Report Shivi

7/31/2019 Report Shivi

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

AbstractCertificateImportance of energyAbout PSPCL

Introduction to GHTP

Thermal Power stationSalient Features of GHTPSubstationTransformer yardCoal Handling PlantGHTP Main control roomAnalysis of GHTP Future proposalConclusionReferences


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely thankful & indebted to the numerous PSPCL Engineers who provided

vital information about the functioning of their department thus helping me to gain

an overall idea about the working of organization.

I am highly indebted to my project guides, Er. Krishan kumar, Er. Luder kumar for

giving me their valuable time and helping me to grasp the various concepts of

switchyard equipment, coal handling plant and the overview about the working of

thermal power station.

I would also like to thank Dr. Smarajit Ghosh(Head of E.I.E.D), Mr. Shakti

Singh(Training Coordinator), Dr. Sanjay Kumar Jain and other members of the

council.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my teachers, parents and my fellow trainees

who have been a constant source of encouragement and inspiration during my

studies and have always provided me their support in every walk of my life.

SHIVI KUMAR GARG


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ABSTRACT

The industrial training is meant for the students of the engineering colleges to get exposed

to the professional life and the related problems, so that they get mentally as well physically

prepared to the odds of the engineering life.

Our Thapar University has also devised such training for us, keeping in view the all aspects

of professional life. So I undertook my training at:

Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant, Lehra Mohabbat (Bathinda)

I faced certain problems in the beginning, but coped with circumstances later on. I learned

about many things like substation maintenance, Transformer yard, coal handling plant and

other concepts related to my field.

I am highly thankful to all those who guided me in getting my training at GHTP (Lehra

mohabbat). I also express my gratitude to all the people in industry, who helped me in

making my training a success.


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IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY

Energy provides the power to progress. Availability of sufficient energy and its proper use in

any country can result in its people rising from subsistence level to the highest standard of

living. It is interesting to note that more than the half of worlds population lives in Asia butthe energy consumption is barely 8-10 per cent of worlds total.

Different types of energy sources and efficiency in their use

Primary fuels in meeting worlds energy requirements are:

Solid fuels Liquid fuels Natural gas Hydro Nuclear

Energy sources Percentage Efficiency in

use factor in Industry

Percentage Efficiency in

use factor by Private

consumer

Coal 25 40

Gas 35 67Petroleum 30 62

ELECTRICITY 85 80

Electric power is the backbone of industrial world of today. Large population of the world

depends upon the electric power.

DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY

COUNTRY

Approximate % of energy

requirement met by electricity

1955 1970 1985 2000

INDIA 8 16 28 40

JAPAN 25 40 55 70

U.S.A. 18 27 48 85


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ABOUT PSPCL

Punjab State Power Corporation Limited (PSPCL) is the electricity generating company of the

Government of Punjab state in India. PSPCL was incorporated as company on 16-04-2010

and was given the responsibility of operating and maintenance of states own generatingprojects. The business of Generation of power of erstwhile PSEB was transferred to PSPCL.

The existing Thermal Power Plants under PSPCL are GURU NANAK DEV THERMAL PLANT

BATHINDA, GURU GOBIND SINGH SUPER THERMAL PLANT ROPAR and GORU HARGOBIND

THERMAL POWER PLANT LEHRA MOHABBAT (BATHINDA). The existing hydro power plants

are RANJIT SAGAR DAM, SHANAN POWER HOUSE, ANANDPUR SAHIB HYDEL PROJECT,

MUKHERIAN HYDEL PROJECT STAGE-I and U.B.D.C. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER HOUSE STAGE I

& II.

MEGAWATT STORY

Total power from states current sources 6950 MW

Peak demand in 2011-2012 10010 MW

Demand increase per year 8%

Present shortfall 3100 MW

Thermal generation (ropar, lehra mohabbat,

bathinda)

2620 MW

Hydel generation 1000 MW

BBMB projects 1250 MW

Central pool and banking 3200 MW

Solar ( 9 plants) 14.5 MW

Biomass (3 plants) 6 MW

Micro hydel (2 plants) 0.85 MW


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Introduction to GHTP LEHRA MOHABBAT

1.)Location of plantLocated at Lehra Mohabbat in between Bathinda and Rampura on Bathinda-Barnala

highway no.7.

Situated Between 29km and 32km milestone on the same highway.

2.)Area occupied1000 Acres

3.)Cost of project65000 lacs

4.)Coal consumption per year13,86,000 tonnes

5.)Ash production per year4,85,000 tonnes

6.)Main features Highest generation during 2000-2001. Highest P.L.F during march,2001. Lowest oil consumption during Feb,2001. Lowest D.M. water make up during August,2000.

7.)Brief History of PlantEver widening gap between the power demand and its availability in the state of

Punjab was one of the basic reasons for envisaging a thermal plant at Lehra

Mohabbat Distt Bathinda. The other favourable factors were low initial cost and

generation period as compared to hydroelectric generating stations, its good railway

service and proximity to load centre.

Initially it was going to set up at Bathinda under GNDTP but the air force

personnel restricted its set up at Bathinda hence plant shifted to Lehra Mohabbat

about 22 km from Bathinda city. Later this plant was approved as a separate

autonomous body with its name as GURU HARGOBIND THERMAL PLANT. The

construction of plant commenced in 1992.


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Commissioning of its 4 units consists of 2 stages:

STAGE-1

First unit commissioned on 27/12/1997

Second unit commissioned on 16/10/1998

STAGE-II

Third unit commissioned on 16/10/2008

Fourth unit commissioned on 31/01/2009

8.)Power GenerationThe capacity of both units of stage-I is 210MW each and that of stage-II is 250MW

each. It meets 20-25%of total power requirement of Punjab. The main companies

whose technology paved the way for the plant are Tata Honeywell and BHEL in

turbine and boiler control.

Power is generated from two units of stage-1(each 210MW) at 15.75KV and two

units of stage-2 (each 250MW) at 16.75KV which is stepped up through 250MVA

(15.75/220KV) and 315MVA generators respectively.

Power is transmitted through 8 220KV bi-directional feeders. The whole system is

connected to northern grid.

Supply to auxiliary of thermal plant is given through UAT (unit auxiliary T/F) of

output 6.6 KV and UST (unit station T/F) of output 6.6 KV.

9.)Rail and Water FacilitiesRail line is taken from Lehra Mohabbat railway station from Dhuri Bathinda Broad

Gauge railway line.

Water requirement of all type of need is met from Bathinda branch of Sirhind canal.

10.)Geological and Climatic conditionsThe subsoil of the area generally consists of alternating layers of poorly graded siltsand and clay sand.

Bathinda has hot dry but very healthy climate.

Relative humidity- Max: 83%

Min: 22%

Rainfall depends on SW monsoon.

Average annual rainfall is around 600mm.


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11.)Fuel usedPrimary fuel is coal from PANEM (PSEB captive mine established as joint venture

with EMTA group), CCL & ECL and the subsidiary companies of Coal India Limited.

Secondary fuel is Furnace Oil and Light Oil.

12.)Total energy contributionTotal contribution is 233.03 lac units daily (as on 27 october 2011)

Contribution is 6902 lac units in the month of May 2012 which is best amongst

previous records.

Annual contribution is 7621.252 MUs(in year 2011-2012).

13.)Cost of generation240.78 paisa per unit


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WHAT

IS

THERMALPOWER

PLANT?


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A thermal power station is an electricity generating plant which uses coal as fuel and there it

is burnt to boil water for steam generation. That steam is used to run turbines and

thereafter running generators.

Schematic layout of a typical coal-fired thermal power station


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SALIENT FEATURES OF THERMAL POWER STATION

1.)SITEGenerally located near the load centre but other factors such as transportation of

fuel, enough water for cooling the condensate, cost of land are also kept in view.

Present thinking is to install thermal stations near coal mines.

2.)COST(i) Initial cost (approximate)

Lowest among all other types of power stations, i.e., hydro-electric, nuclear,

diesel.

(ii) Running costHigh because of great demand and high cost of coal.

(iii) Maintenance costHigh because of energy consuming auxiliaries like coal handling plant, ash

disposal plant, ESPs etc.

3.)TIME REQD. FOR COMPLETION3-4 years

4.)SIMPLICITY & CLEANLINESSCauses air pollution

Disposal of ash is another problem

5.)FIELD OF APPLICATIONGenerally used to supply base load

6.)RELIABILITYLess reliable

7.)SPACENeeds a lot of space but much less than hydro stations

Huge space for storage of fuel is reqd.


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Four main circuits of a thermal plant:

Fuel and Ash circuitFuel (coal) from storage is fed to the boiler through fuel feeding device commonly

known as coal handling plant(CHP). Ash produced as a result of combustion of coal

collects at the back of the boiler and is removed to ash storage through ash handlingplant.

Air and Gas circuitAir from the atmosphere is supplied to the combustion chamber of the boiler through

the action of aforced drought (F.D) fan and/or induced drought (I.D) fan. The air before

being supplied to the boiler passes through air preheater where it is heated by the heat

of the flue gases which are then made to pass the chimney. The flue gases first pass

around the boiler tubes and superheater tubes in the furnace, next through dust

collector and then through the economiser. Finally they are exhausted to the

atmosphere through the air preheater and through the electrostatic precipitator (ESP).

Feed water and Steam circuitThe condensate leaving the condenser is first heated in a closed feed water heater

through extracted steam from the lowest pressure extraction point of the turbine. This

water then passes through deaeratorand a few more water heaters before it goes into

the boilers through the economiser. A small part of steam and water is lost in passing

through different components of system. Therefore, water is added in the feed water

system as make up water.

Cooling Water circuitA large quantity of cooling water is required to condensate the steam in the condenser and

in maintaining a low pressure in it. For this purpose cooling towers are made.


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IMPORTANT PARTS OF A THERMAL POWER STATION

1.)BoilerA boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or

vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use inproduction of steam under pressure. Steamboilers are broadly classified into fire tube and water tube types. Generally water tube

boilers are used.

If the hot combustion gases are restricted to inside the tubes and the tubes are

surrounded with water the boiler is a fire tube boiler while if the arrangement is

opposite, i.e., water is inside the tubes the boiler is water tube boiler.

Fire tube boilers have low initial cost, are more compact but are more likely to explode.

Water tube boilers have less weight of metal for a given size, are less liable to explosion,

produce higher pressure, are easily accessible and can respond quickly to change in

steam demand.

Fire tube boiler Water tube boiler

2.)EconomizerIts purpose is to heat feed water so as to recover a part of heat which would otherwise

be lost through flue gases.

3.)Air PreheaterSince the entire heat of the flue gases cannot be extracted through the economizers air

preheaters are used to recover some of the heat in the gases.

On an average an increase of 20 C in the air temperature results in an increase in theboiler efficiency by 1%.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vessel


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4.)CondensersThe condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into liquid to allow

it to be pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust

steam is reduced and efficiency of the cycle increases. The surface condenser is a shelland tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes. The

exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and

converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent

diagram. The limiting factor is the temperature of the cooling water and that, in turn, is

limited by the prevailing average climatic conditions at the power plant's location (it may

be possible to lower the temperature beyond the turbine limits during winter, causing

excessive condensation in the turbine). Plants operating in hot climates may have to

reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer;

unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of high electrical demand for air

conditioning. The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from

a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through water from a

river, lake or ocean.

For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in

order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing steam.

5.)Cooling TowersCooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to

the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove

process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the

case ofclosed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to

near the dry-bulb air temperature.

6.)ReheaterPower plant furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue

gases outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine is passed through

these heated tubes to collect more energy before driving the intermediate and then low

pressure turbines.

7.)TurbineTurbines act as a prime mover for the alternator. Turbines used in thermal power plant

are steam type turbines. A steam turbineis a device that extracts thermal energy from

pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Because

the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drivean electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation is by use of steam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle


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turbines. The steam turbine is a form ofheat engine that derives much of its

improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the

expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible

process. They are further classified into 2 types:

Impulse turbine and reaction turbine

An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These

jets contain significant kinetic energy, which is converted into shaft rotation by the bucket-

like shaped rotor blades, as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across

only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage. As the

steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure

(atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this high ratio of

expansion of steam, the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving

the moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving

the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the carryover velocity or leaving loss.

In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form

convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the

steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor

by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire

circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed

relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the

rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with

no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and

temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine


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8.)AlternatorAn alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy in the form ofalternating current.

Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature but

occasionally, a rotating armature is used with a stationary magnetic field; or a linear

alternator is used.

In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term

refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion

engines. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-

alternators.

Alternators generate electricity using the same principle as DC generators, namely, when

the magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor.

Typically, a rotating magnet, called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors

wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors,

generating an induced EMF (electromotive force), as the mechanical input causes the rotorto turn.

The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often there are

three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces

a three phase current, displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.

The rotor's magnetic field may be produced by induction (as in a "brushless" alternator), by

permanent magnets (as in very small machines), or by a rotor winding energized with direct

current through slip rings and brushes. The rotor's magnetic field may even be provided by

stationary field winding, with moving poles in the rotor. Permanent magnet machines avoid

the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, due to the cost ofthe magnet material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage

varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger

machines than those used in automotive applications.

An automatic voltage control device controls the field current to keep output voltage

constant. If the output voltage from the stationary armature coils drops due to an increase

in demand, more current is fed into the rotating field coils through the voltage

regulator (VR). This increases the magnetic field around the field coils which induces a

greater voltage in the armature coils. Thus, the output voltage is brought back up to its

original value.

Alternators used in central power stations may also control the field current to

regulate reactive power and to help stabilize the power system against the effects of

momentary faults.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_(device)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_phasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ringshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(power_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(power_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_ringshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_phasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_(device)


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WORKING OF THERMAL PLANT

Coal received from collieries in the rail wagon is mechanically unloaded by wagon tippler and carried

by belt conveyor system boiler raw coal bunkers after crushing in the coal crusher. The crushed coal

when not required for raw coal bunker is carried to the coal storage area through belt conveyor. The

raw coal feeder regulates the quantity of coal from coal bunker to the coal mill, where the coal is

pulverized to a fine powder.

The pulverized coal is then sucked by vapour fan and finally stored in the pulverized coal bunkers.

The pulverized coal is then pushed to the boiler furnace with the help of hot air steam supplied by

primary air fan. The coal being in pulverized state gets burned immediately in the boiler furnace. The

water gets converted in the steam by heat released by the combustion of fuel in the furnace. The air

required for the combustion of coal is supplied by draught fan. This air is however heated by the

outgoing flue gases in the air heaters before entering the furnace.

The products of combustion in the furnace are the flue gases and the ash. About 20% of the ash falls

in the bottom ash hopper of the boiler and is periodically removed mechanically. The remaining ash

carried by the flue gases, is separated in the electrostatic precipitator and further disposed of in the

ash damping area. The cleaner flue gases are let of to the atmosphere through the chimney by

induced draught fan.

The chemically treated water running through the water walls of the boiler furnace gets evaporated

at high temp into steam by absorption of furnace heat. The steam is further heated in the

superheater. The dry steam at high temp is then led to the turbine comprising 3 cylinders. The

thermal energy of this steam is utilised in turbine for rotating its shaft at high speed. The steam

discharged from high pressure turbine is returned to the boiler reheater for heating it once again

before passing it into the medium pressure turbine. The steam is then let to the coupled to turbine

shaft is the rotor of generator, which produces electricity. The power from generator is pumped into

power grid system through the generator transformer by stepping up the voltage.

The steam after doing the useful work in the turbine is condensed to water in the condenser for

recycling in the boiler. The water is pumped to deaerator from the condenser by the condensate

extraction pump after being heated in the LP heater from the deaerator, a hot water storage tank.

The boiler feed pump discharge feed water to boiler at the economiser by the hot flue gases leaving

the boiler, before entering the boiler drum to which water walls and superheater of boiler are

connected.

The condenser is having a large no. of brass tubes through which cold water is circulated

continuously for condensing the steam passing out on sides of the surface of brass tubes, which has

discharged down by circulating it through the cooling tower shell. The natural draught of cold air is

created in the cooling tower, cools the water fall in the sump and is then recirculated by circulating

water pumps to the condenser.


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SALIENT

FEATURES

OF

G.H.T.P.


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BOILERSManufacturers B.H.E.L.

Steam Pressure 155 kg/cm^2

Steam Temperature 540(Celsius)

Feed Water Temperature 240(Celsius)

Efficiency 86%

Maximum Continuous Rating

STAGE I STAGE II

690 T/hour 810 T/hour

BOILER FEED PUMPS

STAGE I STAGE II

Number 3 3

Capacity 475 m^3/hr 520 m^3/hr

Discharge Head 2105 MWC 2235 MWC

CONDENSER

STAGE I STAGE II

Area 11500m^2 15468m^2

Cooling Water Flow 26000 m^3/hr 32000 m^3/hr


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STEAM TURBINE

Manufacturer B.H.E.L.

Rated Speed 3000 rpm

Inlet Steam Pressure 150 kg/cm^2

Inlet Steam temperature 535(celcius)

No. Of Cylinders 3

Rated Output

STAGE I STAGEII

210MW 250MW


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GENERATOR

Manufacturer B.H.E.L.

STAGE I STAGE II

Capacity 210 MW

247 MVA

250 MW

294 MVA

Voltage 15750 Volts 16500 Volts

Current 9050 Amp 10290 Amp


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COOLING TOWERS

Number 4

Water cooling capacity 1800 T/hr

Cooling range 10 to 20 degree C

Height 120m

Dia at top 58m

Dia at bottom 95m

CONDENSATE PUMP

STAGE I STAGE II

Quantity 2 No. 2 No.

Capacity 680 m3/hr 795 m3/hr


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CIRCULATING WATER PUMP

No. of pumps 3

Type Mixed Flow

Rated discharge 8600 T/hr

Discharge head 24 MWC

CHIMNEY

Type Multiflue

Height 220m

Dia at top 13m

Dia at bottom 26m

Different Type of Insulation

Class of Insulation Temperature Application

A Class 105 Degree c Used for transformer

E Class 120 Degree c Used for coils

B Class 130 Degree c Used for motors

F Class 155 Degree c Used for motors

H Class 180 Degree c Used for motors


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SUBSTATION


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IntroductionElectrical energy management system ensures supply of energy to every consumer at all

times at rated voltage, frequency and specified waveform, at low cost and minimum

environmental degradation. The switchgear, protection and network automation are

integral parts of the modern energy management system and national economy.

Modern 3 phase 50 Hz AC interconnected system has several conventional and non-

conventional power plants, EHV-AC and HVDC transmission system, back to back HVDC

coupling stations, HV transmission network, substations, MV and LV distribution systems

and connected electrical loads.

To fulfil these requirements, state of art, scientifically and technological advanced

substation is required. The substation at GHTP has one 220KV switchyard. There are 4 input

units, 2 having a capacity of 210 MW each and the other 2 have capacity of 250 MW each.

The generated voltage is limited to 15.75 KV and 16.5 KV which is stepped up to 220 KV viagenerating transformer manufactured by BHEL. A part of 15.75/16.5 KV supply is fed to unit

auxiliary transformer, which is used to run the auxiliaries of the plant.

After step up, the 220 KV output from the generator transformer is fed to either of the two

bus bars through relays and circuit breakers and these are connected to various feeders

through various equipment.

What is an Electrical Substation?

Electric power is generated in power stations and transmitted to various cities and towns.

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and

distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using

transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating

plant and consumer and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Elements of a substation

Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more

transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuit or

overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distributions stations may use

reclose circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations do not

usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other

devices such as power factor correction capacitors and voltage regulators may also be

located at a substation.


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Transmission substationA transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is

where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, the substation contains

high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or

maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two

transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors,reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to

control power flow between two adjacent power systems.

Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may

be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations

can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit

breakers and a large amount of protection and control equipment (voltage and

current transformers, relays and SCADA systems). Modern substations may be implemented

using international standards such as IEC Standard 61850.

Distribution substationA distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution

system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main

transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station

reduces voltage to a value suitable for local distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub

transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the

area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage,

between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of thelocal utility.

The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the

distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.

In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the

transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points

ofvoltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometres),

voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.

The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with high-

voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side. More typicaldistribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-

voltage side.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_compensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_VAr_compensatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_boosterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakers#High-voltage_circuit_breakershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Instrument_transformershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_protective_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC61850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC61850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_protective_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Instrument_transformershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakers#High-voltage_circuit_breakershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_boosterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_VAr_compensatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_compensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer


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Outgoing lines of substation at GHTP

1.) 220 KV lineBarnalaHimmatpuraBathindaMansaBajakhana

2.) 66 KV lineVikram cement factoryPhulLehra mohabbatBhucho mandiBhairupaRampuraBallianwaliNathana


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Brief description of all outdoor equipments

1.)Bus barsBus bar is a term used for main bar of conductor carrying an electric current to which many

connections are made. These are mainly convenient means of connecting switches and

other equipment into various arrangements.

At GHTP there are two 220KV bus bars and two 66KV bus bars which are made of

aluminium. All incoming and outgoing supplies are connected through the bus bars.

Specifications

Minimum short circuit current in bus bars 40KV

Minimum phase to phase clearance 2.5m

Number of horizontal levels of tubular bus bar/flexible bus bars 2

Height of tubular bus bar of first level above ground 6m

Height of tubular bus bar of second level above ground 4m

Tubular aluminium bus bar AL ASTMB241 4IPS(international pipe standard)

2.)Power transformerThese are used to step up/down the voltage from one ac voltage to another ac voltage level

at the same frequency. In GHTP there are 2 power transformers located in substation which

converts 220KV to 66KV of power 100 MVA each.

3.)Indicating and Metering InstrumentsAmmeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, KWhr meters and KVar meters are installed in

substation to work over the currents flowing in the circuits and the voltages and the

power loads.

4.)Circuit breakerThese are mechanical devices designed to close and open contact or electrical circuit under

normal or abnormal conditions. CB is equipped with a strip coil directly attached to relay or

other means to operate in abnormal conditions such as overpower.


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In GHTP 3 types of CB are used:- SF6 CB is used to control 220KV in switchyard. Vaccum CB is used to control 6.6KV in switchgear . Air blast CB are used to control 415V in switchgear.

A CB is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuitfrom damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault

condition and by interrupting continuity to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a

fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset either

manually or automatically to resume normal operation.

Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect household

appliances to large switchgear designed to protect the high voltage circuits feeding an entire

city. Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the

circuit. When the fault is cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore power to the

interrupted circuit.

Small CB may be manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism. The

CB contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating and mus talso withstand

the heat of the arc produced when interrupting the circuit. Contacts are made of copper or

copper alloys, silver alloys and other materials.

5.)Capacitor bankA capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in parallel or in

series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct or

counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or phase shift inherent in


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alternating current (AC) electrical power supplies. Capacitor banks may also be used in

direct current (DC) power supplies to increase stored energy and improve the ripple current

capacity of the power supply.

Transformer yard

1.)Generator transformer

The generator transformer is the first essential component for energy transmission, allowing

energy supplied by the generator to be transferred to the network at the required voltage.

To transmit power to various stations, we have to step down current because there are I2r

losses in transmission line. To do this, generator transformer is used. Power from each

generator is stepped up to 220KV by 250/315MVA 50 Hz 3phase 15.75/220 or 16.5/220 KV

generator transformer with off load tap changer. There is one Generator transformer for

each unit.


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SPECIFICATIONS:-

3-phase, 50-Hz

Design Ambient temp. 50(Celsius)

Insulation level

HV: 950 KV

LV: 125 KV

Cooling type ONAN ONAF OFAF

Rating HV (MVA) 125 180 250

Rating LV (MVA) 125 180 250

No Load Voltage HV (KV) 230

Line Current HV (Amp) 314.15 452.37 628.3

Line Current LV (Amp) 4587.5 6606 9175.15

Temp. rise oil (Celsius) 45

Temp.rise winding(Celsius) 50

Oil Quantiy 54000 litres


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2.)Station transformersIn general station transformer is used for supplying power to auxiliary equipment in the

power plant when the plant is not generating any power. Station Transformer takes power

grid at 220KV and steps it down to 6.6 KV. Rated KVA corresponds to the load of common

auxiliaries of the station. This corresponds to the 10% to 15% of the rating of the generatingpower. These transformers are outdoor type.

Particulars Specifications

Make Bharat Bijlee ltd. Bombay

Ratings(KVA) 20000/31500

Volts on no load(KV)

HV

LV

Ter.

220000

6900

6900

Amperes

HV

LV

Ter.

52.5/82.7

1674/2636

558/879

Phase 3

Frequency(Hz) 50

Type of cooling ONAN/ONAF

Total mass(kg) 46000

Temp. Rise in oil/wdg. 45degC/50degC

Year of manufacture 1996


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3.)Unit Auxiliary TransformerThe purpose of unit auxiliary transformer is to feed power to generator auxiliaries of that

unit. These transformers are connected to generators and are used as stepping down

transformers. The HV side transformer voltage corresponds to the voltage of the generating

unit and the LV side voltage is stepped down to 6.6KV. Rated KVA of unit auxiliarytransformers is approximately 15% of the generating rating. Usually these transformers are

outdoor transformers. One unit auxiliary transformer is present for every generating unit.

Particulars Specifications

Make APEX Ltd.

Type of cooling ONAN

Rating 15000 KVA

No load voltage

HV

LV

15.75 KVA

6.9 KVA

Full load current

HV

LV

549.9 A

1255.1 A

Temp. rise of oil 45 degC

Temp. rise of wdg. 50 degC

Phase 3

Frequency(Hz) 50

Weight of oil filling 7120 kg

Total weight 32420 kg

Oil quantity 8000 ltr.

Year of manufacture 1996


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Desirable properties of coal for generation purposes:

High calorific value Small sulphur content(less than 1%) Good burning characteristics for complete combustion High grind ability index High weather ability

Grading of coal is done on the following basis:

Heating value Size Ash content Sulphur content

Ash softening temperature

The coal used at GHTP is of bituminous and sub-bituminous type and this is received

from some collieries of M.P. and Bihar.

The designated composition of coal is as below:

Type Bituminous coal

Net calorific value 4300 Kcal/kg

Moisture content in coal 10%

Ash content 30%

Volatile matter 24%

Grind ability index 50 hard groove

Coal storage is required for 30 days.


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Various stages are followed before combustion of coal in the boiler. These are:

Delivery of coal

Raw coal is supplied by rail wagons. Each wagon has 51 tonnes of coal.

Unloading of coal

Unloading of coal at thermal power station is done by using wagon tippler arrangement. It is

most efficient and economical method till date. The wagon containing coal is fastened onto

the platform of the wagon tippler and tilted at an angle of 118 degrees and the coal is

emptied into the hopper.

Preparation of coal

Coal undergoes various stages or processes before feeding to combustion chamber to

convert it to proper size so that it maximum energy can be obtained from it and propersizing also helps in storage.

Various processes are:

Crushing Sizing Drying Separation of impurities

Transfer of coal

Means carrying coal from unloading point to the storage site where it is discharged to the

firing equipment. It can be done by using following arrangements:

Belt conveyors Screw conveyors Bucket conveyors Skip hoists

Flight conveyors

All above mentioned processes are carried out in a thermal power station at Coal Handling

Plant


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COAL HANDLING PLANT

All the processes done on the coal before feeding it to the combustion chamber are carried

out at the coal handling plant.

Major auxiliaries of CHP are:

1.)Wagon tipplerThese are the giant machines having gear boxes and motor assembly and are used to

unload the coal wagons into coal hoppers in very less time (e.g. 20 wagons/hr. or

more).

At wagon tippler each wagon is taken to the platform and then is automatically

clamped during operation and tilted at an angle of 118 degrees. Thus in this way

wagons are unloaded in the hoppers.

2.)Storage areaStorage is divided into 2 categories:

Dead storage Live storage


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3.)Conveyor beltsThese are the synthetic rubber belts which move on metallic rollers called idlers and are

used for shifting of coal from one place to other places.

Belt capacity 1000 tonnes/hr

Belt width 1200 mm

Belt speed 2.8m/s

Troughing angle 20 degs.

4.) TrippersThese are the motorised or manually operated machines and are used for feedingthe coal to different coal bunkers as per their requirement.

5.) Electromagnetic SeparatorsElectro magnets are used for removal of iron and magnetic impurities from coal.

6.) Dust Extraction SystemThis system is provided in CHP for suppression of coal dust in coal handling plant.

7.) Gas ExtractorsGas extractor are provided at the bunker level to remove all types of poisonous and

non-poisonous gases from the working area.


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8.)Coal CrusherWe receive the coal in the form of odd shaped lumps. These lumps are to be crushed

to required size. These lumps are crushed by coal crushers.

Capacity of crushers at G.H.T.P.

Primary crusher 1000T/hr

Secondary crusher 1000T/hr

Operational Cycles1. Normal Bunkering Cycle

Shifting of coal received from coal wagons directly to coal bunkers is normal

bunkering cycle.

2. Stacking Cycle

When there is no coal requirement at coal bunkers even then CHP has to unload the

received coal which is stacked at open ground called yard. This is stacking cycle.

3. Reclaiming Cycle

As and when coal wagons are not available the requirement of coal bunkers is

fulfilled from the stacked coal this is reclaiming cycle.


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Coal Stacking and Reclaiming

Stackers/reclaimer 2 Nos.

Stacking 1000 Tonnes/hr

Reclaiming 1000 tonnes/hr

Stack height 10 m

Stacker travelling length 410 m


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G.H.T.P MAIN CONTROL ROOM


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ANALYSIS

OF

G.H.T.P.


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YEAR WISE GENERATION(In MUs)

Year Generation

2004-05 3309.244

2005-06 3145.915

2006-07 3443.172

2007-08 3642.629

2008-09 5610.091

2009-10 7515.158

2010-11 6833.087

3309.2443145.915

3443.1723642.629

5610.091

7515.158

6833.087

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011


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PLANT LOAD FACTOR

THERMAL EFFICIENCY(%)

81.3587.71

83.5678.98

91.63 89.9485.51

93.58 95.1 95.99 96.44

84.79

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

35.82

36.13

35.73

36.9937.13 37.16

37.7637.94

34.5

35

35.5

36

36.5

37

37.5

38

38.5

2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011


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NO. OF TRIPPING

AUXILIARY CONSUMPTION(%) NET

52

36

1517

20 21

17

3634

52

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

8.95 8.9

9.118.95 8.91

8.32

7.837.74 7.81

7.837.73 7.67

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5


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HIGHLIGHTS OF PERFORMANCE OF G.H.T.P.

DURING 2010-2011

GHTP, Lehra Mohabbat has been awarded First National Energy Conservation Award 2010

(First prize at National level) by Honble Power Minister of India on 14th December 2010.

Lowest ever annual Auxiliary Consumption: 7.67% (as in year 2010-2011).

Stage-II units have achieved 96days of its longest ever continuous run from 26.12.2010 to

01.04.2011 without any tripping surpassing the previous record of 74.87 days from 04.02.2010

to 20.04.2010.

Stage-I units have achieved their longest ever continuous run of96.2 days from 03.01.2010to 09.04.2010 without any tripping surpassing the previous record of 93.49 days from

28.08.2008 to 29.11.2008.

Unit 3 has achieved 108days of its longest ever continuous run after capital over haul from

14.12.2010 to 01.04.2011 without any interruption.


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ACHIEVEMENTS OF GHTP DURING 2011-2012

Achievements of Yearly Generation

Previous bestHighest ever annual generation at GHTP 7621.26 MU 7515.16 MU (2009-10)

Highest ever annual generation on Stage-I 3562.12 MU 3531.71 MU (2008-09)

Highest ever annual PLF on Stage-I 96.55% 95.99% (2008-09)

Highest ever annual deemed generation 8006.40 MU 7583.32 MU (2009-10)

at GHTP

Highest ever annual deemed PLF at GHTP 99.07% 97.53% (2009-10)

Achievements of monthly Generation

Previous bestHighest ever monthly generation on 162.47 MU (Oct-11) 161.93 MU (Mar-10)

Unit-1

Highest ever monthly PLF on Unit-1 103.99% (Oct-11) 103.64% (Mar-10)

Highest ever monthly generation on 194.86 MU (Oct-11) 192.01 MU (Mar-10)

Unit-3



Unit-4



Stage-II

Highest ever monthly PLF on Stage-II 104.46% (Oct-11) 102.75% (Mar-10)


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Achievements in maintenance of units

Previous best

Lowest ever annual planned 1.90% 2.32% (2009-10)

Maintenance at GHTP

The annual maintenance & 1st inspection of Generator of Unit 4 has been completed in 25.66

days against approved shut down of 30 days thereby bringing the unit 4.34 days ahead of

schedule which has resulted into an extra generation of 260 LU.

Achievements in performance

Previous best

Lowest ever annual Heat Rate (Kcal/KWH): 2402 2417 (2010-11)

Lowest ever annual auxiliary consumption 7.87% 8.08% (2010-11)

Lowest ever annual DM 0.69% 0.79% (2010-11)

Water make up of four units

Lowest ever monthly auxiliary 7.35% (Feb-12) 7.37% (Jan-12)

Consumption

Lowest ever monthly DM water 0.58% (Mar-12) 0.61% (Feb-12)

Make up of four units

Highest ever monthly plant 104.30%(Oct-11) 103.21%(Mar-10)

Utilisation factor

Average monthly PLF remained more than 100% during second half of the year 2011-12.


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Achievements in continuous run of units

Unit 1 has run continuously for 129.64 days without any tripping w.e.f. 20.07.2011 to

27.11.2011. It was the 6th time that unit-1 crossed 100 days of its continuous run .

GHTP Unit-3 has achieved its longest ever continuous run of 158.09 days from 14.12.2010 to21.05.2011 without any tripping surpassing its previous record of 121.08 days from 04.02.2010

to20.04.2010.

Unit -4 has achieved its longest ever continuous run of 114.01 days from 26.12.2010 to

19.04.2011 without any tripping surpassing its previous record of 74.87 days from 04.02.2010

to 20.04.2010.

Stage-II units have achieved their longest ever continuous run of 114.01 days from 26.12.2010

to 19.04.2011 without any tripping surpassing its previous record of 74.87 days from

04.02.2010 to 20.04.2010.


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AWARDS AND INCENTIVES WON BY GHTP

GHTP, Lehra Mohabbat has been awarded First National Energy Conservation Award 2010

(First prize at National level) by Honble Power Minister of India on 14th December 2010.

Gold Shield for the Year 2003-04. Presented by Honble President of India for Outstanding

Performance.

Silver Shield for the Years 2000-01, 2001-02 for good Performance. Presented by Honble

Power Minister, Government of India.

Bronze Shield for the Year 2004-05. Presented by Honble Prime Minister of India for

Outstanding Performance.

Certificate of Merit for years 2001, 2002 & 2003 for reduction in Specific Secondary Fuel

Oil consumption.

Certificate for Meritorious performance for the year 2002-03 for Meritorious Performance

Awarded by Honble Power Minister, Government of India.

Silver Medal for the Year 1999-2000.

Meritorious Productivity Award for the year 1999-2000.

Incentive Award for the calendar year 2000, for reduction in the secondary oil

consumption.

Incentive Award for the calendar year 2000, for reduction in the Auxiliary consumption.


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POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

Following Pollution Control devices have been provided at GHTP, Lehra Mohabbat: -

1. ESP of 99.864 % efficiency has been provided with each unit to keep the atmosphere

pollution within permissible limits. Punjab State Electricity Board is very particular about

providing effective pollution control measures so that environment remains healthy.

2. 220 Mts. high RCC Multi Flue Chimneys.

3. Dust suppression system consisting sprinkling of water to check the fugitive emissions.

4. Dust Extraction System consisting ofCyclone Separators & Bag Fillers to arrest coal dust.

AIR POLLUTION MONITORING STATIONS

ON LINE MONITORS have been provided on the Chimneys to monitor the suspended

particulate matter, Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur and the results are monitored regularly.

Four Ambient Air Stations have been fixed at the following locations: -

1. GHTP Field Hostel2. Village Lehra Mohabbat3. Patti Karam Chand, (Village Mehraj)4. Village Lehra DhurKot


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DRY ASH UTILISATION

Huge quantity of Ash generated is a major cause of concern for GHTP management.

Therefore, a target has been fixed to use 100% ash generated by the Thermal Plant.

To encourage utilization of fly ash, Ash is being supplied to M/s Gujrat Ambuja and M/s

Vikram cement units and other various medium and small cement grinding units in Punjab,

HP and J&K free of cost.

Ash silo-Dry: Dry fly ash collection


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FUTURE PROPOSAL

The power station is operated by Punjab Electricity Board. The project comprises of 2phases and a third phase is proposed.

Project details of phase III

Sponsor: Punjab State Power Corporation

Name Plate Capacity: 500 MW


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CONCLUSION

The phase of summer training has proved to be quiet fruitful. It provided an opportunity for

encounter with such huge machines like wagon tippler, turbines, generators etc.

The architecture of the plant, the way various units are linked and the way working of whole

plant is controlled make the student realize that engineering is not just learning the

structured description and working of various machines, but the greater part is of planning

proper management.

It also provides an opportunity to learn how technology used at proper place and time can

save a lot of labour e.g wagon tippler (CHP).

In short summer training has proved to be quite beneficial. It has allowed an opportunity to

get an exposure of the practical implementation to theoretical fundamentals.


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REFERENCES

Generation of electrical energy by B.R. GUPTA

A Textbook on Power System Engineering by A. Chakrobarti &

M.L.Soni

A course in Power Systems by J.B. Gupta

www.pseb.gov.in/docs/lehra mohabbat

Wikipedia

www.google.co.in

Tribune newspaper

Report Shivi

Documents

Transcript of Report Shivi