.The boy asked Giles if he would lend him £10 until then. As Giles was leaving, theboy's friend stole Giles's wallet from his coat pocket.

5. Giles then went to a small engineering factory, where he met Bert, a part-timelabourer. Giles asked Bert if he could rely on his support at the election and hesmiled confidently. Bert said it was unlikely and asked Giles when his party wasgoing to increase pensions so that he could buy another racing pigeon.

6. Finally, Giles went to the local school. The head teacher greeted him at the entranceand asked which departments he wanted to see. Giles smiled and said he would liketo visit the science and English classes, if that was possible.

7. In the science laboratory, students played happily with different chemicals and acidbaths. One bright boy asked Giles why he had come to the school when the childrenthere were too young to vote. The intrepid politician smiled generously and told theboy he expected great things of boys like him in the future. Another bright studentpinned a short message on Giles' back.

8. In the English department, the children were studying 'Hard Times' by CharlesDickens. Giles had always thought it had been written by Margaret Thatcher. A girlcalled Freda asked Giles who his favourite author was. Giles smiled intelligently andtold Freda he thought she would do well in her studies. It was time for Giles to gohome.

9. Giles' wife was waiting for him when he got home. While reading the notice that thestudent had pinned on his back, she asked him if his day had been successful. Gilessmiled tiredly, poured himself a whiskey and said that he wasn't sure whether it hadbeen a success or not.

B Informe sobre las preguntas que le hizo la esposa de Giles. Siga el ejemplo.

1. What did you eat for lunch?She asked him what he ate/had eaten for lunch.

2. Where did you park the car?3. Who did you speak to?4. What was the nursery like?5. Why didn't you phone me?6. Which factory did you visit?7. When did you go to the school?

REPORTED SPEECHANSWERS TO EXERCISES

*» EXERCJSE 1

1. They told the traffic warden that the parking meter wasn't working.2. She told the doctor that she had a sore throat.3. He told the hotel receptionist that he wanted a single room for three nights.4. They told the policeman that they had seen the thief run out of the bank.5. He told the estate agent that he wanted to buy a small flat in Brighton.6. They told the travel agent that they wanted a return flight to Athens.w EXERCISE 21 B ' 2 A ' 3 f i - 4 A - 5 B

«*• EXERCISE 31 X - 2 / - 3 / - 4 X - 5 / - 6 / - 7 X - 8 /

1. She told me the time was 10 o'clock.2. He told me the way to Brighton.4. The policeman informed them/him/her it was dangerous.7. He answered that he was going to be late.w EXERCISE 4l E - 2 c - 3 F - 4 B - 5 A - 6 D

l c - 2 E - 3 i - 4 G - 5 A - 6 F - 7 D - 8 B - 9 H - 1 0 j

EXERCISE 21. A says 5. A says

B said B said2. A says 6. A says

B said B said3. A says 7. A says

B said B said4. A says

B said

Exercise 1

^ EXERCISE 3Dan Starburst says he doesn't want to continue the tour. He's homesick and he feels tired.He says he knows his fans will hate him for this, but he doesn't care. He says he has noregrets and that he just wants to go home and never come back. In fact, he says, he is verybored with the pop music industry.

«• EXERCISE 1

A2. He said he didn 't sleep very well at night.3. He said he wasn 't married.4. She said she had a young daughter and that she went to work every day.5. She said she was training to be a barrister.6. He said Bob spoke English and Spanish.7. They said they were working for Greenpeace.

B1. I always get nervous in small rooms.2. My sister is expecting a baby.3. The hat doesn't quite fit.

** EXERCISE 2A2. He said he was an insomniac.3. He said he was a bachelor.4. She said she was a working mother.5. She said she was a law student.6. He said Bob was bi-lingual.7. They said they were environmentalists.

B1. He said he was claustrophobic.2. She said her sister was pregnant.3. He said the hat was the wrong size.

p EXERCISE 32. I know the way to Oxford.3. I don't know that man.4. I'm not going home.5. I'm looking for a job.6. This clock doesn't work.7. I went out this afternoon.

**- EXERCISE 12. He said he likes to look at the garden, but that's all.

He said he liked to look at the garden, but that was all.3. He said he always tries to win, but he never does.

He said he always tried to win, but he never did.4. She said she only has lunch on Fridays.

She said she only had lunch on Fridays.5. He said he thinks crime novels are great.

He said he thought crime novels were great.6. She said she isn 't sure she'// pass.

She said she wasn 't sure she would pass.

1. c would2. F would3. E would4. A wouldn'tC yJ-6. B wouldn't

«* EXERCISE 3BEN Good morning.POLLY Good morning.BEN My name's Brown. My car needs a service. There's nothing wrong with the car,

but I drive it a lot.POLLY I'll check everything for you, I'll change the oil and I'll give it a test run.

And I won't charge more than £50. It'll be ready for collection at 5 o'clock.BEN That's fine. I'll see you later. Goodbye.

«* EXERCISE 11 c - 2 E - 3 A - 4 D - S B • 6 p

•• EXERCISE 22. She said she doesn 't like noisy parties.3. She said her father doesn't like her haircut.4. She said she was looking for a new job.5. She said her sister was getting married tomorrow.6. She said her parents were thinking about selling their house.

Exxercise 2

*» EXERCISE 32. I was in the bath when you phoned.3. I took lots of photos when / was in Florida.4. I wrote a letter before / went to sleep.5. My brother was unhappy when he was young.6. We ate too much when we went to Luigi's.

*• EXERCISE 42. We've never seen snow.3. I've just seen a ghost.4. You've won first prize.5. I've never been so happy.6. I've only just arrived.7. I've been very ill.8. You've had a lucky escape.

**- EXERCISE 52. He said it had been snowing and that he loved the snow.3. He said he wasn't joking.4. He said he hadn't been joking.5. He said his sons were playing football in the garden.6. He said his daughters had been playing a game in the kitchen.7. He said he hadn't thought about a holiday.8. He said he hadn't thought about a holiday.

** EXERCISE 51. I've been sitting here since 6 o'clock and all I've caught is an old boot and a bicycle tyre.2. I've been boxing since I was ten and I've never won a fight.3. I've been waiting here for twenty minutes and I've never been so cold.4. I've been watching the film for half an hour and I've bitten off all my fingernails.

1. She said she could swim quite well now, but she couldn't when she was young.2. She said she couldn 't see him, but she could hear him.3. She said he had better phone her because she won't phone him.4. She said Jack shouldn 't have acted so badly.5. She said her sister used to be an actress until she was thirty.6. She said she would always remember her first day at school.7. She said she wouldn 't wait for her.8. She said she had better get the hole in her roof mended.9. She said Mr White ought to have his house painted.

Exercise 1

2. Bill said he ought to stop smoking.3. Carla said she had better not look down.4. Daisy claimed she could ski really well.5. Emma said she wouldn 't listen.6. Felix thought that he might as well go to the fishmonger s.1. George advertised the fact that he would service any car for £50.

**• EXERCISE 32. The insurance man said they wouldn't settle the claim unless the policy was up to date.3. The football supporter said that his team wouldn't win.4. The politicians said they wouldn't let down the people of this country.5. The gypsy fortune teller said I wouldn't die before I was a hundred.6. The demonstrator said she wouldn't come down from the tree.7. The judge said he wouldn't send him to prison this time.

«*• EXERCISE 42. The pessimist said it would all go wrong.3. Emma's mother said she would pick up all the toys.4. The weatherman said it would be fine in the morning but wet and windy later.5. The optimist said it would be all right.6. The courier company said it would definitely deliver the package on Monday.7. The publisher said he would print 5000 books and sell them at $10 each.

*•< EXERCISE 51. B 5. D

2. G 6. c3. A 7. F4. E

«• EXERCISE 11. E 5. C2. F 6. A3. B 7. D4. G

Exercise 2

EXERCISE2. I saw Martin and Martha this morning. They said they moved/had moved house

last week.3. I saw Polly last Tuesday. She said she was just on her way to Athens and that it

rained/had rained in Greece that morning.4. I bumped into John last month. He said he had broken his arm the day before/the

previous day.5. I phoned Bill last night. He said he had tried to phone me ten minutes before/earlier.6. I spoke to Sarah last month. She said her friend from Spain was arriving that day.I. I met Paul on the bus last week. He said it snowed/had snowed in the Alps the day

before and that he was going skiing the following day.8. I've just seen Ulli. She told me she's expecting a baby next April.

«*• EXERCISE 31. the week before/the previous week2. the day before/the previous day3. at that time4. the next day/the following day/the day after5. the next day/the following day/the day after6. two day later/two days after7. the following week8. the following Tuesday9. the following Wednesday

10. the following ThursdayII. a couple of minutes later

»• EXERCISE 1A1. there2. their3. their4. theirs5. their6. you7. me

B1. there2. her3. hers4. mine5. her

C1. herself2. himself3. went4. here5. her6. their

«* EXERCISE 21. He said they were the most expensive jeans he had ever seen.2. She said they were the darkest sunglasses she could find.3. She said it was more money than she had ever seen.4. He said it was the biggest fish he had ever caught.

?•- EXERCISE 31. B it 3. A the2. A the B they

B it 4. A theB they

*•• EXERCISE 41. He said he had seen his mother yesterday/ the day before/the previous day.2. She said she had come/gone to work on her bike.3. He said the dictionary wasn't his.4. She said the pen wasn't hers.5. They said the keys weren't theirs.

«•- EXERCISE 51. She told me to stay where I was.2. He told me to go in and pull up the chair.3. He invited us to go to their party.4. She ordered us to stop at the traffic lights.

«• EXERCISE 11. -1 brought some boots in to the shop to be repaired.

- When did you bring them in?- It was about ten years ago but I still have/I've still got the ticket.- What do the boots look like?- They're long, brown boots made of Spanish leather.

2. - Why didn't you collect/haven't you collected the boots before?-1 have been out of the country.-1 will try to find the boots. I'll be back in a couple of minutes.

3. -Are any of these boots yours?- The brown ones are mine. How did you manage to find them so quickly?

4. - When did you bring them in to the shop to be repaired?- It was about ten years ago.- I've been very busy lately. The boots will be ready next Monday.

** EXERCISE 22. Where are my glasses? 5. Who is he?3. Why have they closed the road ? 6. Why have they come?4. Where are all the people ?

**• EXERCISE 31 . I asked if the post had arrived yet.2. I asked her whether or not she remembered me.3. She asked him where he wanted to go.4. They asked me why I wanted to visit America.5. They asked me who the car belonged to.6. He wondered whether to go or stay.7. He wanted to know when I could do the work.8. They wanted to find out why I couldn't phone them.

*•• EXERCISE 41. I asked the waiter if service charge was included.2. I asked the students why they were studying English.3. I asked the football supporter who had scored the goals.4. I asked the postman if there was a package for me.5. I asked the woman in the queue how long she had been waiting.6. I asked the mechanic how much it would cost to service my car.7. I asked the painter and decorator how many rolls of wallpaper I would need.8. I asked the dentist how long it would take to remove my tooth.

^EXERCISESPOLICEWOMAN What did you see?MR JONES I saw a man with a scarf round his face.POLICEWOMAN What colour was the scarf?MR JONES I can't remember, but I think it was red with little white spots and it had

a small cigarette burn in the corner.POLICEWOMAN How do you know these details?MR JONES I would have seen more, if I'd been wearing my other glasses.POLICEWOMAN Did you recognize the man?MR JONES He looked like my bank manager or it could have been my next door

neighbour.POLICEWOMAN Do you have any problems with your eye sight?MR JONES I have perfect vision for a man of my age.POLICEWOMAN How old are you?MR JONES How old are you?POLICEWOMAN Answer the question Mr Jones.MR JONES I'm ninety-six but I feel like a young man of seventy-five.

2. He asked her if he could see her passport.3. She asked where the airport was from there.4. He asked the man what he thought he was doing.5. He asked her whose bags they were.6. He wondered why he was searching his bags.7. He wondered when it would stop raining.

EXERCISE 5

** EXERCISE 12. Why were you there?3. Which way did the men go?4. What time was it?5. What day was it?6. Were you frightened?7. Did the men shout at you?8. Was the car blue or red?9. How many men were there?

10. How did you feel after the incident?

** EXERCISE 2Suggested answers2. Her mother told her to brush her teeth twice a day.3. The golf instructor told his pupil to keep looking at the ball.4. The sign said the shop is open all day every day.5. The press report said the minister had minor injuries.

** EXERCISE 32. He told me how to get to the cinema.3. He told me how to change a car wheel.4. He told me how to make a will.

^ EXERCISE 42. He insisted on being alone.3. The teacher congratulated her on passing the exam.4. They thanked her for helping them.5. He confessed to stealing the wallet.6. He complained of having money problems.7. He boasted about having lots of money.8. She moaned about wasting her money.

"• EXERCISE 51 D - 2 A - 3 F - 4 c - 5 E - 6 B

** EXERCISE 81. praised 4. referring2. argued 5. blamed3. informed 6. accused

REPORTED SPEECHCONSOLIDATION EXERCISES

**• EXERCISE 1l D - 2 B - 3 A - 4 c

?*• EXERCISE 22. She suggested meeting after college.3. She suggested that he should phone Bob and Sarah.4. She suggested watching the news on the TV.5. She suggested going to university together.6. She suggested that he should buy a new pair of jeans.7. She suggested going home.8. She suggested that he should go home.

«•• EXERCISE 3l E - 2 A - 3 H - 4 c - 5 G - 6 B - 7 F - 8 D

EXERCISE 42. The spectator asked Bill to sit down.3. Mike reminded Kim to take some wine.4. Jake told Joe not to wait for him.5. Sally warned Toby not to say that again.6. Anna agreed to turn down the radio.7. Tom refused to sit down.8. Jan promised to send the cheque by first-class post.

*•• EXERCISE 52. The developer proposed building a new road through the village.3. Harry sugggested going to see the new French film.4. Steve recommended painting the wall dark blue.5. Paul described driving through the desert into Nevada.6. The girl admitted breaking the vase.7. The girl reported seeing a strange man in Hill Street.8. She suggested buying a faster computer.

«*• EXERCJSE 62. The man complained about the hotel service.3. The teacher congratulated her on passing her law exams.4. The man admitted to travelling without a ticket.5. The girl apologized for not writing to Pam for so long.

**• EXERCISE 72. The man asked the boy to close the door when he left the building.3. The pilot asked if there was a doctor on the plane.4. The student asked if he/she could use a dictionary5. The doctor asked the man why he had gone there.6. The policeman asked the boys where their parents were.

^EXERCISESA1. 'Do you want to wear your grey suit or your blue one? What time will you be home

this evening?''I think the blue suit is more appropriate. I promise not to be late/I won't be late.'

2. 'What are you going to do about public health?''It is one of my top priorities.'

3. 'How are you going to improve nursery education?''I intend to improve nursery care and increase the number of sand pits.'

4. 'How are you going to get me a job in the film industry?''I feel sure you will get a job by next year.''Would/Will you lend me £10 until then?'

5. 'Could /Can I rely on your support at the election?''It is unlikely. When is your party going to increase pensions?'

6. 'Which departments do you want to see?''I would like to visit the science and English classes, if that is possible.'

7. 'Why have you come to this school when the children here are too young to vote?''I expect great things of boys like you in the future.'

8. 'Who is your favourite author?''I think you will do well in your studies.'

9. 'Was your day successful?''I'm not sure whether it has been a success or not.'

B2. She asked him where he parked/had parked the car.3. She asked him who he spoke/had spoken to.4. She asked him what the nursery was/had been like.5. She asked him why he didn't phone/hadn't phoned her.6. She asked him which factory he visited/had visited.7. She asked him when he went/had gone to the school.

REPORTED SPEECHLIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Esta lista incluye el infinitive, el pasado y el participio de todos los verbos irregulares queaparecen en los ejercicios (asi como algunos otros verbos irregulares).• Verbos con la misma forma en el infinitive, el pasado y el participio:

dejar, permitircortargolpear, acertarponer

INFINITIVOletcuthitput

PASADOletcuthitput

• Verbos que se mantienen invariables en dos de las tres

traerconstruircompraratraparvenirsentirlucharencontrarobtener, conseguircolgarteneroirguardar, retenerpartir, marchar, salirprestarencenderperderhacerencontrarpagardecirvenderenviarsentarsedormirpasar, gastarescupirdecir, contarpensar, creerintentar, probarganar

INFINITIVObringbuildbuycatchcomefeelfightfindgethanghavehearkeepleavelendlightlosemakemeetpaysaysellsendsitsleepspendspittellthinktrywin

PASADObroughtbuiltboughtcaughtcamefeltfoughtfoundgothunghadheardkeptleftlentlitlostmademetpaidsaidsoldsentsatsleptspentspattoldthoughttriedwon

PARTICIPIOletcuthitput

formas:PARTICIPIObroughtbuiltboughtcaughtcamefeltfoughtfoundgothunghadheardkeptleftlentlitlostmademetpaidsaidsoldsentsatsleptspentspattoldthoughttriedwon

Verbos que son diferentes en dos de las tres formas:INFINITIVO PASADO PARTICIPIO

ser, estarmordersoplarromperelegirhacerbeberconducircomercaerolvidardarirsaber, conocertelefonearverdar (la mano)encogerhablarrobarnadarcoger, tomar, llevarllevar puestoescribir

bebiteblowbreakchoosedodrinkdriveeatfallforgetgivegoknowringseeshakeshrinkspeakstealswimtakewearwrite

was/werebitblewbrokechosediddrankdroveatefellforgotgavewentknewrangsawshookshrankspokestoleswamtookworewrote

beenbittenblownbrokenchosendonedrunkdriveneatenfallenforgottengivengoneknownrungseenshakenshrunkspokenstolenswumtakenwornwritten

FONDO EDITORIAL STANLEY

INGLES3000 TESTS ELEMENTARY LEVEL

KEYS 3000 TESTS

2000 TESTS ADVANCED LEVEL

KEYS 2000 TESTS

1500 STRUCTURED TESTS• NIVELES 1, 2 Y 3

KEYS 1500 STRUCTURED TESTS

2000 BILINGUAL PHRASES • PRASES

BILINGUES • NIVELES 1, 2, 3, 4 Y 5

TRANSLATIONS • TRADUCCIONES

• NIVELES 1, 2, 3 Y4

FILL IN THE GAPS • NIVELES 1, 2 Y 3

KEYS FILL IN THE GAPS

DIDACTIC CROSSWORDS NIVEL 1

(EDICI6N FOTOCOPIABLE)

GUIDE TO PHRASAL VERBS

EXERCISES - GUIDE TO PHRASALVERBS

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• NIVELES 1, 2, 3 Y 4

KEYS ENGLISH GRAMMAR

GUIDE TO PREPOSITIONS ENGLISHTO SPANISH

USING PREPOSITIONS

ENGLISH VERBS ONE BY ONE

IRREGULAR VERBS AND MODALS

MY ENGLISH TELLTALE

DICTATIONS IN ENGLISH• NIVELES 1 Y 2

CONVERSATION IN ACTION

NEW GUIDE TO BUSINESS LETTERS

A TO ZED, A TO ZEE A GUIDE TO THE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH AND

AMERICAN ENGLISH

EVERYDAY IDIOMS IN BUSINESS

EL INGLES PROHIBIDO

FALSOS AMIGOS-FALSE FRIENDS

FRONT LINE ENGLISHGRAMMAR SERIES:

MODAL VERBS

PREPOSITIONS

PHRASAL VERBS

REPORTED SPEECH

ESPANOLTESTS ESPANOL

• NIVELES 1, 2, 3, 4 Y 5

CLAVES TESTS ESPANOL

CRUCIGRAMAS DIDACTICOS

• NIVELES 1, 2 Y3

DICTADOS EN ESPANOL

• NIVELES A, B Y C

GRAMATICA ESPANOLA EN MARCHA

CLAVES GRAMATICA ESPANOLA

LOS VERBOS ESPANOLES

DIFERENCIAS ENTRE SER 0 ESTAR

CLAVES DIFERENCIAS SER 0 ESTAR

LECTURAS GRADUADASEN ESPANOLNIVEL o LA FAMILIA PEREZ

iQUIEN SABE?

LA CLASE DE YOGA

NIVEL 1 LA ISLA MISTERIOSA

20.000 LEGUAS VIAJE SUBMARINO

EL CONDE DE MONTECRISTO

DON QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA

NIVEL 2 LOS TRES MOSQUETEROS

UNCAPITANDE15ANOS

MIGUEL STROGOFF

URDANETA. EL TORNAVIAJE

FRANCES1000 TESTS EN FRANCAIS

• NIVELES 1, 2, 3, 4 Y 5

CLES POUR LES TESTS EN FRANCAIS

TRADUIREAUJOURD'HUI

• NIVELES 1, 2 Y 3

NOUVEAU GUIDE DE CORRESPONDANCE

COMMERCIALE

MOTS CROISES • NIVEL 1

MON BILAN GRAMMATICAL

DICTEES EN FRANCAIS

•NIVELES 1-A, 1-B Y 1-C

ENTRAfNEZ-VOUS AUX VERBESFRANCAIS - LIVRE DU PROFESSEUR

ENTRAlNEZ-VOUS AUX VERBESFRANCAIS - ELEVE

ENTRAINEZ-VOUS AUX VERBESFRANCAIS - CAHIER D'ACTIVITES

LECTURAS GRADUADASEN FRANCESNIVEL o LA FAMILLE LENOIR

QUI SAIT?

NIVEL 1 L'fLE MYSTERIEUSE

20.000 LIEUES SOUS LES MERS

LE COMTE DE MONTE-CRISTO

NIVEL 2 LES TROIS MOUSQUETAIRES

UN CAPITAINE DE QUINZE ANS

MICHEL STROGOFF

GUIAS PARA VIAJAR

GUlA DEL VIAJERO ESPANOL-INGLES

GUlA DEL VIAJERO ESPANOL-FRANCES

GUiA DEL VIAJERO ESPANOL-ALEMAN

GUiA DEL VIAJERO ESPANOL-ITALIANO

GUlA DEL VIAJERO ESPANOL-PORTUGUES

GUlA DEL VIAJERO ESPAtiOL-INGLES (USA)

GUlA DE CONVERSACI6N FRANCES-ESPANOL - L 'ESPAGNE EN PARLANT

GUlA DE CONVERSACI6N INGLES-ESPANOL

GUfA DE CONVERSACI6N ALEMAN-ESPANOL

GUlADE CONVERSACI6N ITALIANO-ESPANOL

EDITORIAL STANLEY • www.gentedellibro.com • Apdo. 207 • 20300 (RUN • Tel. 943 64 04 12 • Fax 943 64 38 63